Pliocene
Green infrastructure and open environments: London’s foundations: protecting the geodiversity of the capital, Supplementary Planning Guidance, published by the Mayor of London in March 2012, defines Pliocene as: ‘A geological epoch [5.3 – 1.8Ma] preceded by the Miocene and followed by the Pleistocene. Part of the Cenozoic Era.’
Climate Change 2021, The Physical Science Basis, published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2021, states: ‘The Pliocene Epoch is the more recent of two epochs of the Neogene Period within the Cenozoic Era. It extends from 5.33 Ma to the beginning of the Pleistocene Epoch at 2.59 Ma. The Neogene Period precedes the current geological period, the Quaternary Period, which is one of several ice ages that have occurred during Earth’s geological history. It encompasses the mid-Pliocene warm period (MPWP), also known as the Piacenzian warm period, which occurred approximately 3.3 to 3.0 Ma. The MPWP, in turn, encompasses the interglacial episode, marine isotope stage (MIS) KM5c, which peaked at 3.205 Ma, when orbital forcing was similar to modern (Haywood et al., 2016).’
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings
Featured articles and news
Editor's broadbrush view on forms of electrical heating in context.
The pace of heating change; BSRIA market intelligence
Electric Dreams, Boiler Realities.
New President of ECA announced
Ruth Devine MBE becomes the 112th President of the Electrical Contractors Association.
New CIAT Professional Standards Competency Framework
Supercedes the 2019 Professional Standards Framework from 1 May 2025.
Difficult Sites: Architecture Against the Odds
Free exhibition at the RIBA Architecture Gallery until 31 May.
PPN 021: Payment Spot Checks in Public Sub-Contracts
Published following consultation and influence from ECA.
Designing Buildings reaches 20,000 articles
We take a look back at some of the stranger contributions.
Lessons learned from other industries.
The Buildings of the Malting Industry. Book review.
Conserving places with climate resilience in mind.
Combating burnout.
The 5 elements of seiri, seiton, seiso, seiketsu and shitsuke.
Shading for housing, a design guide
A look back at embedding a new culture of shading.
The Architectural Technology Awards
The AT Awards 2025 are open for entries!
ECA Blueprint for Electrification
The 'mosaic of interconnected challenges' and how to deliver the UK’s Transition to Clean Power.
Grenfell Tower Principal Contractor Award notice
Tower repair and maintenance contractor announced as demolition contractor.