Portland cement

Portland cement is used to make almost all concrete. It is also the principal cement used in most masonry mortars and renders. The most commonly used type of Portland cement is Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), but there are other varieties available, such as white Portland cement.

Cement is a substance used for binding and hardening other materials. Water and cement set and harden through a chemical reaction known as 'hydration'. The process of hardening is described as 'curing', and it requires particular conditions of temperature and humidity.

Mixed with water, sand and rock, portland cement forms concrete.

The Leeds-based bricklayer Joseph Aspdin was the first person to make Portland cement in the early-19th century, by burning powdered limestone and clay in a kitchen stove.

The 'dry' method is the most common way of manufacturing Portland cement. The process begins with the quarrying of the principal raw materials – limestone, clay, chalk or marl, which may be combined with shale, blast furnace slag, silica sand, iron ore, and so on.

The quarried material is then crushed, first to reduce it to a maximum size of approximately 6 inches, and then to about 3 inches or less using secondary crushers or hammer mills. The crushed rock is then ground, mixed and fed into large rotary kilns, which heat it to approximately 2,700ºF (1,500 Celsius). Coolers are used to bring down the temperature of the clinker, before cement plants grind and mix it together with small amounts of gypsum and limestone. Once this is done, it can be packaged and sold for use in construction.

An alternative, though less common manufacturing technique is the wet method. It is similar to the dry method except that before being fed into the kiln the raw materials are ground with water.

As the production of Portland cement involves quarrying and the use of large amounts of energy to power the kilns, it is not considered to be a 'sustainable' material.

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