Subsoil
Subsoil is the layer (or stratum) of soil immediately underneath the surface topsoil.
It is the weathered soil layer extending between the natural topsoil and the unweathered basal layer (geological parent material) below, or similar material on which topsoil can be spread. Subsoil has lower organic matter and plant nutrient content than topsoil. In most cases topsoils require a subsoil to perform one or a number of natural soil functions. Ref The HS2 London-West Midlands Environmental Statement, Glossary of terms and list of abbreviations, DETR 2013.
Typically, subsoil consists of the same variable mixture of minerals and small particles (e.g. sand, silt, clay) as the topsoil, but it has a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus (fine organic matter derived from the decomposition of plant and animal substances).
Subsoil that is clay-based provides the main source of material for cob, rammed earth, wattle and daub and other forms of earthen construction.
Subsoil tends to be paler than its overlying topsoil due to the lack of dark humus, and varies in colour from red to yellow.
The macro- and microscopic organisms that proliferate in topsoil are mostly lacking in the subsoil, although it may contain the deeper roots of some plants and trees. Water run-off results in minerals from the topsoil migrating down into the subsoil which can lead to mineral deficiencies in the topsoil. The knock-on effect of this is that roots have to dig deeper for nutrients.
During construction it can be necessary to strip topsoil, although it should be considered that by exposing the subsoil, the rate of erosion of soil minerals increases.
Beneath the subsoil is the substratum - a layer of residual bedrock, sediments or deposits.
A subsoiler is: 'A tractor-mounted implement used to loosen and break up soil at depths below the level of a traditional plough, disk harrow or rototiller.' Ref High Speed Rail (Crewe – Manchester) Environmental Statement, Glossary, abbreviations and references, published by the Department for Transport in 2022.
[edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings
Featured articles and news
CIAT Celebrates 60 years of Architectural Technology
Find out more #CIAT60 social media takeover.
The BPF urges Chancellor for additional BSR resources
To remove barriers and bottlenecks which delay projects.
Flexibility over requirements to boost apprentice numbers
English, maths and minimumun duration requirements reduced for a 10,000 gain.
A long term view on European heating markets
BSRIA HVAC 2032 Study.
Humidity resilience strategies for home design
Frequency of extreme humidity events is increasing.
National Apprenticeship Week 2025
Skills for life : 10-16 February
Update on the future of Grenfell Tower
Deputy Prime Minister decides for it be carefully taken down to the ground.
Ending decades of frustration, misinformation and distrust.
Essential tools in managing historically significant landscapes.
Classroom electrician courses a 'waste of money'
Say experts from the Electrical Contractors’ Association.
Wellbeing in Buildings TG 10/2025
BSRIA topic guide updates.
With brief background and WELL v2™.
From studies, to books to a new project, with founder Emma Walshaw.
Types of drawings for building design
Still one of the most popular articles the A-Z of drawings.
Who, or What Does the Building Safety Act Apply To?
From compliance to competence in brief.
The remarkable story of a Highland architect.
Commissioning Responsibilities Framework BG 88/2025
BSRIA guidance on establishing clear roles and responsibilities for commissioning tasks.
Comments
[edit] To make a comment about this article, click 'Add a comment' above. Separate your comments from any existing comments by inserting a horizontal line.