Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Demystifying design processes of architectural details

2021-04-26T09:25:15Z

Yoktani: Created page with "DYMISTIFYING DESIGN PROCESSES OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS INTRODUCTION Design process can refer to an activity with series of distinctive and instinctive tasks involving intense p..."

DYMISTIFYING DESIGN PROCESSES OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

INTRODUCTION

Design process can refer to an activity with series of distinctive and instinctive tasks involving intense progression of creative thinking and imaginations. During the different steps and options of design processes innate and impulsive skills are much used rather than conscious and voluntary decisions.

Detail design is the systematic process of producing illustrative information, solutions and methods to problems seeking to translate conceptual design to buildable-physical form in a finished appearance.

Creativity in detailing

Due to current presence of numerous choices of materials and construction approaches it is definitely that detailing can be looked upon as a design process. The complexity of selections and installations make it appear even as more of thoughtful procedure rather than an instructional one.

Adding to these points, building performance requirement makes it even more complicated activity to design an architectural detail. Fire, thermal, lighting and many other requirements for evaluation of buildings entails architects to be more vigilant and take extra cautions in development of design details for the intent of achieving these optimal goals.

Creativity or Processes: Considering critics

Detailing is highly related with the selected type of materials, and technologies available and the extent to which these two can be integrated to produce desired results.

When developing a design detail it is necessary to give maximum attention to design trends of that particular detail. Overlooking the past achievements can lead to use much time and resource in the development of a detail unnecessarily.

Critics from the former designed details help to shape new details in the way that improve the functionality and practicality.

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Architectural design methodology tips

2020-09-03T05:56:05Z

Yoktani: Created page with "File:3d_04.png INTRODUCTION Design methodology refers to the development of systematic processes or methods applied in the design activities of a particular field of study ..."

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INTRODUCTION

Design methodology refers to the development of systematic processes or methods applied in the design activities of a particular field of study or practice like architecture, urban design, industrial design. It comprises of theories, principles, guidelines, and steps necessary to be followed to achieve desired design goals.

Design Methods Refers to established and commonly used actions, tools, strategies, and approaches in the design processes, including performing various organized tasks that a designer must execute to reach the final stage of design activity.

The act of designing in architecture is a complex process. Many designers fail to express the real actions that made them reach such designs. They fail to describe their actions. They allege feelings and intuitions as factors that led to such creations. All in all, architects are able to create yet they are incapable of explaining why they reached such conclusions.

DESIGN APPROACH

The architect approach to the design is greatly influenced by the nature and the level of the client involvement in the project. Often client dictates how the final design should be, which elements to include, and what elements should not be included in a design either for profit-based reasons or for other goals and intentions. This limits the architect's freedom to input his design feelings into the form and appearance of the final composition. Therefore there is a continual clashing between client and architect on which elements are the best fit and which are not and for which benefits. Eventually, all these interplays affect the solutions for the problem and the quality of the final product.

DESIGN TOOLS

Tools for architectural design include techniques and basic skills persistent in the practice of architectural design. The purpose of design tools is to provide a significant set of instructions for designers to follow when performing their design tasks and also tools give primary understanding to increase and refine design analytical and theoretical skills. Design tools can also be used to describe the conceptual structure of the proposed design alternatives since design results are often products of the tools used.

The parts of the framework used to arrive in design solutions can also be taken as design tools. It may comprise of understanding the design hierarchies established, philosophies, and theories set to judge outcomes, thinking styles, and evaluation strategies.

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2020-09-03T05:55:03Z

Yoktani:

Conceiving construction plans

2020-05-24T05:24:02Z

Yoktani: Created page with "Conceiving construction plans 800px Introduction Construction planning is the process of formulating activities required to undertake a constructi..."

Conceiving construction plans

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Introduction

Construction planning is the process of formulating activities required to undertake a construction project analyzing the implications of each activity and selecting among the alternatives the appropriate method to accomplish the project goals.

Construction planning is crucial for successful completion of project within the set time, quality and cost. It is an integrative stage in the project execution that involves all the stakeholders and agencies to ensure compliance to regulations and standards, it reinstates a culture of record keeping for future use and activity evaluation. Construction plans are used to prepare budget, schedule of works, and to determine which participants should be incorporated in the project team.

Key considerations in construction planning

There are technical issues that must be taken care of in the preparation of construction plan. These aspects forms the basic parts of the plan and can also be used as guidelines to analyze the effectiveness of the laid down plan. First and foremost is the choice of construction method and technologies to be used, this is highly considerable for it affects material choice, it also enables to check and compare technologies, classes of work required type of systems fit for the structure and environmental implications in general.

It is also necessary to keep in mind that preparation of construction plan is a backward reasoning process that intents to define tasks, set time and assign resources to reach the already established outcomes. Prior to this it is important to set the emphasis of the plan whether it is directed towards cost control or schedule control. With cost control orientation it is better to evaluate direct and indirect costs such as overhead costs, financing costs, activity cost, etc. Whereas with schedule control focus the main criteria should be on the precedence of activities, efficiency, resource availability and utilization, and integration of schedule and budget.

Opting for construction method to use

The selection of different technological and methodological alternatives for the construction of the designed structure starts in the preliminary design stages, though often at this stage these alternatives created by Architects are averagely hypothetical and abstract they form the basis for the future detailed development of the construction method to be used.

From a number of developed alternatives, the analysis is made weighing the cost, time and quality for each method and depending on the availability of equipment, effects of each method and the skills available for each method a more feasible method is chosen and more detail plan is prepared with regard to selected method.

Setting up Project Activities

In composing project activities that will be executed it is imperative for a planner to take into consideration the technology and methods selected for the project. Individual activities should be scheduled in accordance with the defined precedency of works for this will help to frame efficient schedule of construction tasks and allocate resources dependent of often repeated activities.

The defined activities should be developed in detail for all the tasks to be included in all project activities. It is advantageous that in constructing any building element there is more than one activity to be repeated to the other element. Therefore it is necessary to keep in mind time and resources (equipment and labour), planning how they can be used interchangeably. The hierarchy of project activities is another key factor to be keen with in the setting-up project activities. The hierarchy helps in schedule development and simplifies the presentation of the project plan. It is also important, in categorizing the project into different interdependent components for smooth implementation.

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2020-05-24T05:23:27Z

Yoktani:

Design process essentials

2020-04-14T10:10:00Z

Yoktani: Created page with "800px Introduction Design refers to an art of making a drawing or pattern showing how something is to be made. Design concept means a general abstract notio..."

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Introduction

Design refers to an art of making a drawing or pattern showing how something is to be made.

Design concept means a general abstract notion, a principle or central idea relating to a certain range of things. It is the underlying or generating thought, idea, philosophy, method or process for a design proposal or scheme. Many designers believe that the output or product of a design is symbolic representation of an artefact for implementation. Final product of a design include a design space, a body of knowledge about the artefact, its environment, its intended use, and the decisions that triggered the creation of the design.

There are two styles of idea generation in a design process, abstraction and elaboration. Abstraction is a mental representation of an object it is a process by which an individual constructs such as abstraction. Elaboration is the process of further expounding the idea in-depth using key details that also explains or develops the initial idea.

The following are essential elements of design activities

The intention and beginnings of designs

Any design activity is driven by the indispensable requirement of something, this need propels invention and creativity. In design a need stands as motivational force that gives the basis for defining the design problem and acts as a starting point in the design process. The general attribute or characteristic of all design processes is the intention to devise a plan or prototype of something anticipated. The need or intention is the basic element of all designs similarly to the problem to be solved. Intention or need also refers to users’ requirement. Without users requirement there is no design.

Production of design alternatives and design results

Design can be understood as replication of what we intend to produce or make before we produce or make it. Design is the production of prescription or model for the progressing work before its realization. Design alternatives and representations help to provide the basis to conceptualize and compare different design decisions.

However in the presentation of the design alternatives and justification of certain decisions, it is essential that a knowledge on how the designer arrived to such conclusions should also be presented. This will help to expand design understanding and provide background knowledge for future design works.

The changing nature of design

It is wholly agreed amongst designers and design researcher that design activity is transformational, it constantly changes to accommodate the needs and requirements established. The restructuring of the design in the different stages of design provides a chance for designers to achieve preferred situation. Design development describes the process of transforming the design in the design activity in order to achieve the future possibilities.

Creation of new ideas

The creation of new ideas is another key characteristic of design activity in a design process. Design is a creative pursuit that comprises of generating something new and functional that has not been produced before. The activity of idea production is haphazard, it is random and unsystematic. There are generally two approaches of producing new ideas either by abstraction or by elaboration. Abstraction refers to producing ideas through generalizations whereas elaboration means developing into great details the specifics of a design.

Design problem solving and decision making

Design can also be termed as problem solving activity or an endeavor that seeks to make decisions. In any design work there is a great risk to errors because sometimes the solutions may not relate to problems. When design problems are poorly structured it causes complexity and difficulties to determine the pertinent constraints and requirements. Decision making comparative analysis seeks to make a comparison between a series of design alternatives in the process of designing.

Identifying constraints

Recognizing design constraints forms the essential part for the successful design work. This goes hand in hand with appropriating satisfactory solutions to the identified constraints. The limitations can only be met by finding the right elements and components that should be assembled together to fulfill the pointed out constraints.

Diversity in design solutions

Due to complexity of design problems a great number of solutions can be given to the same design problem. The quality of solutions given can be assessed and compared for a more optimal solution. The evaluation of different design solutions activates a sense testing, modifying and redesigning, this demonstrates the evolution nature of design processes. The evolution of design activity helps to consolidate the constraints and requirement identified in a particular design problem.

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2020-04-14T10:06:12Z

Yoktani: elements of design activity

elements of design activity

Site Planning and Design considerations

2020-01-01T03:51:07Z

Yoktani: Created page with "800px Site Planning and Design Site planning is the process of thinking and placing the site design elements in order to integrate land u..."

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Site Planning and Design

Site planning is the process of thinking and placing the site design elements in order to integrate land use, landscape design (vegetation, landforms, and water), site context aspects and other considerations for enhancing the efficiency of site activities, environmental sustainability and mitigate any threats as identified in the site analysis.

The main objective of site planning is to achieve balance, reducing risk, facilitating proper building function, and aesthetics.

The site design must consider the existing physical, programmatic and fiscal constraints.

Site planning and design should aim at asset protection through devising measures and strategies that will ensure the protection of facilities, services, and users. This can be achieved by proper site selection, orientation of buildings on site, integration of vehicle access, control points, physical barriers, landscaping, and parking.

Considering Land Use

Internal and external aspects of the site play a major role in the appropriation of land use to the proposed site. External features comprise of the characteristics of the surrounding area, construction type, occupancies, and the nature and type of adjacent social and economic activities. These features adversely affect the protection of the people inside and nearby the site, property, and activities inside the site.

Internal aspects entail the amount of land available on the site for usage and ability of the site to accommodate and assure safety and security to the users and its components.

The design must balance protection goals and other priorities like open circulation and common spaces in order for it to be resilient to different situations. Zoning, subdivisions, and well-planned unit developments determine urban configurations that impact the economic and social stance of the community as a whole.

Performance-based zoning allow for greater freedom in land use it avoids the negative impacts like the concentration of activities in one area, the inflexibility of spaces and rigidity to changes in spatial use. The performance-based zoning enables flexibility to both owner and operator through enabling them to make decisions on the changes of land use, the level of risk they are willing to accept and strategies to mitigate through land-use countermeasures.

Site planning

The main goal in planning a site is to enhance the protection of life, property, and operations. Prior to planning a thorough study and analysis should be conducted identifying threats and hazards to support decision making on the measures to the reduction of vulnerability and risk.

Site design

For conventional site design, it is better to ensure the presence of more open circulation and common spaces whereas for security-oriented site design such spaces should not be encouraged. A holistic approach site design integrates form and function for achieving a balance among the various design elements and objectives, this helps to raise safety, sustainability performance.

Layout and form

The site layout provides the starting point for making site development. It determines the placement and form of buildings, infrastructures, and amenities.

Elements of site layout and form

Building placement

The placement of buildings in a given site depends on site characteristics, occupancy requirements, regulations, and design objectives. It can either be tightly clustered in one area or dispersed across the site. Each building placement pattern has weaknesses and strengths and it is better to evaluate them during the design process in order to make more better decisions.

Building Orientation

The orientation of the building on site affects its performance. It impacts energy efficiency of the building, the security of the occupants, and privacy. Orientation can be referred to as spatial relationship to the site relative to its surroundings, or its orientation to the sun or as horizontal or vertical aspects relative to the ground.

