Last edited 12 Apr 2024

How to Select the Appropriate LOD for BIM?

1 Introducing levels of development and detailing
2 Various levels of detail in a project
3 Conclusion
4 Related articles on Designing Buildings
5 External links

[edit] Introducing levels of development and detailing

Decisions are critical to the success of any building project, and the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) business frequently underperforms owing to poor decisions. Structured creative design methods are critical for increasing efficiency. Building Information Models (BIM) are frequently used in design processes to facilitate information flow and visualisation. Understanding which building elements and trades should be developed at what period and level is critical for successful design management. Level of Detailing (LOD) can enhance communication between designers and construction professionals, boosting trust and efficiency within the project team. This article will detail the different development levels that may be employed in a project and how to choose the most appropriate one.

According to Autodesk, LOD is a defined framework for determining the level of complexity and accuracy necessary in a BIM model at various project stages.

[edit] Various levels of detail in a project

The American Institute of Architects (AIA) created the Six Levels of Development (LOD) in 2008 to help BIM modelling teams communicate and give element/component detail for particular architectural components. According to BIM Forum (2013), LOD 100-500 enhances BIM planning, budgeting, allocation, communication, and scheduling while reducing over-modelling and rework.

[edit] LOD 100 – Conceptual Model

Model elements are visually represented at this LOD conceptual level using generic forms and symbols, like project-representing bricks. To comprehend the design and spatial needs, spaces are modelled as generic objects with approximative sizes, forms, and placements. Depending on how much space is needed for the design, blocks or space objects are arranged either randomly or by blocking and stacking.

LOD 100 is beneficial in the following scenarios:

Investigation and On-Site Monitoring
Putting all of the research together
Generation of a 3D model
Conceptual Design Visualization and its Connection to Zoning Regulations

[edit] LOD 200 – Schematic Model

LOD 200 depicts model elements graphically as generic systems, objects, or assemblies, with approximations for specifications, quantities, size, form, location, and orientation. Bounding components such as walls, elevations, and columns establish the border and size of LOD 200 spaces, as do vertical bounding elements and associated space objects.

LOD 200 is useful for the following scenarios:

3D modelling for form and layout
Conceptual Design Development
Coordinate spatially and find clashes
Initial energy analysis
Provide early cost estimates

[edit] LOD 300 – Design Development Model

Models with correct design data, including number, size, placement, orientation, detailing, fabrication, assembly, and installation, are found at LOD 300, much like in Construction Documents (CD). Since it includes detailed shop drawings, assembly specifications, and non-geometric data integrated into model parts, this level is helpful throughout the building process.

LOD 300 is beneficial in the following scenarios:

Thorough 3D modelling of structural elements
Proper component placement and sizing
Trade coordination (MEP, structural, and architectural)
Clash detection and BIM coordination

[edit] LOD 350 – Construction Detailing

Element 350 LODs give details about interfaces, supports, and connections for building systems. They indicate how one system relates with another and provide coordination elements to adjacent or similar elements. The model quantifies quantities, sizes, shapes, locations, and orientations without reference to unmodelled such as call-outs or notes.

LOD 350 comes in very handy in a variety of situations:

Detailed three-dimensional models for materials and objects
Creating construction documentation like drawings and specifications
Calculating and deducting quantities for completion
Ensure proper construction order and schedule

[edit] LOD 400 – Fabrication Model

Developing component-level information, creating shop drawings, integrating manufacturing processes, creating 3D models, organising prefabrication and construction, and incorporating non-geometric data are all part of the LOD 400 stage. This makes it possible for suppliers to give building component makers the comprehensive information found in the LOD 400 elements right away.

LOD 400 is useful for:

Developing component-level information
Creating shop drawings and requirements
Integrating manufacturing processes
Creating 3d models for off-site fabrication
Scheduling prefabrication and construction

[edit] LOD 500 – Operational Model

The model at this level contains all the geometry and data required for lifetime operations and maintenance. It includes post-construction limitations, completed and installed elements, and field-verified locations. To replicate real-world conditions for facility management and maintenance, the model additionally includes non-geometric factors such as size, form, and orientation.

LOD 500 is advantageous in the subsequent circumstances:

Create precise As-Built models that accurately depict real buildings
Integrate data from operations and maintenance
Carry out lifetime analysis and maintenance scheduling
Complete building performance monitoring and analysis

[edit] Conclusion

BIM-oriented scenarios, in the AEC industry, utilise LOD as a language to effectively communicate project requirements. LOD plays a role in reducing inconsistencies in BIM models thereby enhancing communication and transparency amongst construction experts. It establishes an understanding of project completion eliminating any disparities. By leveraging methodologies and technology LOD enhances design clarity and facilitates communication and collaboration amongst teams, from different disciplines.