Permafrost
Climate Change 2021, The Physical Science Basis, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2021, defines permafrost as: ‘Ground (soil or rock, and included ice and organic material) that remains at or below 0°C for 21 at least two consecutive years (Harris et al., 1988). Note that permafrost is defined via temperature rather 22 than ice content and, in some instances, may be ice-free.’
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