Annealing
Contents |
[edit] Introduction
Annealing is a much-used process of heat treatment which involves heating a material for a given time then allowing it to cool in a slow, controlled manner. The aim is to increase ductility and strength and to remove internal stresses. It is usually applied to glass and metals.
[edit] Glass
The annealing of float glass immediately after it has been formed helps dissipate any internal stresses which may have been induced during the manufacturing process. The result is a glass that is harder to break than ordinary glass.
Manufacturing smaller glass objects may involve annealing as an incidental process – i.e cooling takes place over time during manufacture without a specific annealing process. But with larger or more complex objects, such as long ribbons of float glass, a specific annealing process can be introduced using a temperature-controlled kiln called a lehr. NB There can be safety concerns using annealed glass as it can break into large, jagged shards.
A typical annealing process that may form part of the manufacture of float glass
- After the glass has been poured onto the molten tin in ribbons at an initial temperature of around 1,200°C, it travels under gravity or by top roller gears propelling it forward.
- Having cooled slightly to around 1,100°C, the glass enters a lehr oven to be annealed i.e allowed to cool very gradually over a specific time period until it reaches the required temperature. The time required to anneal glass will depend on the glass type and the thickness.
- When it finally emerges from the oven, the glass may be further cooled by jets of air after which scanners seek any imperfections which, if found, will result in the glass being discarded or recycled.
If glass is not properly annealed, it may retain thermal stresses which can significantly decrease its strength and make for a less reliable product; it may therefore crack or shatter even under small temperature changes, mechanical shock or stress. It can even suffer sudden failure.
[edit] Metal
The annealing of metals – such as alloys, stainless steel, copper, silver and brass – also involves a heat treatment process that alters their physical characteristics, reducing hardness and increasing ductility and malleability. Therefore, metals can be softened in preparation for further processing such as forming, shaping and stamping.
The annealing process for metals is essentially similar to that for glass: the metal is heated to above the temperature required for recrystallisation – in the case of steel, copper, silver and brass this will be until they glow. The temperature is maintained for the required time and then cooled in a slow, controlled process, possibly down to room temperature. As the metal cools, recrystallisation takes place within the matrix until the required temperature is reached. However, further heat treatments may be needed, depending on the degree of malleability and hardness required.
Steel requires slow cooing in air to anneal, but copper, silver and brass can also be cooled by quenching (quench annealing) whereby they are cooled quickly by immersion in water.
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- BREEAM Visual comfort View out.
- Curved glass.
- Daylit space.
- Domestic windows.
- Double glazing.
- Emissivity.
- Glass.
- Low-E glass.
- Overheating.
- Patent glazing.
- Safety glass.
- Secondary glazing.
- Security glazing.
- Structural glass assembly.
- Suction lifter.
- Types and manufacture of laminated glass.
- Types of window.
- U-value.
- Window.
Featured articles and news
A change to adoptive architecture
Effects of global weather warming on architectural detailing, material choice and human interaction.
How big is the problem and what can we do to mitigate the effects?
Overheating guidance and tools for building designers
A number of cool guides to help with the heat.
The UK's Modern Industrial Strategy: A 10 year plan
Previous consultation criticism, current key elements and general support with some persisting reservations.
Building Safety Regulator reforms
New roles, new staff and a new fast track service pave the way for a single construction regulator.
Architectural Technologist CPDs and Communications
CIAT CPD… and how you can do it!
Cooling centres and cool spaces
Managing extreme heat in cities by directing the public to places for heat stress relief and water sources.
Winter gardens: A brief history and warm variations
Extending the season with glass in different forms and terms.
Restoring Great Yarmouth's Winter Gardens
Transforming one of the least sustainable constructions imaginable.
Construction Skills Mission Board launch sector drive
Newly formed government and industry collaboration set strategy for recruiting an additional 100,000 construction workers a year.
New Architects Code comes into effect in September 2025
ARB Architects Code of Conduct and Practice available with ongoing consultation regarding guidance.
Welsh Skills Body (Medr) launches ambitious plan
The new skills body brings together funding and regulation of tertiary education and research for the devolved nation.
Paul Gandy FCIOB announced as next CIOB President
Former Tilbury Douglas CEO takes helm.
UK Infrastructure: A 10 Year Strategy. In brief with reactions
With the National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority (NISTA).
Ebenezer Howard: inventor of the garden city. Book review.
Airtightness Topic Guide BSRIA TG 27/2025
Explaining the basics of airtightness, what it is, why it's important, when it's required and how it's carried out.