The orientation of the building can be open to the area or it can turn its back, it can be inviting to those outside or it can be as defense wall restricting access to the inside.

Open space

The provision of open space in the site design presents a lot of benefits. It first allows stormwater to percolate back into the ground, it decreases the need for culverts, drainage pipes, and manholes. In a wetland or densely vegetated piece of land, open space provides environmental and aesthetic amenities

Vehicular and Pedestrian Circulation Networks

The design of the movement pattern of the people into, through and out of the building is shaped by the design of its access, circulation and parking layouts. These patterns have to be designed to maximize efficiency while minimizing conflicts between pedestrians and vehicles. To achieve this objective, the transportation requirements studied in relation to how the building will be used. It includes determination of the number and types of access points required, parking volume needed pedestrian movement patterns and the modes of transport to be used.

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2020-01-01T03:46:36Z

Yoktani:

Railway stations

2019-12-06T12:50:40Z

Yoktani: Created page with "File:111.jpg INTRODUCTION Railway station refers to an establishment with platforms and associated buildings for a train to pick up and put down passengers. The railway sta..."

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INTRODUCTION

Railway station refers to an establishment with platforms and associated buildings for a train to pick up and put down passengers. The railway station is one of the most famous inventions in the age of the industrial revolution. Railway transport is significantly important for transportation of goods and people because of its high load-carrying capacity.

The invention of railway transport brought a new type of architecture called Railway station Architecture, it demanded new design considerations and components that make up a railway station. The efficient design of the railway station should create a homogeneous structure and a logical flow of passengers that allow easy, seamless, secure and safe flow to get to the train, wait and change to various modes of transport.

TYPOLOGIES OF RAILWAY STATION

The railway station is typified according to their

* Territorial size
* Geographic Location;

Sub-urban,

City access

City center station

* Functions
* Frequentation

Type 1 – Very large stations; > 50,000 incoming passengers/ day (Very large station)

Type 2 - > 30,000 incoming passengers/ day (Large stations)

Type 3: 10,000 – 30,000 incoming passengers/ day (Medium stations)

Type 4: < 10,000 incoming passengers/ day (Small stations)

* level of service
* role in urban transport network
* Traffic range

Very large stations

Long-distance traffic

Long-distance and regional traffic

High regional traffic

Medium regional traffic

Small regional traffic

Design of Station zones

A logically organized station helps passengers not to wait for transfer more than necessary. The station should be easy to understand and quick to orient. There are must be a strong relationship between station’s physical structures, activities and services. Basic functions are usually installed in permanent places and therefore they cannot easily be altered to changing needs and demands. Walking times to platforms should be minimized by the installation of grade separated passages.

A well designed functional station comprises of multiple building blocks that should be linked together to form a working and high-quality station environments. The station is an entire area that includes station building and other facilities. However, the station area should be marked by the main entrance as the focal point in order to facilitate orientation and tie functions together.

The essential task of zoning is to create a logical pattern of movement for different types of passengers like the ones that are familiar with the station environments and those that are unfamiliar.

Despite of the type, size, form and context of the railway station, there are four main zones

# Arrival zone
# Service zone
# Communication zone
# Platform

Arrival zone

It is the external area where a station and its surrounding environments meet. This is a zone of setting down and picking up passengers. It consists of the bus stop/ bus terminal, bicycle/ motorcycle, auto-rickshaws terminal, taxi rank, set up and pick up point for private cars, parking and foot paths. It can also include road service traffic to the platforms and trains. Set down pick up zone for different modes of transport might be on both sides of the station with major side being on a bus stop, followed by the side with car parks. These subdivisions enhance the integration of different transport modes even in cramped (congested) urban districts, they enable easy traffic and movement patterns around the station environments. Designers should consider for shortcuts in order to distribute flows at various points and reducing lead times. However greater emphasis should be given at the set down/ pick up zone to enable clarity for infrequent passengers also, where to get off the bus, where to pick up the luggage trolley and where to go to the trains. In a station with a direct connection between trains and buses through a platform without other service areas. When it happens that the station has not any identifiable entrance it is advisable to establish parks and station forecourts outside the station building as a mark to arrival zone.

Services area

Services fall into two categories those that directly relate to the journey and those that are not necessary. Main services are ticket sales, ticket machines, information desks, traffic information, toilets, and waiting areas. The other functions are luggage storage, kiosks, eateries, cash machines, bureau de change, car parking, hotels, and shops. The main service functions are mainly placed next to the main corridors and intersections. The other less important functions can be placed on other pass-ways at the station. In larger railway stations commercial, cultural and other types of services are integrated together the main transport area planned at the back. The separation of passenger services and commercial services at varied floor levels makes operation function smoothly. But the grouping of services enhances a high level of integration.

Communication zone

A communication area links set-down/ pick-up zones with platforms usually through the service area. It helps to enhance the functional performance of the station through well designed accessible lifts, escalators, sized stairways, bridges, underpasses. A communication area should be visually clear, demarcated, lit and with a shallow grade for all passenger groups to use.

Platform

Platforms enable passengers to board and disembark from local trains, regional trains and long-distance trains and in certain instances platform can allow for change from trains to bus or tram. Waiting spaces should be provided in the platforms closer to passing trains. The platform allow for pedestrians and only service trucks to pass through. Platforms should also be sheltered to promote comfort and good experience while waiting. In the platform zones can be categorized into pedestrian zones for both slow and fast passengers, seating, shelters, transport information to enable efficient circulation.

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File:111.jpg

2019-12-06T12:49:41Z

Yoktani:

Design of Intermodal Passenger Terminal

2019-11-21T19:38:58Z

Yoktani: Created page with "File:Iimmgg.jpg Introduction Multimodal Passenger Terminal is transportation center in which several modes of transportation are physically and operationally integrated, us..."

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Introduction

Multimodal Passenger Terminal is transportation center in which several modes of transportation are physically and operationally integrated, usually under one roof. At one terminal complex vehicles arrive and depart while passengers interchange among the modes. Interchanges interconnect different transport modes that complement each other to accommodate a person’s journey from its origin to its destination, these are key public transport nodes. The function of the interchange is to reduce the distance between transport modes to facilitate multi-activities patterns, therefore designing intermodal terminal is a multi-disciplinary task. However, the critical importance of multimodal transport includes time-saving, better use of waiting time, urban integration, and improvement of business operational models.

The goal of every intermodal terminal design activity should be to obtain maximum efficiency and enhance accessibility to all users.

Multimodal passenger terminal can accommodate bus, rail, transit, taxi, automobile, ferry and aircraft modes. Modes operational integration can be achieved by methods such as coordinated schedules, joint use of services, and fare integration. Lots of benefit arise from interchanges like reducing transfer time and enhancing efficient travel. However this can only be achieved by intelligent integration of people and technology. Improving urban transport help to reduce pollution, carbon emission, noise, congestions. Urban interchanges play key roles in urban transport to saving municipal budget in Transport.

The interchange must have three spatial zones access-egress zone, facilities zone and arrival-departure transfer zone.

Access-egress zone

It is a zone in which links to the local area and access to transport modes are present.

Facilities zones

It is a zone that comprises of supporting services like retail shops, restaurants, ticketing, hotels etc.

Arrival-departure

This caters for intermodal transfers.

Travel information and intermodal services are to be provided in all zones as well as in the facilities and retailing. The main design considerations are safety and security, transfer conditions, emergency situation, information, aesthetics, services and facilities, environmental quality, and comfort of waiting time.

Interchange can be categorized into two groups

# A transport node – Functions as a node of transport network
# A place – Consists of all features that make the transfer experience more attractive and efficient.

The factors that influences the architecture of interchange are users, operators, third part deals with local impacts, governance and business model, mobility patterns, urban density and location of activities, technology, economic, land use planning and social concerns.

Prime concerns of the intermodal terminals

* Quality
* Accessibility
* Reliability of transport services

Key questions to ask yourself when designing intermodal passenger terminals

Where should be the location of the intermodal terminal in the city?

What are the key factors to be considered in the design of efficient intermodal terminals?

What are the efficient spatial systems for Intermodal terminals?

What are the main functions to be addressed first?

Which terminal facilities and services are crucial?

Typologies of intermodal terminals

The typologies of intermodal terminals depend on functions, logistics and spatial location (local constraints).

Functions and Logistics Aspect

This aspect is shaped by the following factors demand, modes of transport present, services and facilities.

Demand – the volume of passengers define the size of the size of the terminal. It defines need for space and access characteristics. There are three levels of demand

* Less than 30,000 passengers/ day
* Between 30,000 and 120,000 passengers/ day
* Over 120,000 passengers/ day

Modes of transport – this aspect include all modes of transport in the terminal and their degree of importance

Intermodal terminal with buses as dominant mode of transport

Intermodal terminal with rail as the dominant mode of transport

Two or more public transport modes or different lines of the same mode jointly.

Local constraints.

Relative location of the intermodal terminal with respect to the main local demand attractions, kind of activities developed around it, and consideration of the intermodal terminal in the development plan of the city or town

To analysis of this aspect falls into

Location in the city

* Surburbs
* City access
* City center

Surrounding area features

* Non-supporting activities
* Supporting activities
* Strongly supporting activities

Integrated development plan

* Not integrated
* Integrated
* Fully integrated

The physical components of intermodal terminal

It is important to consider the most appropriate use of space when selecting facilities to be provisioned in the terminal. There are three crucial zones to be considered in the intermodal terminal design

The Access-Egress zone

This zone should provide facilities and services for all kinds of users arriving and leaving the terminal. Services and facilities in this zone are those that aid safe, efficient movement in and out of the terminal enhancing convenient access, signposting and way finding. Direct routes, crossings and information about the local area. Outside waiting areas should be provided with shelters for those waiting for public transport.

The facilities and retail zone

It is a zone where travelers who have more extra time available to spend at the terminal such as tourists can do shopping or eating while waiting for transfer. Hence it is essential for shops, food outlets, and sitting areas should be provided. It also provide space for ticketing services and contains real time information.

The transport/ Transfer zone

This a zone that users are waiting for transport modes. This zone should be convenient to all and easy to navigate. And it should contain provisions for up to date information.

Key design considerations to make an intermodal terminal attractive to users

* Design and Image
* Environmental quality
* Services and facilities
* Comfort of waiting time

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2019-11-21T19:38:09Z

Yoktani:

Shell construction technologies

2019-11-11T02:41:46Z

Yoktani: Created page with "800px INTRODUCTION Shell design and construction technologies have been developing over time from stone masonry domes to brick, concrete, steel and then timber ..."

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INTRODUCTION

Shell design and construction technologies have been developing over time from stone masonry domes to brick, concrete, steel and then timber domes.

Shells are structures enclosing buildings with smooth continuous surfaces (vaults and domes). There are shallow and deep shells. Upperparts develop compression and the lower parts of shells develop tension. At the bottom of the shells there is tension regardless of whether the structure is deep of shallow.

Shells are usually built with increasing thickness from the crown towards the base. This is due to the thrust force that becomes larger toward the base. However, there are internal stresses that are created due to this increase in thickness.

Stone Masonry Shell

Stonemasonry is useful for large scale applications and major architectural expressions. The principal components of masonry are stone elements and mortar embedment. Stone elements include naturally available stones, dressed stones from quarries, made-up bricks of sun dried clay and burnt bricks in kilns. Mortar in stone masonry has developed from primitive mud, natural bitumen, a mixture of lime and sand. And the Roman technology of placing pozzolana in place of sand.

Different structural and architectural form have been developed from these simple building materials

However, there are various techniques in which, You mix stone and brick, and sometimes stone alone or brick alone, the combinations were used to bring about a variety of geometric patterns, in a structural point of view masonry is view as a homogenous material. The strength of the masonry lies in its weakest joints. Its load-carrying capacity depends on the mortar strength. The allowed stresses in masonry are categorized into compressive axial, compressive flexural, tensile flexural and shear.

Concrete Shell

Modern thin concrete shells are the result of the ancestry Roman vaults. Concrete has more advantages as compared to masonry shells. Concrete is a man-made stone that acts well in large scale works. It is an upgrade masonry material that bears compressive and shear forces more times greater than brick and stone masonry. Concrete find much application in the thinner and larger structures. The smoothness and homogeneity of concrete make it monolithic material better than defragmented masonry mass. Concrete can easily carry tension, compression, shear, bending, and torsion as compared to brick or stone masonry.

Thin concrete shells are thicker than membranes for compression and thinner than slab for bending, the invention of cement, aggregate and reinforced concrete has made possible construction of thin shells.

