Termination in construction contracts

[edit] Introduction

Most forms of contract will include termination clauses, setting out the circumstances under which a contract may be terminated. When a contract is terminated, the parties to the contract are no longer obliged to perform their obligations under the contract.

Terminating a contract can be complex, and it is very important that the correct procedures are followed. This may involve issuing notices setting out the grounds for termination, allowing warning periods, and giving the opportunity to remedy breaches.

There are a number of reasons why one or both parties to a contract may seek to terminate the contract.

[edit] Breach of contract

If the one of the parties to a contract fails to perform as required by the contract, this may constitute a breach of contract. If the breach of contract is serious (a material breach), then the innocent party may also consider that it is discharged from any further obligations under the contract.

Where one party behaves in such a way as to indicate that it no longer intends to accept its obligations under the contract, this is considered to be a repudiatory beach (or fundamental breach), allowing the innocent party to terminate the contract and to sue for damages. Generally, the contract will set out what those breaches are, but they might include:

• Refusal to carry out work.
• Abandoning the site.
• Removing plant from the site.
• Failure to make payments.
• Employing others to carry out the work.
• Failure to allow access to the site.
• Failure to proceed regularly and diligently.
• Failure to remove or rectify defective works.

Where repudiation is considered to have occurred, the innocent party can either affirm that the contract will continue, or accept the repudiation and so terminate the contract. In either case, they will have the right to claim damages. Either way, it is important that there is some sort of response, as inaction may be considered to be an affirmation of the contract.

Assessing the seriousness of breaches of contract depends on the particular circumstances and terms of the contract. For example, if a contractor failed to carry out the work to an agreed timetable, this might be considered a relatively minor issue on some projects, whilst on others it could be an extremely serious breach. The innocent party must be careful therefore to establish that there has actually been a material breach before considering that the contract is terminated, otherwise they might find themselves in breach of contract.

This can lead to disputes, where for example, the client refuses to make payment, claiming that the contractor has failed to perform, whereas the contractor contends that they are not performing because the client has refused to make payment.

An anticipatory breach (or anticipatory repudiation) occurs when one of the parties to the contract declares to the other that they do not intend to perform their obligations under the contract.

[edit] Frustration

Frustration occurs when circumstances that are not the fault of either party mean it is impossible to continue with the contract. The contract will come to an end without any party being considered to be in breach. However, parties must be certain that a frustration event has occurred so as not to be in breach of contract.

Force majeure provisions might provide for circumstances that could otherwise be considered frustration events, and so result in termination of the contract. Force majeure (for example, exceptionally adverse weather conditions) is generally considered a relevant event in construction contracts which will allow for an extension of time rather than termination. This may be in the interests of both parties.

For more information, see Frustration.

[edit] Convenience

Contracts may allow termination for ‘convenience’. This can be useful for example if the client fails to secure sufficient funding for the project to proceed. However termination for convenience can leave the terminating party open to significant claims by the other party.

Termination for convenience is only provided for in some forms of contract, and is often only available to the client.

[edit] Others

Contracts may also allow termination under specific circumstances peculiar to a particular project. They may also allow termination for insolvency or bankruptcy.

[edit] Rescission

Rescission is a process of returning both parties to the position they would have been in had they not entered into a contract. This might be appropriate for example if there is a serious error in the contract.

[edit] Suspension

Contracts may also allow suspension of performance. The circumstances allowing suspension are generally similar to those allowing termination. Suspension can be useful, for example, if the client has difficulty in raising funds to pay for the work to proceed at the speed anticipated by the contract. In addition, the Housing Grants Construction and Regeneration Act gives the right to suspend performance for failure to make payment that has been notified as due.

Either party may have the right to terminate at the end of a suspension period, or if a suspension becomes prolonged with no prospect of work re-commencing.

See Suspension of performance for more information.

[edit] Determination

Determination ends the contractor's obligations under the contract, but the contract remains in place, as do the rights of both parties.

See Determination for more information.

[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

• Alternative dispute resolution.
• Breach of contract.
• Concurrent delay.
• Consequential losses.
• Construction Act.
• Defects.
• Determination.
• Extension of time.
• Force majeure.
• Fair payment practices.
• Frustration.
• Housing Forum seeks unity over suspension of works.
• Liquidated damages.
• Loss and expense.
• Repudiation.
• Suspension of performance.
• Variations.

[edit] External references

• Termination of contract, corporate recovery & insolvency RICS ISBN: 978 1 78321 005 3