General design theory GDT
Contents |
[edit] Introduction
General design theory (or GDT) is an approach to design that is based on a mathematical premise or assumptions about objects. GDT uses those assumptions to prove theorems and define a formal logic for design.
[edit] History
In the 1980s, technological advances such as computer aided design (CAD) resulted in a number of new design theories. One of the earliest mentions of GDT appears in a 1981 article by Hiroyuki Yoshikawa entitled, ‘General design theory and a CAD system’. Yoshikawa’s theory “...ultimately aims at clarifying the human ability of designing in a scientific way, and at the same time, producing the practical knowledge about...design methodology.”
However, the GDT approach was not widely accepted. There are several theories about its lack of popularity. One suggestion was that the use of the term ‘general’ in its name was confusing, while another highlighted a presupposition of complexity.
Yoram Reich explains, “the formal axioms and theorems [of GDT] rather than the process models meant the approach could not be considered an adequate description of real design”.
Despite its shortcomings as a design approach, GDT proved useful in the development of CAD.
[edit] GDT and CAD
GDT can be applied to the designation of tasks to computers as well as designers (including the contribution of the designer and that person’s connection with the computer). Some researchers feel the guidelines created by GDT are “essential” to the scientific construction of CAD solutions.
In some cases, the theoretical results of GDT have presented their own problems, resulting in modifications to design process models. One modification, known as the refinement model, tends to be more in line with experimental findings than GDT and helps to improve developments in CAD.
As an advanced technique, the refinement model’s mechanism requirements for future CAD systems include:
- Physics-centered modelling (including multiple model management).
- Function modelling (such as function-behaviour-state or FBS modelling).
- Intention modelling for recording decision-making processes.
[edit] Controversy over defining the design process
Various attempts have been made to describe the design process. Whilst it is relatively easy to explain it from a theoretical perspective such as GDT, the creative process itself remains elusive.
There is an underlying mistrust of theories that attempt to describe the creative process, and practice rarely seems to reflect academic descriptions which tend to explain what academics think should be happening rather than what designers are actually doing. Indeed the approach that designers say they take to design, is often very different from what they actually do.
It is in this context that GDT can be seen as a model rather than a genuine reflection of the design process. It can be used as a guide to be explored and tested rather than being applied definitively.
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki
- Artificial intelligence and civil engineering.
- Case-based reasoning CBR.
- C-K theory.
- Computer aided design CAD.
- Design methodology for building projects.
- Double diamond design process.
- Evolutionary design process model EDPM.
[edit] External resources
- Yoram Reich, A critical review of General Design Theory.
Featured articles and news
The UK's Modern Industrial Strategy: A 10 year plan
Previous consultation criticism, current key elements and general support with some persisting reservations.
Building Safety Regulator reforms
New roles, new staff and a new fast track service pave the way for a single construction regulator.
Architectural Technologist CPDs and Communications
CIAT CPD… and how you can do it!
Cooling centres and cool spaces
Managing extreme heat in cities by directing the public to places for heat stress relief and water sources.
Winter gardens: A brief history and warm variations
Extending the season with glass in different forms and terms.
Restoring Great Yarmouth's Winter Gardens
Transforming one of the least sustainable constructions imaginable.
Construction Skills Mission Board launch sector drive
Newly formed government and industry collaboration set strategy for recruiting an additional 100,000 construction workers a year.
New Architects Code comes into effect in September 2025
ARB Architects Code of Conduct and Practice available with ongoing consultation regarding guidance.
Welsh Skills Body (Medr) launches ambitious plan
The new skills body brings together funding and regulation of tertiary education and research for the devolved nation.
Paul Gandy FCIOB announced as next CIOB President
Former Tilbury Douglas CEO takes helm.
UK Infrastructure: A 10 Year Strategy. In brief with reactions
With the National Infrastructure and Service Transformation Authority (NISTA).
Ebenezer Howard: inventor of the garden city. Book review.
The Grenfell Tower fire, eight years on
A time to pause and reflect as Dubai tower block fire reported just before anniversary.
Airtightness Topic Guide BSRIA TG 27/2025
Explaining the basics of airtightness, what it is, why it's important, when it's required and how it's carried out.
Construction contract awards hit lowest point of 2025
Plummeting for second consecutive month, intensifying concerns for housing and infrastructure goals.
Understanding Mental Health in the Built Environment 2025
Examining the state of mental health in construction, shedding light on levels of stress, anxiety and depression.