Selected shapes of shells

Barrel shells

Are derived as one-way arched slab spanning between two parallel longitudinal supports. There is a long barrel and short barrel. Long barrels behave like a beam, while for short barrel shells the top surfaces act like series of adjacent arches.

Conoidal shells

Conoidal refers to a geometric shell formed by rotating a parabola, ellipse or hyperbola about one axis. Conoids consist of two directrix and two straight line generatrices.

Cantilevered Shells

These are shells that project outward from key points of support, depicting an effect of lightness. Cantilevered thin shell structures create a sense of an illusion of loftiness capable of developing a sense of wonder and admiration. Just like a cantilevered beam, a cross-section of thin cantilevered shell displays zones with compression and tensile stresses which are transferred to supports by reinforcements and concrete masses.

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2019-11-11T02:40:46Z

Yoktani: My design

My design

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2019-11-11T02:38:43Z

Yoktani:

Facade composition

2019-09-25T11:26:44Z

Yoktani: Created page with "INTRODUCTION A façade is a building primary exterior face. It generally comprise of the main entrance to the building and the most elaborate architectural features A façade i..."

INTRODUCTION

A façade is a building primary exterior face. It generally comprise of the main entrance to the building and the most elaborate architectural features

A façade is the most public face of a building, it is of vital importance because it gives a good view to your house (building) attracting customers, users and fellow residents to come into your building. Good façade design improves the overall image of the town, city or district. It promotes togetherness, business activities, increasing vibrancy and vendor activities

ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION OF A FAÇADE

The architectural composition in the design of a façade consist of forms, elements, details, materials, textures and finishes. These creates architectural character and design theme of a building facade. Usually the choice of materials, textures and tones for instance brickwork color, texture and tones might be where this normal character and design excites and animates.

Façade form, refers to a shape or configuration of a façade, however multiple shapes can be placed in the façade articulation to enhance its appearance.

Façade elements refers to decorative architectural elements that includes cornices, architraves, windowsills, consoles, keystone, and other elements that are raised and contoured thus supplying the façade plasticity and impressive appearance.

Façade details refers to characteristic features instituted to a façade to enhance its aesthetic and give character. Façade details are attributed by the architectural styled implored to a design whether modern, postmodern, classical, or gothic style.

Façade materials, refers to materials used in the construction and design of façade they range from masonry veneer, metal wall panel, glasses, EIFS (Exterior Insulation and Finish System); stucco, cementitious (Fiber cement siding), precast concrete to

Façade texture, is the property of smoothness, softness, coarseness of a surface or the structural character of a solid object or granular material. Façade pattern is also considered as a texture. Façade texture synthesis

Façade finishes, these are materials installed along the side of the wall surface to enhance it thermal and weather resistance and amplify its aesthetics. Façade finished includes brick finishes, wood, metal, ceramic, concrete, composites, stone, metal mesh and plastic finishes.

Façade styles and character, identifies architectural style of the design it allows classification of building images into semantic categories belonging to certain periods, regions, and cultural influences. Façade styles comprise of arrangement of architectural structural elements like windows, domes, towers, columns, doors, eaves, etc. Every façade design use certain rules and characteristic forms for the design and construction of structural parts.

Windows and doors, they do cover a large area in the Wall to window ratio compared to other elements. Simple and clear windows add to attractiveness of the façade, repetition and scale of both windows and doors created a pattern that care must be taken during the design process in which if not well designed can create a clutterin``g face that will not be pleasant to view.

Façade color, Conveys the identity and attitude of a building. Color should be considered in respect to sunlight orientations, this helps to determine how the color will appear to the eyes. Well-designed façade complements and responds to architectural character and details.

Lighting, Illuminates the façade surfaces, signs, doors and windows. Flashing, pulsating and moving lights draw attention to façade. Using the lighting fixture that clash with the architectural style and façade character enhances the appealing of the façade.

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User:Yoktani

2019-08-27T04:02:12Z

Yoktani:

Registered Transportation Engineering Technician with 5 years experience in executing the construction projects buildings, roads, bridges and water supply. Competent in supervision, design and management.

Worked as Civil Engineering Technician preparing Bills of Quantities, Design drafting, Composing construction projects contracts, coordinating contractor and client and issuing interim payment certificates to contractors.

Worked in construction of industrial warehouses, portal framed steel structures with the corrugated sheet walling, with the fencing works of brickwork and reinfoced concrete column posts.Built laboratories, classrooms, houses, commercial facilities and medical centres.

Competent in CAD drafting using Arch CAD and Auto CAD.

Folded Formed Structures

2019-05-15T14:29:37Z

Yoktani: Created page with "Introduction The folded structure is a structure made in a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements that form a folded structure by their mutual r..."

Introduction

The folded structure is a structure made in a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements that form a folded structure by their mutual relationship in space. Folded structures help to achieve more constructive height, greater rigidity and reduce the net weight of the structural element. The strength and stiffness of folded construction are attributed by the proper design of the structure and thickness and dimension of the elements that form it up. Folded structures emerged as a counterbalance to heavy frame structures, in which the net weight is very great and that are cost-effective only for a range up to 25m.

The strength of flat panel depends on its thickness and quality of their material from which it is made. The folded structure differs from each other in geometric form, the form of a base over which they rest, the load path system, method of forming stiffness, function and position in the building, and the material.

Different forms can be made in folded structures this is because straight elements can be manipulated to form various shapes like rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular. By combining these shapes we get different architectural forms.

Categories of the folded structures

Basing on geometric shape folded structures are divided into:

* Folded plate surfaces
* Folded plate frames
* Spatial folded plate structures

Folded plate surfaces

Are structures along which the plane of the structure of the highest and lowest points of the elements of the folded structure forms two parallel planes. It can be formed by linear additions, a combination of additions and radial additions.

Folded plate frames or Folded plate dome.

Also called frame folded structures are the ones in which elements of segments of folds make a frame spatial form of a folded structure. It is made up of mutually combining two or more folds in the plane. They are divided into continuous folded plate frames, two hinged, tree hinged and folded plate barrel cylindrical folded structure.

Spatial folded plate structures.

It is the one that is made by combining the two elements of a folded formed structure it includes pyramidal folded plate structure, polyhedral folded plate structure and the combination of the two.

Load transmission

The system of load transformation in the folded structure depends on its shape and the direction on which it lies. There are three basic types of load transmission systems

* Linear folded plate structure system
* Radial folded plate structure system
* Spatial folded plate structure system

On-site Vs. Prefabricated folded structures

Usually, the on-site folded construction is for the large structures that it won't be feasible for the elements to be transported and installed at the site, whereas prefabricate elements are produced in a workable size, cast at the shop, transported, and installed at the site. Prefabs are always strong and they yield high performance as compared to their counterparts.

The application of the folded structures

Folded structures find their application in architectural buildings and in engineering structures. Basing on its position in the architectural building the folded structures can be divided found in roof, floor, and wall.

In engineering structures, folded structures can be used in bridge construction and in the construction of retaining walls. Also, individual elements can be designed and built with the principles of folded structures; this helps to achieve greater stiffness at low cost and with easier constructability.

Floors constructed in folded form suspend a greater span as compared to common solid floors. And it can be constructed using normal materials such as reinforced concrete, steel sheet, and wood.

Folded mezzanine ceiling structure (Trofdek) made of wooden folded structure of trapezoidal crease elements (Veneer plywood), and the horizontal parts of solid wood.

Folded structures find much application in the design and construction of bridge structures due to its stability and deformation characteristics. Particularly where the bridge span very large and large amount of loads are transferred to the supports. Folded bridge decks are formed with either V or trapezoidal shapes.

Folded walls offer solid construction that carries large vertical and horizontal impact loads and enable the erection of the highly raised wall fabric. The geometry of folded walls provides economical construction and efficiency in the material used for large size buildings.

Conclusion

The challenges in design and construction of complex buildings and structures can easily be solved by the use of folded structures due to its stability, high load carrying capacity and aesthetical values. The folded structure can offer spaces that are adaptive and responsive to users.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

User:Yoktani

2019-05-03T13:35:09Z

Yoktani:

Registered Transportation Engineering Technician with 5 years experience in executing the construction projects buildings, roads, bridges and water supply. Competent in supervision, design and management.

Worked as Civil Engineering Technician preparing Bills of Quantities, Design drafting, Composing small construction projects contracts, coordinating contractor and client and issuing interim payment certificates to contractors.

Worked in construction of industrial warehouses, portal framed steel structures with the corrugated sheet walling, with the fencing works of brickwork and reinfoced concrete column posts.Built laboratories, classrooms, houses, commercial facilities and medical centres.

Competent in CAD drafting using Arch CAD and Auto CAD.

Principles of Order in Architecture

2019-05-03T13:25:02Z

Yoktani: Created page with "Introduction Order in architecture refers to system of rules that makes up the shape and proportions in a design work e.g. Ancient styles of classical Architecture each differen..."

Introduction

Order in architecture refers to system of rules that makes up the shape and proportions in a design work e.g. Ancient styles of classical Architecture each differentiated from the other by its proportions, molding and details.

Order entails indispensable functioning of any organized system that has both physical and mental impact. It integrates the various parts of the design into a pattern that transmit message fulfilling the purpose of the work of art.

Principles of Order

Axis

Axis is the line connecting two points in space, about which forms and space can be arranged in asymmetrical or balanced manner. It is an imaginary line denoting symmetry of an object, direction, point of rotation etc.

Axis is used to align elements in the design, to arrange and plan spacesIt gives length, direction, induces movement and promotes views along its path

Symmetry

A symmetrical object is the one that is well proportioned harmonious in balance. In geometry symmetrical figure is the one that when bisected by an axis is divided into two areas which are mirror images of another. Symmetrical composition i.e. axial composition this is the artistic composition balanced around a main axis.

Hierarchy

Hierarchy in architecture entails the articulation of spaces and forms in the order of its importance. The articulation is done by differentiating size, shape, color or placement of forms and spaces relatively to each other in an organization. Hierarchy is used to emphasize a particular item or part in a building, to influence the order in which human eyes perceive visual elements of a design and to create the visual contrast between forms in perception. The geometry or regularity of a shape selected for hierarchy presentation should be compatible with its functional use.

Transformation

It is the principle that architectural concept, structure or organization can be altered through a series of discrete manipulations and permutations in response to a specific context or set conditions without a loss of identity or originality of the concept. Also transformation can mean to undergo a series of discrete manipulations in order to respond to a specific conditions and context of the design task at hand. Through a series of finite permutations the fundamental nature or structure of the concept or the ordering system of the prototypical model can be clarified, strengthened and built upon rather than destroyed. Transformation of form is done by changing size, shapes; rotating, stretching or morphing into different forms or shapes.

Datum

A line, plane, volume that by its continuity and regularity, serves to gather, measure and organize a pattern of forms and spaces. Datum binds together the design elements it must have sufficient size, closure and regularity organized together in a form or space. This can be a line, road with houses arranged along its length or a flat plane.

Rhythm

A unifying movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or modified manner. Rhythm differs from repetition in that in the former the shapes changes and it is still recognizable but in the later in the shape remain constant throughout and if it changes it becomes unrecognizable.

Pattern

Refers to groups of elements or motifs that repeat in a predictable manner. It is a skeleton that organizes parts of a composition.

Repetition

Refers to repeated use of a shape, color or other art elements of a design in a work to help unify different parts into a whole. It creates a visual echo and reinforce certain aspect of work. Repetition can be in a regular or cylindrical fashion creating interest, movement, harmony and unity.

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Types of cement

2019-04-22T09:19:25Z

Yoktani: Created page with "INTRODUCTION Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive forces that bind together other solid material matters into compact durable form. Cement, a powdered mineral substan..."

INTRODUCTION

Cement is a material with adhesive and cohesive forces that bind together other solid material matters into compact durable form. Cement, a powdered mineral substance containing lime or gypsum that when mixed with water forms a paste that will set and harden into a hard and brittle material, cement is used as a binder in making concrete, mortars and plaster.

They are natural and artificial cement; examples of the natural cement include Roman cement, Puzzolana cement and Medina cement; these occur from natural cement stones. Artificial cements are the ones manufactured from cement factory for example Portland cement and other special cement.

Cement is extensively used in all building and civil engineering construction works, particularly in those structural elements that high strength is needed. E.g. Bridge Abutments, Piers, Retaining Walls, High Towers and in Large structures such as suspended bridges, silos, chimneys and in structures that are exposed to action of water like tailing dams, water reservoir and berths.

