Fourth industrial revolution

[edit] Introduction

The fourth industrial revolution (also referred to as Industry 4.0 or Industrie 4.0) is a term used to describe the shift away from digitally automated manufacturing and industrial processes (that require human control) to smarter technologies that rely less on human intervention. The technologies of the fourth industrial revolution depend on machine-to-machine communications and the Internet of Things (IoT) to monitor and analyse operations within the manufacturing, industrial and business sectors.

[edit] Review of industrial revolutions

Since the mid-18th century, industrial revolutions were seen as periods where many new inventions led to significant changes in culture, infrastructure, business and related social advances. Each industrial revolution was characterised by specific innovations, including:

• First industrial revolution. Steam and water power were used to mechanise production.
• Second industrial revolution (also referred to as the technological revolution). Electricity was used to support mass production through the use of assembly lines.
• Third industrial revolution (also referred to as the digital revolution). Electronics and information technology have been used to digitise and automate processes.
• Fourth industrial revolution. Cyber physical systems (CPS) are used to enhance automation and connectivity introduced during the third industrial revolution.

[edit] History

In 2011, the term Industrie 4.0 (also referred to as I4.0 or I4) was introduced to describe an innovative computerised manufacturing strategy used by the German government. The term was introduced that year at the Hannover Fair.

Exploration of the concept was continued by the German government’s working group on Industrie 4.0. In October 2012, the group presented the German government with Industrie 4.0 implementation recommendations as a result of its work, and the final report of the group was presented at the Hannover Fair in 2013.

In 2015, the concept of the fourth industrial revolution was introduced at the World Economic Forum (WEF) by the German engineer and economist, Professor Klaus Schwab. Schwab (who is also the founder and executive chairman of the World Economic Forum), characterised the idea as a fusion of new technologies, blurring the lines between the physical, digital and biological worlds.

Mastering the Fourth Industrial Revolution was picked up as the theme of the WEF Annual Meeting in 2016. Its impact became one of the central themes of the WEF in 2017.

[edit] The fourth industrial revolution and the built environment

Mark Farmer's 2017 report, 'Modernise or die', looked forward to a fourth industrial revolution underpinned by cyber-physical smart production techniques, which it described as Industry 4.0. However, Farmer’s report acknowledged that in many respects, construction has yet to achieve Industry 3.0 status, which simply requires large scale use of electronics and IT to automate production.

Based on the progress of Industry 4.0, others suggest that the world might see the biggest industrial shifts in a generation, changing the way people work and live in the urban environment. As a result of greater technological advances, the built environment could see the physical world become ever more connected to the digital one through billions of sensors feeding back information through the IoT. This could result in new ways of serving customers, new capabilities in production and changes in the operation of devices across all sectors. Innovations such as 3D printing, artificial intelligence and advanced robotics could shift models of work and production in ways that are impossible to fully predict.

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