Values in Heritage Management: emerging approaches and research directions

Values in Heritage Management: emerging approaches and research directions, Edited by Erica Avrami, Susan Macdonald, Randall Mason and David Myers, Getty Conservation Institute, 2019, 256 pages, softback.

Values in Heritage Management constitutes a timely exploration of advances in the development and use of values-based methodologies as the heritage community seeks to position itself in the mainstream of 21st-century agendas and embrace partnerships with complementary social, economic and environmental interests. From the premise that institutionalised professional standards in the heritage field have evolved from selective, curatorial historic, artistic, aesthetic and scientific perceptions of cultural values, the several chapters disclose a discipline in transition, open to engagement with a broad range of stakeholder groups and communities to advance more integrated approaches to conservation and empower enhanced outcomes.

The call for change is underpinned by the exponential increase in the range of heritage typologies, from monuments to the vernacular, industrial sites to workers’ housing, cultural landscapes to the intangible, and the development of new norms and methods of practice. It is manifest also in the ambition to align the Unesco world heritage system with the United Nations sustainable development goals and the aspirations of the Climate Heritage Network, launched in Edinburgh in 2019.

The editors are past and present colleagues at the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI). In her foreword, GCI associate director Jeanne Marie Teutonico traces the unfolding notion of significance from the 1979 Burra Charter through its 1999 revision, the launch of the GCI’s Agora initiative in 1997 followed by the Research on the Values of Heritage Project, 1998– 2005, and the sequence of related publications, training and field projects that preceded a symposium under this book’s title, held in Los Angeles in 2017.

In their introduction, the co-editors distil the range of themes, the complexity of ideas and interconnections expanded on in the individual chapters. These include the role of cultural values in natural resource conservation; cultural mapping in understanding the complex social-spatial relationships that determine how heritage places are valued by multiple publics; participatory processes that extend beyond heritage experts; and responsive governance models. A central theme is the importance for mediation in establishing common ground and mutual understanding founded on underlying needs, alongside values-based approaches that are responsive to context and culturally specific.

In her chapter ‘The shift towards values in UK heritage practice’, Kate Clark attributes initiation of the drive to people-based approaches, concurrently with the development of robust values-based procedures, to the Heritage Lottery Fund. The chapter explores three phenomena: changing ideas about what constitutes significance; growing awareness of the wider benefits of heritage and its relationship to economic, social and environmental sustainability; and exploration of how heritage organisations demonstrate and create value.

Hossam Mahdy examines traditional Arabic-Islamic perspectives on heritage values, their emphasis on intangible heritage and divergence from normative Eurocentric conservation practices, with the latter’s emphasis on the intrinsic value of material objects. He explores avenues to bridge the gap through integration into broad values-based approaches. In this, Mahdy emphasises that Islam should be understood as a world-view that is not limited to religious, spiritual or cultural aspects. He expands on the Waqf system of endowment as a formidable mechanism for the conservation and management of cultural heritage, highlighting that its emphasis on responsible management favours recycling and adaptive reuse over demolition and replacement, allying it with resource management, waste avoidance and environmental responsibility.

Ayesha Pamela Rogers, drawing from case studies across Asia, investigates how the failure of institutionalised approaches to heritage to identify and incorporate living values – as defined by occupants and users – has led to countless lost opportunities to support place attachment and overall significance in the interests of conservation decision-making.

In a contrasting chapter that is clearly framed for the global north, David Throsby posits the integration of formal economic analysis into the development of policy strategies that reflect ‘the wider concepts of societal value that heritage conservation is required to serve’. Throsby’s deference to the economist Sir Alan Peacock is not persuasive.

Values in Heritage Management constitutes work in progress. It explores the threads of an inclusive approach to values-based methodologies, ones that embrace intersecting interests and bolster conservation outcomes. Its final chapter of conclusions and recommendations, however, is brief and weak, omitting to weave the several strands into a loose-fitting tapestry. The book lacks an index.