PORTLAND CEMENT

It is a cement produced by finely pulverizing clinker that is obtained by calcining to incipient fusion, an intimate and properly proportioned moistures of argillaceous and calcareous materials. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is categorized as per it’s physical requirements that include fineness, soundness, setting time (Initial and final) and compressive strength. For each cement category there are required compressive strengths in MPa; Category A 32 – 37.5, B 37.5 – 42.5, C 42.5 – 47.5, D 47.5 – 52.5, E 52.5 – 57.5 and F 57.5 – 62.5

USE

Changing the chemical composition of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) using additives or other types of raw materials change the characteristics of cement to suit the desired use at a given environment.

Rapid Hardening Portland cement

It is manufactured by adding lime content into an Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) clinker, Rapid hardening cement attains came strength in one day which a normal ordinary Portland cement attain in 3 days. For workability it needs much water which later causes large shrinkage. Concrete made with rapid hardening cement are used on those structure elements that are severely exposed to frost, because it matures more quickly. Its properties include; initial setting time 30 minutes, final setting time 10 hours, compressive strength 1 day 16.o N/mm², 3 day 27.5 N/mm².

Use: It is highly used for construction and repair of roads and bridges, and to those components that onto which load is applied with a short time after concrete casting.

Supersulphated Portland cement

It is manufactured by finely grinding and blending a mixture of granulated blast furnace slag with calcium sulphate and 33 grade Portland cement. Water resistance of concrete made with supersulphated Portland cement is higher as compared to ordinary Portland cement this is due to absence if free calcium oxide hydrate. Its properties include low heat hydration, resistance to chemical attacks particularly sulphates, compressive strength 3 days 15N/mm2, 7 days 22N/mm2, 28 days 30N/mm2, its fineness 400m2/kg, cement expansion should not exceed 5mm, initial setting 30 minutes and final setting 10hours.

Use: It is highly used in hydraulic engineering installations and constructions e.g. installation of RCC pipes in ground water, concrete structures in sulphate bearing soils, sewers carrying industrial effluents, concrete exposed to concentrated sulphates of weak mineral acids. Supersulphated cement is not applied in constructions that are intended to be exposed to extreme changes in temperature e.g. freezing and thawing conditions.

Sulphate resisting Portland cement

It is produced by grinding and blending a mixture of calcareous and argillaceous, silica, alumina, and iron oxide bearing materials.

Properties: It has fineness of 400m²/kg, cement expansion limit 5mm, initial setting 30 minutes and final setting 10hours. Compressive strength 3 days 10N/mm², 7 days 16N/mm², and 28 days 33N/mm²

Use: Sulphate resisting Portland cement is used where the prevailing temperature is below 40c, and in conditions where concrete is exposed to deterioration due to sulphate attack e.g. concrete in contact with soils or water containing excessive sulphate such as in sea water or near to sea coast.

Portland Slag Cement

It is manufactured by an intimate and uniform blending of Portland cement and finely granulated slag.

Properties: Properties are the same as that of the Ordinary Portland cement i.e. compressive strength 3 days 10N/mm², 7 days 16N/mm² and 28 days 33N/mm², initial and final setting 30 Minutes to 10 hours respectively.

Low Heat Portland cement

It is manufactured for the purpose of decreasing the heat that is produced during the hydration process of the common Ordinary Portland Cement. The heat produced is less 272 and 314J/g and the end of 7 and 28 day respectively. The rate of strength development is slow but the ultimate strength is the same as that of the Ordinary Portland Cement.

Properties: Less heat is evolved in setting, Initial setting 60 minutes and final setting 10 hours, compressive strength 3 days 10 N/mm², 7 days 16 N/mm², 28 days 35 N/mm².

Use: Suitable for large mass concreting works such as dams, raft foundation works, etc.

Portland puzzolana cement

It is manufactured by intimately and uniformly blending Portland cement and fine puzzolana (burnt clay, shale or fly ash). Puzzola has no cementitious properties by itself but combines with lime to form a stable lime-puzzolana compound which has definite cementitious properties.

It has greater resistance to chemical attack making it suitable for marine works, greater water resisting property than ordinary Portland cement, has lower rate of strength development but its ultimate strength is the same as that of the Ordinary Portland cement

Use: Due to its low heat evolution property, Portland Puzzolana cement is used for mass concrete works such in dam construction and in areas where concrete will be exposed to extreme temperature such as in Incinerators.

Quick setting Portland cement

It is manufactured by reducing the quantity of gypsum and adding a small percentage of aluminium sulphate, grounded into fine powder than that of the ordinary Portland cement.

Properties: Initial setting time 5 minutes and final setting time 30 minutes

Use: Used when cement concrete is being poured under water or in running water.

Conclusion: Opting for a particular type of cement is of vital importance, as each type of cement has its physical and chemical properties that aid in the performance of the concrete or mortar particularly areas that are exposed to extreme conditions such as high temperature, chemical contaminant etc.

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Visual elements of design

2019-04-01T07:02:12Z

Yoktani: Created page with "DESIGN STAGES Design is a process of formulating, creating and planning a functional object such as a building to accomplish certain purposes for example accommodation purposes,..."

DESIGN STAGES

Design is a process of formulating, creating and planning a functional object such as a building to accomplish certain purposes for example accommodation purposes, offices, commercial or storage.

Design as a product can be defined as a plan produced to show the look and function or workings of a building, garment or other object before it is made.

Design in architectural projects involves three basic stages

# Conceptual stage, this comprises of project definition, literature reviews, setting up of design criteria and constraints, site study and envisaging of the design concept.
# Preliminary design stage, this consists of preparation of design sketches, concept development, and preparation of outline proposal, conceptual models and spatial organization.
# Final or Scheme Design stage, this the last stage that involves the preparation of architectural drawings such as floor plans, elevations, site plans, sections, 3D drawings and final models.

VISUAL ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

Line

Is a mark between two points or a point extended. Line types include straight lines, squiggly lines and curved lines. A line serves to

* Connect and support other visual elements.
* It helps to emphasize plane edges and give its shape.
* It helps to manipulate the surface appearance of planes.

A line orientation impacts it visual perception. Vertical line expresses state of equilibrium with the force of gravity; symbolize human condition and a position in space. Horizontal line represents stability and body at rest.

Color

Color creates emotions and feelings defining the importance of spaces. For instance red color excites and stimulates when highly deep it disturbs, heavy, aggressive, conscious and alerting. Orange stimulates creating attention, it warms, is luminous, activating and it is motion oriented. Yellow impacts cheering, it elevates, diverts and it irritates particularly when highly saturated. Green impacts during relaxation it is protective, reflective, unattractive, natural, soft and passive

Shape

Shape is a two dimensional profile of an object. Shapes are made when lines joining points enclose to form areas. Shapes are of two types geometric shapes and free-form or organic shapes. Geometric shapes are the ones that can easily be defined using mathematical procedures, they are regular and precise they include squares, rectangles, triangles, oval, pentagons etc. Free-form or Organic shapes are complex to define using mathematical formulas, they are irregular, uneven and come out of nature. Example puddles, trees, animals, leaves, rocks ect.

Texture

Texture refers to a property that relates to smoothness, softness and coarseness of a surface. Texture helps to create visual interest or a focal point, contrast creation and maintaining balance in a design composition. There are two types of texture real texture and implied texture.

Size

Size refers to degree of smallness or largeness something looks to be. Size is used to describe the importance, creating visual interest in a design composition and attracting intention among the series of design elements.

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Mechanisms of structural failure

2019-03-15T14:23:58Z

Yoktani:

CAUSES OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.

Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component this is caused by

* Erroneous construction

Failure of the engineer to supervise all the construction activities at the site cause faults to construction elements which later develop failure; issues like use of salty sand in making concrete, use of poor steel grade not as specified, improper tightening of torque nuts, bad welds and other erratic practices known to construction workers do accelerate the failure of the structure.

* Improper design

This is the failure of the engineer to account all the loads the structure is to carry, application of the erroneous design theories, use of inaccurate data, ignorance of the impacts of repetitive or impulsive stresses, improper use of materials and misunderstanding of their properties.

* Foundation failures

The failure of the soil stratum on which the foundation rests underneath ground level to carry load, cause displacements, altering the stress distribution to the whole structure.

* Overloading

These are excess loads that are applied beyond the expected amount, these loads might be due to vibrating earthquake, heavy snow loads and winds of hurricanes.

* Unforeseeable modes of failure.

New types of structures are subjected to unexpected failures which failure properties were not well understood or studied.

Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.

MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE

Compressive failure is sudden and catastrophic. Always cross breaks caused by the excessive longitudinal compression or bending. Tensile failure can be detected by the stretching in the sizes of the member showing ample signs of the failure of the component. These elongations come along with cracks that orient perpendicular to the direction of the tensile forces.

BENDING FAILURE

Bending is the bowing deformation of a beam or other member under load. Bending stress can be of slow or sudden failure depending on the nature of the force applied on the structure whether compressive or tensile forces. Shear failure is likely the same to bending failure due to that, shear stress to a structural member is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses. Shear is principally an internal splitting force caused by two forces acting in opposite directions at a distance to one another along the cross section of a structural member. Shear cracks are diagonal normally appearing in the web of a beam due to exceeding shear stresses to shear strength of the material.

BUCKLING FAILURE

Buckling is the sudden creasing failure by crumpling of a longitudinal structural member loaded eccentrically with a compressive force. It occurs to long and slender members subjected to axial compressive stress, slender member is one that its length is much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions. Buckling load, the compressive load at which a column or strut begins to buckle. Steel columns are more prone to buckling than concrete columns because they are more slender. Also slender beams and floor joists fail due to compressive stresses resulting from the bending.

Buckling Vs. Bending

{|
| Buckling
| Bending
|-
| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load
| Occurs under all magnitudes of loads applied to a structural component.
|-
| Buckling takes place abruptly, a failure that does not lead to a complete collapse of the structure.
| May be sudden or gradual, it gives warning signs to failure of the structural component before complete collapse.
|-
| Buckling under load member becomes unstable, but will generally not fracture
| Bending under load member deflects, it may start to develop some cracks.
|-
| Instability caused by buckling in one member lead to excessive stresses in other members causing progressive collapse of the whole structure.
| The defects developed due to bending stress cause less effect to progressive failure of the whole structure.
|-
| Important consideration in the design of columns and load bearing walls.
| Important design consideration to beams and slabs.
|-
| Buckling is due to axial stresses applied along the longitudinal axis of the member.
| Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses.
|}

Strengthening

For a member to withstand loads against buckling failure it should be designed to reduce its slenderness by increasing its cross-sectional dimension.

Bracing a member at its intermediate points along its length or height

For economical reasons consider bracing a member as cheaper and easier than increasing its cross sectional dimensions this is uneconomical.

Conclusion

Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling forms the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction, to mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure for him to propose sufficient type of material, adequate cross dimensions of structural member and envisage a proper structural system that will support a structure in a given period of time.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Mechanisms of structural failure

2019-03-15T14:16:34Z

Yoktani: Created page with "MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to..."

MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.

Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component this is caused by

* Erroneous construction

Failure of the engineer to supervise all the construction activities at the site cause faults to construction elements which later develop failure; issues like use of salty sand in making concrete, use of poor steel grade not as specified, improper tightening of torque nuts, bad welds and other erratic practices known to construction workers do accelerate the failure of the structure.

* Improper design

This is the failure of the engineer to account all the loads the structure is to carry, application of the erroneous design theories, use of inaccurate data, ignorance of the impacts of repetitive or impulsive stresses, improper use of materials and misunderstanding of their properties.

* Foundation failures

The failure of the soil stratum on which the foundation rests underneath ground level to carry load, cause displacements, altering the stress distribution to the whole structure.

* Overloading

These are excess loads that are applied beyond the expected amount, these loads might be due to vibrating earthquake, heavy snow loads and winds of hurricanes.

* Unforeseeable modes of failure.

New types of structures are subjected to unexpected failures which failure properties were not well understood or studied.

Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.

COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE

Compressive failure is sudden and catastrophic. Always cross breaks caused by the excessive longitudinal compression or bending. Tensile failure can be detected by the stretching in the sizes of the member showing ample signs of the failure of the component. These elongations come along with cracks that orient perpendicular to the direction of the tensile forces.

