Last edited 18 Dec 2019

Hyperloop

A hyperloop is a sealed vacuum tube through which ‘pods’ carrying people and/or freight can travel at speeds in excess of 650mph with almost no air resistance or drag. The concept is very similar to the system of vacuum tubes used by department stores to convey bank notes in small capsules at high speed from the tills to offices on the upper floors.

In theory, a journey by hyperloop from Los Angeles to Las Vegas (a distance of 270 miles) would take around 30 minutes assuming a speed of around 600mph. This compares to an estimated 2hrs 8 mins by high speed rail, 2hrs 42 mins by standard rail, 3hrs 28 mins by air and 4hrs 17 mins by car.

While some experimental hyperloops have been created over short lengths, there is still no real built example in use, although companies such as Tesla, SpaceX and Virgin Hyperloop are testing prototypes. Hyperloop therefore still remains a ‘proposed’ method for transporting goods and people. But perhaps not for long.

Since 2012, there has been a flurry of advances in hyperloop technology by various companies, although the credit for promoting the concept is often given to Elon Musk's Tesla firm which has offered it as open-source technology available to everyone. As a result, more companies have been formed to explore the concept.

North of Las Vegas, Virgin Hyperloop One has created a 500m long, 1.5m-radius tube in which pods have travelled at up to 240 mph. While Hyperloop Transportation Technologies has built a 1,000m test track in Abu Dhabi and is building a second in Toulouse, France.

[edit] Technology

The wheel-less, pressurised pods hurtling through a hyperloop are propelled by linear induction motors and axial compressors. With traditional wheels having been eradicated, the air bearings are designed to make the ride extremely smooth and quiet – analogous to travel by magnetic levitation (MAGLEV). A further benefit is that being in sealed tubes, the pods are not subject to disruption by weather events, people or animals on the track or level crossings.

However, travelling at such high speeds has its drawbacks: to avoid inducing nausea in passengers, the pods would take three minutes to accelerate to top speed, while negotiating a 90-degree bend would have to be performed over a distance of six miles.

[edit] Precedents

One of the first proponents of a train travelling in a vacuum was the US rocket scientist Robert Goddard who may have provided the inspiration for Elon Musk. Previous ideas for using a vacuum for propulsion have not met with great success. Brunel's atmospheric railway used a vacuum, but it comprised a wheeled train on tracks. Although it was initially successful in carrying passengers over a short distance, it ultimately failed because 19th century technology could not adequately maintain the vacuum in the tube. A lubricated leather strip was key to maintaining the seal but when it hardened and cracked, air would enter the system, thereby compromising the vacuum.