Compressed air plant

[edit] Introduction

There are a wide range of tools and plant on construction sites that use compressed air as their power source. The advantage that this equipment has is that the power source is very mobile and so they can be easily handled, which can be beneficial on isolated sites or in confined spaces.

The type of plant will depend on the nature of the work involved. The type of compressed air system can be either:

• Local: The compressor unit, with air-receiving tank, is mounted on a mobile unit for moving around the site.
• Centralised: A larger, semi-permanent compressor house is built to accommodate the plant and a network of air pipes taken to various outlet points.

[edit] Air compressors

The two main types of compressor are the reciprocating or piston type and the rotary impeller type.

[edit] Reciprocating compressor

This can be either single stage or multi-stage:

• Single stage: Air is drawn into the cylinder and a piston compresses it in one stroke.
• Multi-stage: Air passes through a series of cylinders, each of which contains air at increasing pressures.

Multi-stage compressors have the advantage of giving greater efficiency, and are suitable for high pressures and high volumes of air. This makes them useful for centralised plant, as the amount of compressed air can be as much as 130 m3 per minute.

[edit] Rotary compressor

These consist of a high-speed rotor mounted in a cylinder. Air is drawn in from an intake port by centrifugal force and exits through the delivery port when the required pressure has been achieved. Air receivers store the compressed air as it leaves the high pressure cylinder and minimise pressure fluctuations.

[edit] Tools and equipment

The four basic types of tools are:

[edit] Percussion type tools

• Concrete breakers (jack hammer): These are used for breaking up road surfaces. They consume air at a rate of 10-20 m3/min, and typically weigh 15-40 kg. They are flexible in terms of being able to be fitted with a variety of heads for different requirements.
• Pneumatic picks: Similar to concrete breakers but smaller and lighter. Typically they have an air consumption rate of around 6 m3/min.
• Backfill rammers: Used for backfilling trenches and have a consumption rate of around 10 m3/min.
• Chipping, caulking, riveting hammers: Small, lightweight tools with low air consumption of around 0.5 m3/min.

[edit] Pneumatic tools (with rotary action)

• Hammer drills: Used for wet or dry drilling, and commonly used for drilling rock or concrete. A rotary motion is generated by the piston, which produces the hammer action. Typically they have an air consumption rate of 5-10 m3/min.
• Rock drills: Larger and heavier than hammer drills, they are and commonly used for tunneling and quarry drilling. Their weight often necessitates the use of a frame support. They have an air consumption rate of around 15-24 m3/min.

[edit] Rotary type tools

These are powered by air motors with rotary sliding vanes. Common examples include; chainsaws, circular saws and wood-boring machines.

[edit] Miscellaneous tools

Other common tools include:

• Concrete vibrators.
• Concrete-placing and spraying equipment.
• Jacket-type silencers (these are often used as a means of dampening the noise created by compressed air equipment).
• Paint-spraying equipment.
• Pile-driving equipment.
• Road compactors.
• Sump pumps.

[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

• Bituminous mixing and laying plant.
• Breaker.
• Cherry pickers.
• Concreting plant.
• Construction plant.
• Construction tools.
• Crane supports.
• Earth-moving plant.
• Equipment in buildings.
• Excavating plant.
• Forklift truck.
• Hand-arm vibration syndrome.
• Hoist.
• Lift table.
• Pallet jack.
• Power float.
• Pumps and dewatering equipment.
• Road sweeper.
• Scabbler.
• Scaffolding.
• Six remarkable benefits of high pressure water jetting.
• Types of crane.

[edit] External references

• ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R., The College of Estate Management, (1995)