BENDING FAILURE

Bending is the bowing deformation of a beam or other member under load. Bending stress can be of slow or sudden failure depending on the nature of the force applied on the structure whether compressive or tensile forces. Shear failure is likely the same to bending failure due to that, shear stress to a structural member is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses. Shear is principally an internal splitting force caused by two forces acting in opposite directions at a distance to one another along the cross section of a structural member. Shear cracks are diagonal normally appearing in the web of a beam due to exceeding shear stresses to shear strength of the material.

BUCKLING FAILURE

Buckling is the sudden creasing failure by crumpling of a longitudinal structural member loaded eccentrically with a compressive force. It occurs to long and slender members subjected to axial compressive stress, slender member is one that its length is much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions. Buckling load, the compressive load at which a column or strut begins to buckle. Steel columns are more prone to buckling than concrete columns because they are more slender. Also slender beams and floor joists fail due to compressive stresses resulting from the bending.

Buckling Vs. Bending

{|
|width="50%"| Buckling
|width="50%"| Bending
|-
| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load
| Occurs under all magnitudes of loads applied to a structural component.
|-
| Buckling takes place abruptly, a failure that does not lead to a complete collapse of the structure.
| May be sudden or gradual, it gives warning signs to failure of the structural component before complete collapse.
|-
| Buckling under load member becomes unstable, but will generally not fracture
| Bending under load member deflects, it may start to develop some cracks.
|-
| Instability caused by buckling in one member lead to excessive stresses in other members causing progressive collapse of the whole structure.
| The defects developed due to bending stress cause less effect to progressive failure of the whole structure.
|-
| Important consideration in the design of columns and load bearing walls.
| Important design consideration to beams and slabs.
|-
| Buckling is due to axial stresses applied along the longitudinal axis of the member.
| Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses.
|}

Strengthening

For a member to withstand loads against buckling failure it should be designed to reduce its slenderness by increasing its cross-sectional dimension.

Bracing a member at its intermediate points along its length or height

For economical reasons consider bracing a member as cheaper and easier than increasing its cross sectional dimensions this is uneconomical.

Conclusion

Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling forms the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction, to mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure for him to propose sufficient type of material, adequate cross dimensions of structural member and envisage a proper structural system that will support a structure in a given period of time.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Walling Systems

2019-03-08T09:21:59Z

Yoktani: Created page with "WALLING SYSTEM WALL Refers to vertical construction delineating and enclosing space inside a building forming the external envelope, free standing etc, it may be for load beari..."

WALLING SYSTEM

WALL

Refers to vertical construction delineating and enclosing space inside a building forming the external envelope, free standing etc, it may be for load bearing or non load bearing.

WALLING

Refers to the process and product of constructing walls in masonry.

WALL BASE

That part of an external wall below damp proof course or above the ground on which an external wall is constructed.

Materials used for wall construction includes bricks, blocks, stones, concrete, timber, mud, grass, aluminum, steel and plastics.

THE FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A WALL

Should be strong enough to withstand the lateral loads

Should provide privacy to the buildings occupants

Should be waterproof preventing water from seeping into the inside of the building

Should have good thermal and acoustic qualities to both inside and outside stresses.

WALLING SYSTEMS

Masonry wall Systems

Masonry wall are made of known building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that have desired properties that includes fire resistance, durability and structural efficiency particularly in compression. Masonry units that are used in erection processes are bricks, concrete or cement-sand blocks, structural clay tile, structural glass block and natural or cast stone.

Masonry walls are constructed as solid walls, cavity walls or veneered walls

STUD WALLING (DRY WALLING)

METAL STUD WALL

Metal stud wall work consists of a stud and a track. Metal stud framework provide a frame for installation of plasterboard which helps to provide insulation against the weather and acoustic. There are used in the internal partition wall, lining and ceiling, can be used also for improving the existing wall or ceiling.

WOOD STUD WALL

Is the type of stud wall that uses timber as the principal erection material. It comprises of the transoms and studs fixed together with either metal brackets, or jointed together or immersed within a hollow metal housing. It is later furnished with the plasterboard for insulation and covering up of the frame structure. Plasterboard may be built by hardboards, chipboard or gypsum boards. The fixation can be either by special nails, screws or fasteners.

FENCE WALLING

Fence walling refers to erection of the perimeter site wall that encompasses the building or structures usually along the site boundary lines. Always fence wall are free standing wall in that it does not have a series of crossing wall that would aid support. Due to this fence wall are highly susceptible to fall, bend or crack if not well designed and constructed.

* For structural sound fence wall erection the following are key technical considerations
* Deep trench excavation for foundations ensuring that a firm base is attained to support upper wall
* The foundation wall should be wider than the upper wall and elevated to over 300mm high above ground level.
* Materials used should be well checked in laboratory yielding good result and used in appropriate mix or fixation details to make structures strong for long period.

CONCRETE WALLING

Concrete walling is predominantly used for shear and retaining walls it offers good structural support against adverse shear, axial stresses and bending moments. Usually it is reinforced with iron bars to increase its load bearing capacity and decrease concrete thermal cracks. Concrete walls are used in the erection of cement silos, water tanks and storage tanks at they offer good resistance against leakages.

Pumice concrete wall is a type of concrete wall made of light, porous lava stone or volcanic glass with a high silica content as coarse aggregate in making concrete blocks to which are then used for walling.

BRICK MASONRY WALLING

Brick masonry walling refers to construction of wall units using bricks either burnt or cast bricks arranged and bonded together using mortar (lime or cement mortar). Brick masonry can be constructed using either English bond, Flemish bond, stretcher bond, header bond or common/ American bond. Thickness of walling can be either ½ brick all. 1 brick wall or 1,1/2 brick wall depending on the location of the wall, design load and geometry.

BLOCK MASONRY WALLING

The block masonry wall involves arranging and bonding together block units along the wall plane to a desired wall level. Blocks are bigger than bricks made of either cement sand or concrete blocks. Key consideration in walling processes is that the ratio in the block units should not exceed or be less to that of mortar joints or on beds. If this allowed it will lead to cracks along perpend.

GLASS WALLING

Is the made of glass fixed either on a steel or aluminum frame to enable it to stand still without falling. Glass walls installed for provision of day light, aesthetic increment, some glasses are thermal resistance hence increasing thermal insulations. Glass walling can be built either in a frameless/ unitized or framed glass panels.

ALUMINIUM WALLING

Aluminum wall are the ones that are made out of aluminum frames and composite panels usually built in the interior as partition walls they offer quick construction process as compared to other types of walling they need expert knowledge and clear estimations for their efficient construction operations. Aluminum walling have the advantage of being versatile in that it can be easily dismantled and erected as per the wish of the client.

NICHE WALLS

Niches are recesses in the thickness of the walls which help for decorations and installations of cabinets. Niches were used in the prehistoric periods. Niches can be made by hunching the walls surfaces or by intentionally recessing the solid wall. They help to provide spaces for placement of flowers, decorations or for installation of cabinets. They help to improve aesthetics in the interior or controlling light with in a room.

STEEL WALLS

These are walls that a built with the framing of steel section members and covered with the steel panels. They are either built for indoor or for outdoor. It consists of struts and studs with or without bracings and with the sheet panes fixed to cover the faces of the frame. Architectural steel walls offers sound insulation of up to 60dB, fire resistance, durability, magnetic, Hygienic, Finishes: cladding with steel; fabric, wood and steel walls fit with every architectural environment.

User:Yoktani

2019-02-17T15:46:33Z

Yoktani:

I am a registered Transportation Engineering Technician competent in supervision, design and management of building construction works from foundation, superstructure to roofing and finishing stages.

I have also been involved in the construction of multi-span reinforced concrete bridge of overall length 16m as the Site Agent. Also I have been a site supervisor for the construction of 4 secondary school laboratories for chemistry and physics in which I was responsible for the election of the building, services installation, interior partitioning and laboratory tables fixation.

I also got experience in the construction of industrial warehouses a portal framed steel structure with the corrugated sheet walling, with the fencing works of brickwork and reinfoced concrete column posts.

I am competent in CAD drafting using Arch CAD and Auto CAD.

Steel structural framing systems

2019-01-08T12:02:58Z

Yoktani: Created page with "STEEL STRUCTURES FRAMING STEEL STRUCTURES Refers to structures formed out of a skeleton frame that consist of vertical columns and horizontal beams made of steel materials, riv..."

STEEL STRUCTURES FRAMING

STEEL STRUCTURES

Refers to structures formed out of a skeleton frame that consist of vertical columns and horizontal beams made of steel materials, riveted, welded and bolted together in a rectilinear grid. Steel structures are used for high-rise, industrial, warehouse and residential buildings.

Advantages of steel structures

# High resilience to earthquakes and fierce winds
# Ease to construct and dismantle
# Short period of construction as compared to other structures.
# High resistance to fire and extreme temperature when treated.
# Can blend with other type of constructions
# Ease to join
# High precision due to offsite fabrication
# Steel structures are economical
# High ratios of strength to weight and strength to volume
# Permits long clear span for horizontal members
# Need less floor space for columns
# It can be made to be exposed

Steel structural systems

Choosing the structural framing system for steel structures depend on the needs of the building.

The main steel buildings elements include walls, floors, roofs and bracing members and bracings can be arranged to have a certain type of sytem that aid in the structural stability of the building depending on the type or use of the building, the nature and intensity of the applied loads and the design life of the building st

Wall bearing Framing

The wall bearing framing involves the erection of the masonry walls on the perimeter and interior of the building and the structural steel members are anchored on the masonry walls using the bearing and end steel plates by the use of the approved anchor bolts, these bolts aid to fasten the steel plates in place. The design and construction of the wall bearing framing depends on the load intensity and the span distance between the successive supports. While the lower depth beams help to increase the clear headroom height of the building it also poses requirement for the closer spacing of the columns and hence limit the clear floor space area. On the other hand the deep beam frame helps to span long distance. It has the disadvantage of reduce the clear building height and causing the difficulty in the installation of the services. A thorough analysis should be conducted by the steel designers, fabricators and erectors to mitigate these difficulties.

Skeleton Framing

This is the column – beam structural framework system, in which all the lateral and gravity loadings are transmitted to the steel framework and transferred down to the foundation. Walls are made as the curtain wall with no load bearing. Skeleton framing comprises of spandrel beams, main or primary beams, intermediate or secondary beams, Wall columns and interior columns and reinforced concrete slab and fire rated ceiling. For eccentric connections between column and beams there a lot of techniques involves such as the use of metal brackets, gusset plates and haunches which help to distribute the equally the induced stresses. Shims help in making line and elevation adjustments. Shelve angle bracket help to in attaching the spandrel beam and column.

Long span framing

Long span is a span that exceeds 12m. It helps to provide a flexible floor space, column free internal spaces, reduction in the project period, allow for installation of multiple services and mixed use of spaces. Ideal for large industrial buildings, auditoriums, theaters and churches.

To provide a clear long distance the following techniques are to used stub girders, hunched composite beams, composite trusses, cantilever suspensions spans, folded plates, curvilinear grids, thin shells domes, cable networks, space trusses and rigid frames.

GIRDERS

These are deep steel beams which help to span long distances. The spanning length depending on the girder steel grade and the span depth ratio. Girders are installed in different ways there are stub girders which span longitudinally across the structures being connected to the main girders and the hybrid girders these are the manipulated girders stiffened to carry higher amount of loads by addition of the welded parts in the both top and bottom flanges.

TRUSSES

Trusses owe the advantage of spanning long distances due to greater depth they possess making them stiff against deflections. The types of trusses used for long span construction includes Pratt trusses, Warren Trusses, Fink Trusses, Scissors, Bow String and Vierendeel Trusses.

These truss forms can be used as the main supporting structural members in floor and roof framing systems. The trusses used for light industrial building include Fink truss which may or may not have monitor on top for lighting and ventilation, For churches Scissors trusses are preferred, For large garages, terminal buildings Modified Pratt are used.

RIGID FRAMES

The degree of rigidity in the beam-column connections must be clearly analyzed and valued. In rigid frames connections are designed to bear both bending moment and shear forces. They are designed as the full continuous frames through the whole length and height in the absence of the hinges or pins in the crowns and in mid-span. The large rigid foundations help to carry and distribute the moment and shear to the ground. For economical reasons the ground conditions should be checked as it could lead to higher foundations costs for poor subsoil conditions.

ARCHES

Arches can be made as solid arch or open web arches. Three hinged, two hinged or fixed arches. These depend on the type of the structural materials to be use, strength capacities, anchorage, building use, foundation type and the loading conditions. The three hinged arch help to span long distances even when there are adverse conditions such as ugly climates, heavy loaded structures. Two pinned arches are less stronger as compared to three hinged arch structures. The fixed arches are used in the building with lighter loads, good ground conditions and foundations.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Structural systems for high-rise reinforced concrete buildings

2018-12-14T04:16:35Z

Yoktani: Created page with "STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS INTRODUCTION Structure: Refers to a system of interconnected parts that safely transfer the loads to the foundatio..."

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR HIGH RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS

INTRODUCTION

Structure: Refers to a system of interconnected parts that safely transfer the loads to the foundations. Eg. Bridge, Buildings and Towers.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM: refers to a system devised for safe transference of loads to the foundations through the building elements, loads are applied vertically and horizontally. Eg. Frame structural systems. Structural systems are made to ensure safe and long lasting stable load transference to the foundations.

Reinforced Concrete Construction is a construction method that uses reinforced cement concrete as the principal structural material in the erection of both high and low rise buildings.

Structural Systems for reinforced cement concrete consists of the following building elements

<ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<li>Beams eg. Tapered beam, spandrel beams</li>
<li>Slabs eg. Ribbed Slab, Waffle slab</li>
<li>Columns eg. Braced columns, slender columns</li>
<li>Piles eg. Piles, footings</li>
<li>Stair</li>
<li>Struts</li>
<li>Shear walls</li></ol>

Criteria that determines the type of the structural element to be used includes

* Esthetics considerations
* Types and intensity of loads
* The total height of the structure
* Earthquake resilience

The following are structural systems commonly used in the construction of reinforced concrete high rise buildings

Core and outrigger structural system

The core and outrigger structural system employs the deep beams that are places along the heavy reinforced concrete shaft that runs up to the designed height of the building. The outrigger beam helps to resist the imposed lateral wind loads that act on the building developing the tension compression forces on the either sides of the building facades. Research is more to be done on the placement of the outrigger beam whether in the mid, center or at any height of the building for the building to be more structurally stable.

Outrigger locations help for provision of services floor for instance mechanical, electrical, plumbing, ICT and fire fighting services floor.

Tube structural system

Refers to a structural system that is made to have either columns, struts or shear walls in the perimeter of the high rise building. This system can be made into different forms by altering the spacing of outer columns and degree of openings in the outer shear walls. Tube structural system can be either lattice tube, perforated (hollowed) shell tube, framed tube, braced tube, bundle tube and lattice truss tube.

Braced frame structural system

Also called Diagonalised structural system is the type of structural system that uses the braces to help in the increase of the resistance of the structure against lateral loads. Improves the stiffness of the beams and columns against bending. It permits for structural engineers and architect to use slender members along the height of the building. Easy fabrication and fixing makes the bracing system more economical and preferred system in the erection of low and mid range high rise structures.

Rigid frame structural system

Refers to the system established with columns, beams and slabs joined together with rigid joints. Rigid Joints are also referred to fixed Joints these are joints with both moment resistance, shear resistance and axial forces. Rigid frame structural system differs to tube system in that it has long span between its columns whereas tube system the columns and walls are placed closer to each other.

Wall frame structural system

Refers to a structural system that is formed with a series of reinforced concrete walls placed along closer to each to support the suspending beams and slabs. Wall frame structure are stronger and able to resist greater amount of lateral load due to their geometry. The walls are longer on oner side than on the other this helps to stiff the structure along the long side.

Coupled wall system

Is the type of structural system that employs the two walls connected to each other, it may be a series of paired columns or walls that establishes a structural system of the building. Beams and columns act as connectors between the interconnected shear walls.

Hybrid structural system

Refers to the structural system that combines two different structural system layouts in a single structure. It has less torsion strength and hence needs more other stiffening mechanism like bracing.

Shear wall structural system

Is the structural system that employs heavily reinforced concrete walls that resist horizontal forces along its length, it also acts as bracing for concrete frames. Acts as a narrow deep cantilever beam carrying both lateral and gravity loads.

Cross Wall structural system

Refers to a structural system in which the floors of a building are spanned across a series of transverse load bearing walls. Cross walls also be designed as fire wall and hence limit the fire movement from one side of the building to the other.

Spine wall structural system

Is the type of a structural system in which a principal load bearing wall in erected parallel to the main axis of the structural layout of a building. The beams and columns originates from this central wall. It acts as a central deep cantilever beam.

Tube in tube structural system

Refers to a structural system that is built using two tube systems the inner tube and the outer tube. The inner tube used for as services core for lifts and services ducts. The perimeter surface acts as the main structural layer carrying the lateral loads and overturning moments.

Bundled tube structural system

Refers to multi-unit cells structural system. That employs the idea that the structure is made of more than tubes connected together to form a series of tubes. The system is good in resisting both lateral loads and torsion moments.

Roof Systems and Configurations

2018-11-30T05:02:58Z

Yoktani: Created page with "ROOF SYSTEMS AND CONFIGURATION A ROOF SYSTEM is the system of the interconnected components designed to waterproof and insulate the building’s top surface. The functional req..."

ROOF SYSTEMS AND CONFIGURATION

A ROOF SYSTEM is the system of the interconnected components designed to waterproof and insulate the building’s top surface.

The functional requirement for roof includes wind resistance, fire, water, thermal insulation and energy conservation. The performance of the roof will much depend on the design quality, quality of materials, construction quality and maintenance frequency.

Types of roofing systems

# Low-sloped roof systems
# Steep-sloped roof systems

LOW SLOPED ROOFING SYSTEMS

Refers to the roofing system that comprises the water impermeable or waterproof layers and all the roofing membranes installed on slopes less than or equal to 14 degrees.

Low sloped roof systems consists of the following parts:

* Roof deck
* Vapour retarder
* Roof insulation
* Roof covering

LOW SLOPE ROOF COVERING

Is made of a weather proofing membrane that sheds water slowly to drainage outlets. low slope covering includes Built-Up Roofs (BUR) composing of bitumen either asphalt or coal tar applied hot, felts either organic, glass-fiber, polyester and a surfacing, such as aggregate, coating, or cap sheet.

Liquid-Applied Roof Coverings are applied over concrete or wood sheathing by using sprayer, brush, roller, or squeegee. Metal roof coverings provide moisture infiltration resistance at a certain pressure range. Modified Bitumen Membranes applied in single layer polymers used such as atactic polypropylene; APP. Other low slope roof covering are Single-Ply Roof coverings and Spray-Applied polyurethane Foam (SPF) Roof Coverings

STEEP-SLOPE ROOF COVERINGS

In steep slope roof systems water flows rapidly over the coverings to drainage outlets.

Materials used for steep roof coverings include asphalt shingles, cement fiber shingles, metal roof coverings and roof slates, synthetics and roofing tiles. Wood shingles and shakes which are wood roof made of wood species of high grades of shingles and shakes such as of cedar treated in pressure with preservatives and dried. For moisture protection and fire resistance.

CONSTRUCTION OF SLOPING ROOFS

The sloping roof systems are lean-to roof structures, Gabled end roof and hipped end roof. These systems can be made of either timber, steel or aluminum truss frames. The construction of trusses for these roof can be either simple, compound or complex truss system depending on the span, esthetics considerations and materials used in the construction.

LEAN-TO ROOF

Lean-to roof is a type of roof that slopes on one side the joists or trusses are made to lie on the other side of the roof.

[[File:2145 FP581567 webview.jpg]]

CLEAR STORY

This comprises of the series of clear windows made on the projected part of the roof.

[[File:Main roof 7.JPG]]

HIPPED ROOF

Is the type of roof that is pitched with slopes on all four sides which meet at the corners to form hips. Hipped roof may or may not contain a ridge.

TYPES OF HIPPED ROOF

gambrel roof

This is a hipped roof made with a ventilator at the upper part of the roof.

Jerkin roof

It is adopted when trying to reduce high hipped end.

Hipped mansard gable

This comprises of the side-cladding along the eaves used in warehouses and in domestic houses.

Gable roof End

Refers to roof with sloping sides that meet at meet at the central ridge. Gable roof can be either on one side or on both sides. Gable is the triangular upper portion of the wall at the end of a double sloping roof.

[[File:Gable.jpg]]

TYPES OF ROOF GABLE ENDS

Barge Board Gable

The commonly used gable type ensuring that the walls are completely covered.

Gable Roll

This comprise of a well designed roof end at the gable

Sloping Parapet Gable

To stop the wind uplifting effect to a roof, sloping parapet gable restrain the coming wind against the roof structure.

Parapet with buttress

For a neat division of the lean to roofs at the varying levels parapet buttress helps to improve the esthetics of the building.

Parapet Cape

Parapet cape helps to give a simple less detail roof gable end

Tudor Gable

This is framed gable either in natural wood or plastered to look like wood and painted

Contemporary Gable

Stylish with beam and painted in more than one colour the gutter fixed behind the wall.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Principles of foundations

2018-11-19T19:50:14Z

Yoktani: Created page with "THE PRINCIPLES FOR LAYING FOUNDATIONS Foundation refers to the part of the building that is underneath the ground and transfers the load to the underground. The depth of the fou..."

THE PRINCIPLES FOR LAYING FOUNDATIONS

Foundation refers to the part of the building that is underneath the ground and transfers the load to the underground. The depth of the foundation is the distance from the ground surface level to the lowest point in the foundation constructions.

Key factors for choosing the type of foundation to be laid;

The type of soil in the underground; whether loam soil, clay, silt, silty clay, clayey silt, gravel or hard rock.

The amount of load to be applied into the natural sub-grade soil; the existent of axial load and the bending moment.

The availability of the plants and equipments for a particular type of foundation to be constructed; for example the pile type of foundation needs rigger type of machines to drill and machines to apply and compact concrete piles; this might be a constraint which might affect the choice of the type of foundation.

Skills and knowledge barrier; the technology to design, plan and construct a particular type of foundation may be a limit for opting type of foundations.

Construction materials preference also influence the type of foundations; for instance steel grillages; timber piles and the concrete mat/ raft foundations influence the type of foundations.

Geographical terrain conditions of the site; the landforms; contour patterns and the abundance of natural vegetations, rivers close sites or the site across the sea or lakes influence much on the type of the foundation to be laid for a given structure.

Foundations are categories into two forms

Deep foundations

Shallow foundations

Deep foundations are the ones which are laid deep under the ground; they are the ones in which the foundations are laid to the lowest part of the earth. They are of high cost and need a high skill, technology and expertise to design and construct. WHEREAS, shallow foundations are laid closer the ground level they are easy to construct not of higher cost than the deep foundations and need not high expertise in design and construction.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS TYPES AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION MECHANISMS

SPREAD FOUNDATION

Wall spread footing is the footing that runs along the wall also known as the strip footing. Used to carry the wall loads from the superstructure to the underground. Strip footing can be formed out of deep beam which hath higher depth of the footing beam. Normally, strip footings are constructed with the plain or reinforced concrete materials. Care should be taken when excavating for laying a footing, there should be allowed a space for laying formworks and a working space enough for a mason, steel fixer, carpenter and bricklayer to work inside the foundation trench.

Pad footing is a type of spread footing that carries the column loads from the superstructure to the footing. The pad footing is formed with either a two way reinforced concrete slabs, square or rectangular in plan.

ISOLATED FOOTING

Refers to all the footing that act alone in resolving the stresses applied unto it. Isolated footing are designed and constructed as a single unit, the bending moment, shear and axial stresses applied unto it are stiffly carried unto the ground by a single structure; You can term Isolated footing as mono-struct footing.

STRAP FOOTING

The strap footing is the type of footing that has two simple isolated footing combined together by the underground beam. The two footing can be square or rectangular in plan and the beam is centrally laid between the two footings.. Strap footing has the advantage improving the foundation capacity to carry the high axial loads and bending moment at congested site where it is not possible to lay a huge footing.

SLOPED FOOTING

The footing is referred as sloped footing when it is formed to have upper slopping surfaces on its top surface. The slopping surfaces have the advantage of increasing the footing resistance against shear and crushing. The column is concentrically placed on the top surface of the footing and the corners ages of the footing raised to the ages of the column at the defined slope as per engineers design. The strength of the footing depend on the class of the concrete deployed, the size of the bar, the bar bending layout and the amount of bars fixed.

STEPPED/ PEDESTAL FOOTING

The stepped (pedestal footing) is the type of a footing having steps; the base having greater dimensions as compared to the upper sections. Stepped footing have the advantage of being stronger against the punching shear. Though, relatively costlier than the common spread footing due to its much more labour and materials involved in the constructions.

COMBINED FOOTING

Combined footing is the type of footing laid running between two or more columns, combined footing removes the need of having multiple isolated footings placed on each column location. Combined footing helps to resolve the applied stresses throughout the footing and hence making it more stable and able to carry much more stresses to the underground.

CANTILEVERED FOOTING

Is the type of footing whereby either part or all the parts are cantilevered receiving the upper column loads. Cantilever footing are made to have a cantilever footing beam supporting a column from the upper floors. Cantilever beams are made on special conditions in areas such as on a cliff or closer to the river without a need of digging deeper for footing base. Cantilevered footing needs a careful design considerations, from the type of loads to be applied the strength of the materials to be used and the emergency of natural calamities such as earthquakes or floods these can accelerate an abrupt failure of the cantilevered footing.

DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Deep foundations are used where the topsoil has low bearing capacity or the frost line is deep. Also used where the items in the building are sensitive to settlement. For example in Hospitals or in nuclear treatment plants.

PILE FOUNDATION

Pile foundations are formed with piles and piers, these are slender columns buried in the ground. The confinement of the soil to piers and piles makes them stronger against the buckling stresses. Piles are meant to carry the load to the bedrock or to the soil of higher bearing capacity passing through the poor unsuitable soil

MATT OR RAFT FOUNDATIONS

A reinforced concrete mat/ Raft foundation is liable and economical to an area with lower soil pressures and the loads are heavier as compared to the bearing capacity of the soil. A mat comprises of the two-way slab under the entire area of the structure/ building. For a Mat to obtain greater stiffness concrete cross walls or inverted beams are employed.

DRILLED BELLED PIER

Is the type of the deep foundations whereby the the bottom of the pier is made to have a base that extends beyond the shaft of the pier beveled above the bottom surface at the contact of the foundation with the natural soil.

CAISSONS

Refers to a hollow foundation system, Impervious to water, which is fabricated, sunk into the large mass of water such such as in oceans, soil and water emptied to allow construction work within. Caisons are made to act as both temporary and permanent structures, they remain as part of the foundations after the works are complete.

[[Category:Conservation]]

File:Index.jpg

2018-11-19T19:43:45Z

Yoktani:

Contractor's Site Layout Planning

2018-11-09T05:11:28Z

Yoktani: Created page with "CONTRACTOR’S SITE LAYOUT PLANNING INTRODUCTION After contract signing between the client and the contractor, the client hands over the site to the contractor; After the site ..."

CONTRACTOR’S SITE LAYOUT PLANNING

INTRODUCTION

After contract signing between the client and the contractor, the client hands over the site to the contractor; After the site handing over the contractor has to develop the site layout plan apart from the architectural site plan. The plan will help the contractor to safely and efficiently carry out the site operations as stipulated in the contract during the whole period of working.

COMPONENTS OF THE CONTRACTOR’S SITE LAYOUT PLAN

Depending on the site constraints the contractor’s site layout plan is not limited to

* Hoarding (Site Fence)
* Entrance gate
* Watch Tower
* Guard Post
* Site Offices
* Sand pile space
* Aggregate Pile space
* Cement Storage facility
* Canteen
* Timber storage space
* Carpentry workshop
* Reinforcements storage space
* Steel works workshop
* Toilets
* Emergency assembly space
* Precious goods storage space
* Tower crane space
* Mixing space
*

HOARDING (SITE FENCING)

Construction of site fence is primarily for control of the site workers, safety and acts as a demarcation of the boundaries of the site.

Hoarding can be erected out of the timber or steel framing finished with the sheeting of either corrugated iron sheets or flat sheets.

Hoarding must be made in such a way as to allow for privacy for the workers inside, protecting the site facilities from the theft and allow for proofing from extreme weather such as wind.

ENTRANCE GATES

Entrance gates are placed where the long vehicles bringing the materials and machines to the site can easily turn around without difficulties and disturbance to the public traffics.

Entrance gates are commonly made of sliding steel gates or grilled gates depending on the space available and the budget allocated.

WATCH TOWERS

Watch tower enables security guards to look from elevated heights far distances hence increasing the degree of security at the site.

Watch towers are allocated at the corners along the site fence, Watch tower are made out of steel or timber framed temporary structures.

PARKING

Parking is essential for trucks coming to the site bringing materials and other goods waiting to be unloaded, checked or when broken down.

Parking also for light vehicles that support site works should be reserved and allocated properly.

Parking should be made to allow for easy access and move outside the site.

SITE OFFICES

Site offices are allocated close to the precious goods storage facilities and not far away from the entrance gates and at an area that can allow for easy view of the progressing site works.

Site offices can be of a single room comprising of tables and chairs for all staff, or Site office made of different rooms each dignitary occupying his or her own office room. Eg. Site engineer’s office, clerk of works office and store keeper office.

TOWER CRANE

Tower crane should be located adjacent to building being constructed; However if the proximity of the two adjacent buildings being constructed can allow for a single tower crane; critical analysis should be made on the exact area the tower crane to be erected.

SAND PILING AREA

Sand pile is placed closer to the mixing plant, that it may be easy for workers to mobilize sand for mixing of concrete or mortar. Sand might be piled on a single spread or there might be several piles in an area.

AGGREGATE PILE

Aggregate pile also should be placed closer to the mixing area, but care should be taken that no oil leakages would be allowed to flow towards the piling area. Piling allow for constant and uniform moisture content of the aggregates that will not affect the mixing process in concrete production.

MIXING AREA

Depending on the mixing method whether it be hand mixing, plant mixing or machinery mixing the choice for locating a mixing area should consider that it is adjacent to the cement storage area, sand and aggregate piling area. Also the area should be of such that concrete dumpers are able to turn and load the concrete.

CANTEEN

Canteen refers to an area or place where site workers can sit and their food during tea, lunch or supper breaks; canteen should desirably be located away from the working area that produces noise, smoke or where there is a high risk of objects falling. Always canteen are placed closer to the site offices and not far away from the toilets.

PRECIOUS GOODS STORAGE FACILITY

Storage facility for precious goods to be fixed in the building things like iron monger, plumbing fixtures such as wash basins, faucets, floor traps; lighting fixtures like chandelier, HVAC components, ICT fixtures and any other good of high value should be stored a locked area with strict access and security. Such a facility should be placed closer to the offices and adjacent to Guard post.

REINFORCEMENT STORAGE FACILITY

A facility for storing reinforcements should be covered to protect the bars from the action of rain and bad weather that may cause rusts and early aging. The facility should be located just adjacent to the steel works workshop to enable easy and fast handling of the material to the workshop for cutting, bending and fixing.

TIMBER STORAGE

Timber storage facility should be located closer to the site carpentry workshop; timber should be stacked properly to avoid damage by the termite, and be stored in a covered facility to prevent the action of sun that develops a rapid loss of moisture causing warping and bending.

CARPENTRY WORKSHOP

Site carpentry workshop should be placed adjacent to timber storage facility. Carpentry workshop consists of all tools, machines and equipments essential for carry out carpentry works therefore it should be at a secured zone and comprising of lockable shelves. It should be located in an area which would not enhance too much noise to the other site working areas.

SITE TOILETS

Site toilets should be built closer to working areas readily seen and easily accessed by all the site workers. It should be located where the desludging work can easily be done where the site is not connected to public sewer.

EMERGENCY ASSEMBLY AREA

Emergence assembly area allow for workers to gather quickly at the area where there emerges a fatally occasion. Emergency assembly area is located at an open space easily accessed and well seen. It should be well marked not surrounded with many works operations and closer to the entrance gate.

MEETING AREA/ FACILITY

At the site, there should be an area where the site and technical meetings or any other managerial meetings can be conducted efficiently without external disturbances. The facility should be well covered with chairs and a table accommodating a reasonable number of people for usual meetings.

WATER STORAGE TANK AREA

Water reservoir and storage facilities are to be located closer to the mixing area and at the highest levels of the site and at an area where the pipe connection to the municipal water supply pipe will be easy without much work. Care should be taken that the area will not allow for water to be contaminated with the oils and or with other impurities.

Considerations for the construction of houses in mining zones

2018-10-07T17:00:34Z

Yoktani: Created page with "KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MINING ZONES Mining is one among the major economic sectors in many of the countries in the world. In developing cou..."

KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MINING ZONES

Mining is one among the major economic sectors in many of the countries in the world. In developing countries have a long history and currently it is growing fast. There have been claims from the community, that the houses are damaged due to mining operations.

Mining works produces noises, vibrations (tremors) and dusts

NOISES are developed due to heavy moving machines and trucks that are being used for earthmoving, haulage of materials and crushing of stones.

VIBRATIONS (Tremors) developed from blasting that is necessary for deepening the pits and for mining the ore and wastes rocks.

DUSTS are caused by the smoke from the blasting sites, moving trucks on earth or gravel roads and also from the crushing (Quarry) plants.

Designing a residential, commercial, school or any public or private facility in mining zones requires a keen effort on considerations of certain technical issues that will ease the stresses imposed on these structures due to mining activities.

FOUNDATIONS

When deciding on the type of foundation to be used for the building key factors are geological structure of the ground beneath (level of water table, soil type, permeability of soil, Bearing capacity and the compressibility of the soil)

In mining areas Raft/ Mat foundation is preferred; as it forms a continuous slab structure that carries the whole imposed and self weight of structure to the underlying subsoil. Whether they are vibrations due to blasting or settlement stresses developed by the compressibility of the brought up soil from mining. Raft foundation will be structural stable to withstand loads and the stresses imposed.

For, small structures such as detached houses, single storey structures. A deep strip foundation combined with pads positioned at the corners of the building will be sufficient to bear all the structural loads.

WALLING

Walling can be designed in a such a way that noises from outside are not allowed in the inside. Also, for a brick wall it is structural viable to erect 230mm thick brick wall jointed with 10-15mm thick, 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For, block wall; blocks should be tested and checked for compression strength and abrasion resistance. Compression strength should at least be 7.5N/mm². Built with 150mm thick or greater block wall jointed with mortar of 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For all of the above, there should be placed wall ties alternately along the height of the wall or placing 2, 6mm-12mm diameter bars laid on the bed of the mortar and placed alternately at after every 3 courses of bricks or blocks. These will help to catch up all the stresses applied reducing the damages such as cracks, wall splitting; that would have occured in their absence.

When dry walls are erected such as stud wall careful analysis should be done before commencing any works; intensity of vibrations (tremors) and the frequency of blasting whether it is weekly or monthly. The analysis will help to make design decisions on what type of timber to be used, spacing of studs and mullions; mostly 2’’x6’’ wrot hard wood timber are used for studs, mullions and base plates; placing studs at 2’ center to center would be considered economical and structurally sounding. Also special approved nails should be used to fix up the board on the 1’’x1’’ wrot soft wood brandering frame.

ROOFING

Roofing form to be adopted should be strong enough to withstand the common stresses with the regular stresses from the mining works.

Roofing form should be of low pitch, As high pitched roofs have high center of mass and hence it easy for it to fall when the vibrations are applied unto it; Roof construction should be made of wrot treated soft wood. Members to be fixed are Rafters 2’’x6’’, struts 2’’x4’’, tie beam 2’’x6’’ or replaced by double 2’’x4’’ tie beam, wall plate 2’’ x 4’’. The Roof Trusses should be closely spaced at not greater than 3’ center to center.

LANDSCAPE

Due to dust that is prone to mining zones, landscape layout plan would help to prevent the dust from entering into the inner sides of the houses,.

A landscape that, on the front of the house is covered with tall high leafed trees will help to trap dusts and reflect noises coming towards the house.

Written by; Nyondwi, Yoktani.

Professional Engineering Technician

Email: nyondwisen@gmail.com

KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MINING ZONES

Mining is one among the major economic sectors in many of the countries in the world. In developing countries have a long history and currently it is growing fast. There have been claims from the community, that the houses are damaged due to mining operations.

Mining works produces noises, vibrations (tremors) and dusts

NOISES are developed due to heavy moving machines and trucks that are being used for earthmoving, haulage of materials and crushing of stones.

VIBRATIONS (Tremors) developed from blasting that is necessary for deepening the pits and for mining the ore and wastes rocks.

DUSTS are caused by the smoke from the blasting sites, moving trucks on earth or gravel roads and also from the crushing (Quarry) plants.

Designing a residential, commercial, school or any public or private facility in mining zones requires a keen effort on considerations of certain technical issues that will ease the stresses imposed on these structures due to mining activities.

FOUNDATIONS

When deciding on the type of foundation to be used for the building key factors are geological structure of the ground beneath (level of water table, soil type, permeability of soil, Bearing capacity and the compressibility of the soil)

In mining areas Raft/ Mat foundation is preferred; as it forms a continuous slab structure that carries the whole imposed and self weight of structure to the underlying subsoil. Whether they are vibrations due to blasting or settlement stresses developed by the compressibility of the brought up soil from mining. Raft foundation will be structural stable to withstand loads and the stresses imposed.

For, small structures such as detached houses, single storey structures. A deep strip foundation combined with pads positioned at the corners of the building will be sufficient to bear all the structural loads.

WALLING

Walling can be designed in a such a way that noises from outside are not allowed in the inside. Also, for a brick wall it is structural viable to erect 230mm thick brick wall jointed with 10-15mm thick, 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For, block wall; blocks should be tested and checked for compression strength and abrasion resistance. Compression strength should at least be 7.5N/mm². Built with 150mm thick or greater block wall jointed with mortar of 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For all of the above, there should be placed wall ties alternately along the height of the wall or placing 2, 6mm-12mm diameter bars laid on the bed of the mortar and placed alternately at after every 3 courses of bricks or blocks. These will help to catch up all the stresses applied reducing the damages such as cracks, wall splitting; that would have occured in their absence.

When dry walls are erected such as stud wall careful analysis should be done before commencing any works; intensity of vibrations (tremors) and the frequency of blasting whether it is weekly or monthly. The analysis will help to make design decisions on what type of timber to be used, spacing of studs and mullions; mostly 2’’x6’’ wrot hard wood timber are used for studs, mullions and base plates; placing studs at 2’ center to center would be considered economical and structurally sounding. Also special approved nails should be used to fix up the board on the 1’’x1’’ wrot soft wood brandering frame.

ROOFING

Roofing form to be adopted should be strong enough to withstand the common stresses with the regular stresses from the mining works.

Roofing form should be of low pitch, As high pitched roofs have high center of mass and hence it easy for it to fall when the vibrations are applied unto it; Roof construction should be made of wrot treated soft wood. Members to be fixed are Rafters 2’’x6’’, struts 2’’x4’’, tie beam 2’’x6’’ or replaced by double 2’’x4’’ tie beam, wall plate 2’’ x 4’’. The Roof Trusses should be closely spaced at not greater than 3’ center to center.

LANDSCAPE

Due to dust that is prone to mining zones, landscape layout plan would help to prevent the dust from entering into the inner sides of the houses,.

A landscape that, on the front of the house is covered with tall high leafed trees will help to trap dusts and reflect noises coming towards the house.

Written by; Nyondwi, Yoktani.

Professional Engineering Technician

Email: nyondwisen@gmail.com

KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MINING ZONES

Mining is one among the major economic sectors in many of the countries in the world. In developing countries have a long history and currently it is growing fast. There have been claims from the community, that the houses are damaged due to mining operations.

Mining works produces noises, vibrations (tremors) and dusts

NOISES are developed due to heavy moving machines and trucks that are being used for earthmoving, haulage of materials and crushing of stones.

VIBRATIONS (Tremors) developed from blasting that is necessary for deepening the pits and for mining the ore and wastes rocks.

DUSTS are caused by the smoke from the blasting sites, moving trucks on earth or gravel roads and also from the crushing (Quarry) plants.

Designing a residential, commercial, school or any public or private facility in mining zones requires a keen effort on considerations of certain technical issues that will ease the stresses imposed on these structures due to mining activities.

FOUNDATIONS

When deciding on the type of foundation to be used for the building key factors are geological structure of the ground beneath (level of water table, soil type, permeability of soil, Bearing capacity and the compressibility of the soil)

In mining areas Raft/ Mat foundation is preferred; as it forms a continuous slab structure that carries the whole imposed and self weight of structure to the underlying subsoil. Whether they are vibrations due to blasting or settlement stresses developed by the compressibility of the brought up soil from mining. Raft foundation will be structural stable to withstand loads and the stresses imposed.

For, small structures such as detached houses, single storey structures. A deep strip foundation combined with pads positioned at the corners of the building will be sufficient to bear all the structural loads.

WALLING

Walling can be designed in a such a way that noises from outside are not allowed in the inside. Also, for a brick wall it is structural viable to erect 230mm thick brick wall jointed with 10-15mm thick, 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For, block wall; blocks should be tested and checked for compression strength and abrasion resistance. Compression strength should at least be 7.5N/mm². Built with 150mm thick or greater block wall jointed with mortar of 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For all of the above, there should be placed wall ties alternately along the height of the wall or placing 2, 6mm-12mm diameter bars laid on the bed of the mortar and placed alternately at after every 3 courses of bricks or blocks. These will help to catch up all the stresses applied reducing the damages such as cracks, wall splitting; that would have occured in their absence.

When dry walls are erected such as stud wall careful analysis should be done before commencing any works; intensity of vibrations (tremors) and the frequency of blasting whether it is weekly or monthly. The analysis will help to make design decisions on what type of timber to be used, spacing of studs and mullions; mostly 2’’x6’’ wrot hard wood timber are used for studs, mullions and base plates; placing studs at 2’ center to center would be considered economical and structurally sounding. Also special approved nails should be used to fix up the board on the 1’’x1’’ wrot soft wood brandering frame.

ROOFING

Roofing form to be adopted should be strong enough to withstand the common stresses with the regular stresses from the mining works.

Roofing form should be of low pitch, As high pitched roofs have high center of mass and hence it easy for it to fall when the vibrations are applied unto it; Roof construction should be made of wrot treated soft wood. Members to be fixed are Rafters 2’’x6’’, struts 2’’x4’’, tie beam 2’’x6’’ or replaced by double 2’’x4’’ tie beam, wall plate 2’’ x 4’’. The Roof Trusses should be closely spaced at not greater than 3’ center to center.

LANDSCAPE

Due to dust that is prone to mining zones, landscape layout plan would help to prevent the dust from entering into the inner sides of the houses,.

A landscape that, on the front of the house is covered with tall high leafed trees will help to trap dusts and reflect noises coming towards the house.

Written by; Nyondwi, Yoktani.

Professional Engineering Technician

Email: nyondwisen@gmail.com

KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSES IN MINING ZONES

Mining is one among the major economic sectors in many of the countries in the world. In developing countries have a long history and currently it is growing fast. There have been claims from the community, that the houses are damaged due to mining operations.

Mining works produces noises, vibrations (tremors) and dusts

NOISES are developed due to heavy moving machines and trucks that are being used for earthmoving, haulage of materials and crushing of stones.

VIBRATIONS (Tremors) developed from blasting that is necessary for deepening the pits and for mining the ore and wastes rocks.

DUSTS are caused by the smoke from the blasting sites, moving trucks on earth or gravel roads and also from the crushing (Quarry) plants.

Designing a residential, commercial, school or any public or private facility in mining zones requires a keen effort on considerations of certain technical issues that will ease the stresses imposed on these structures due to mining activities.

FOUNDATIONS

When deciding on the type of foundation to be used for the building key factors are geological structure of the ground beneath (level of water table, soil type, permeability of soil, Bearing capacity and the compressibility of the soil)

In mining areas Raft/ Mat foundation is preferred; as it forms a continuous slab structure that carries the whole imposed and self weight of structure to the underlying subsoil. Whether they are vibrations due to blasting or settlement stresses developed by the compressibility of the brought up soil from mining. Raft foundation will be structural stable to withstand loads and the stresses imposed.

For, small structures such as detached houses, single storey structures. A deep strip foundation combined with pads positioned at the corners of the building will be sufficient to bear all the structural loads.

WALLING

Walling can be designed in a such a way that noises from outside are not allowed in the inside. Also, for a brick wall it is structural viable to erect 230mm thick brick wall jointed with 10-15mm thick, 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For, block wall; blocks should be tested and checked for compression strength and abrasion resistance. Compression strength should at least be 7.5N/mm². Built with 150mm thick or greater block wall jointed with mortar of 1:4-1:6 cement sand mortar.

For all of the above, there should be placed wall ties alternately along the height of the wall or placing 2, 6mm-12mm diameter bars laid on the bed of the mortar and placed alternately at after every 3 courses of bricks or blocks. These will help to catch up all the stresses applied reducing the damages such as cracks, wall splitting; that would have occured in their absence.

When dry walls are erected such as stud wall careful analysis should be done before commencing any works; intensity of vibrations (tremors) and the frequency of blasting whether it is weekly or monthly. The analysis will help to make design decisions on what type of timber to be used, spacing of studs and mullions; mostly 2’’x6’’ wrot hard wood timber are used for studs, mullions and base plates; placing studs at 2’ center to center would be considered economical and structurally sounding. Also special approved nails should be used to fix up the board on the 1’’x1’’ wrot soft wood brandering frame.

ROOFING

Roofing form to be adopted should be strong enough to withstand the common stresses with the regular stresses from the mining works.

Roofing form should be of low pitch, As high pitched roofs have high center of mass and hence it easy for it to fall when the vibrations are applied unto it; Roof construction should be made of wrot treated soft wood. Members to be fixed are Rafters 2’’x6’’, struts 2’’x4’’, tie beam 2’’x6’’ or replaced by double 2’’x4’’ tie beam, wall plate 2’’ x 4’’. The Roof Trusses should be closely spaced at not greater than 3’ center to center.

LANDSCAPE

Due to dust that is prone to mining zones, landscape layout plan would help to prevent the dust from entering into the inner sides of the houses,.

A landscape that, on the front of the house is covered with tall high leafed trees will help to trap dusts and reflect noises coming towards the house.

Written by; Nyondwi, Yoktani.

Professional Engineering Technician

Email: nyondwisen@gmail.com

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Site meeting v technical meeting

2018-10-04T16:28:33Z

Yoktani: Created page with "TECHNICAL MEETING, SITE MEETING WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Meetings are essential for successful completion of the construction projects; and for best results be achieved. Whether..."

TECHNICAL MEETING, SITE MEETING WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?

Meetings are essential for successful completion of the construction projects; and for best results be achieved. Whether, it is Railway construction Project, Building, Highway, or Tunnel Projects Meeting will pray a crucial role developing relations between members of the project team and promoting awareness of the desires among the members of the team, hence consensus project development.

Meeting can be geared with any notions such as Zero Variations, Safety First or Sustainability

Construction Project Meeting consist of all the professionals necessary for the project execution include the client who is the owner of the project.

The following are common members of the meeting in normal meeting

# Project manager
# Project Architect
# Structural Engineer
# Site Engineer
# Site Agent
# Services Engineer
# Material Supplier
# Contractor’s representative
# Client Representative
# Service Sub-Contractor Representative

TECHNICAL MEETING

Is a meeting done on regular basis during the project execution comprising only with a technical team of the project. All the technocrats for the project are participants excluding the client and anyone else who is not, the technical personnel.

Technical meeting are not long; they are short, straight forward and aiming at resolving the technical ambiguities arising out of the project.

The chairman of the meeting is the project manager who starts with opening the meeting reading the agenda; then asking the contractor’s representative or site agent to lead the site inspection. During Site Inspection in which technical misconducts are observed and discussed, issuing instructions to correct them immediately. It is also during this time that the technocrats can agree to change certain types of layout, size of members, materials and fixing details that they may cater for the current demand for cheap, easy to build and most economical way of construction.

After, completing site inspection the technical team assembles at a meeting room furnished with a table, chairs and drinks. The chairman starts with confirming the meeting minutes of the previous meeting, followed by signing the minutes sheets.

Thereafter, follows critical discussion on all the issues raised during site inspection in which decisions are made with the agreement from all the parts instructions are issued and advice is given to any of the member depending on the situation and the raised matter.

After thorough discussion, the chairman calls for any matters from contractors, allowing him to present his proposals or objections as per his requirement.

Then, consultants raise their matters of whether they are satisfied with the works or whether they are not satisfied proposing the good approach to the project manager for successful results in a project.

Finally the project manager calls for Any Other Business (AOB) from any part, here any one can raise his/ her objection calling for corrections of misconducts, advising on any behavior/ relation that is not good among the members of the team.

SITE MEETING

Site meeting differs from technical meeting in that, It involves all the project technical team + client or client representative and any other none professional members of the project team.

Here, the client is allowed to rise up his/ her desires on the progress of the project, pin pointing her choices of materials, budget limitations, resolving the doubts concerning him and recommending on the quality of the works.

As in the technical meeting the site meeting is headed with project manager. Starting with opening, site inspection, table meeting, confirming the minutes of the previous site meeting, discussing the issues arising during the site inspection, presenting contractors matter, rising consultant matters, then discussing any other matter that might be raised and finally; closing up the meeting setting the date for the next site meeting.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]]