Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Top 10 most Expensive Buildings in the World

2020-07-18T21:25:31Z

Rushikesh1555: Created page with "A building is defined as a structure with walls and roofs like houses or industries so all buildings are included here except airports because airport consist of cost of runways...."

A building is defined as a structure with walls and roofs like houses or industries so all buildings are included here except airports because airport consist of cost of runways.

List[http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#List_of_most_expensive_buildings_in_the_World of most expensive buildings in the World]

* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Abraj_Al_Bait Abraj Al Bait]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Masjid_Al_Haram Masjid Al Haram]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Zeljava_Air_Base eljava Air Base]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Marina_Bay_Sands Marina Bay Sands]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Apple_Park Apple Park]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Resorts_World_Sentosa Resorts World Sentosa]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#SoFi_Stadium SoFi Stadium]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Wynn_Palace Wynn Palace]

Here was the list of top most expensive buildings out there which costed the most to built. Here we excluded airports because airport Construction costs include runways and all that stuff which is not considered as building.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Contracts_/_payment]]

Top 10 most expensive construction projects in the world

2020-07-18T21:20:15Z

Rushikesh1555:

= Introduction =

The amount spent creating some of the most iconic structures in the world is eye-watering. Here is a run-down of the [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#List_of_most_expensive_buildings_in_the_World List of most expensive buildings in the World]

= 10. The Channel Tunnel =

[[File:Channeltunnel.jpg|link=File:Channeltunnel.jpg]]

Coming in at $22.4 billion, the Channel Tunnel stretches 31.4 miles connecting Britain with France. Buried beneath the English Channel, it is the favourite means of people to cross the watery divide between the UK and mainland Europe.

But, the cost was 80% more than that estimated due to escalating safety demands, security and environmental measures. The project started in 1988 and began operation in 1994.

= 9. The Big Dig =

The Big Dig in Boston cost a little over $23 billion with the planning of the rerouting of major highways started in 1982.

The whole project was concluded on the last day of 2007, ten years behind schedule and costing millions of dollars more than expected. As well as cost overruns, there were delays, leaks, design flaws as well as alleged substandard material as well as a few arrests and a tragic death.

= 8. Apollo Space Programme =

In at number 8 is the space programme Apollo at $25.4 billion. It is an amazing feat of human endurance and technology and includes the 1969 moon landing. It took tremendous effort but once the moon was landed on, interest gradually dwindled and the programme was deemed too expensive to continue.

= 7. Kansai International Airport =

Coming in at $29 billion, Kansai International Airport is in Japan’s second largest city, Osaka.

Planning started back in the 1960s and is certainly a feat of engineering. It balances on a man-made island in the water, making it hopefully immune to earthquakes and other ‘freak accidents’.

Much of the budget was spent on metal support columns and other support pieces. A second terminal was added in 2012, connected to the original terminal via a free shuttle service.

= 6. California High-Speed Rail =

Work started in 2015 and is tipped to reach $98.5 billion, way over its original budget. The high-speed bullet train is expected to reach speeds of 220mph connecting major US cities from San Francisco to Los Angeles.

= 5. Dubailand =

Announced in 2003, the project is expected to cost in excess of $76 billion. It is an ambitious leisure development and although not complete, is one of the most expensive projects ever undertaken.

Dubai decided it needed an attraction geared toward families and this is the solution. It is expected to be opened before 2020.

= 4. King Abdullah Economic City =

Staying in the middle east, this city being built in Saudi Arabia is expected to come in at $95 billion. It will be slightly bigger than Washington D.C and be home to 2 million people.

An hour from Mecca, it is set to become a major tourist attraction for Saudi Arabia with villas, a massive airport as well as universities, and so on.

= 3. Kashagan Field =

[[File:Oilfield.jpg|link=File:Oilfield.jpg]]

At $116 billion, the largest oil discovery in the Caspian Sea has seen the continuous development of the Kashagan Fields.

As well as man-made islands, there have been many difficulties in the construction including leaks and problems drilling into fields of oil under high pressure. Operations are expected to start in 2017/18, with 13 billion barrels of oil expected over its lifetime.

= 2. International Space Station =

The ISS orbits the earth and fires our imagination about space. With costs at around £150 billion, the information gathered by astronauts is providing invaluable data. It is a collaborative project with the UK and Russia heavily involved in the NASA led project. But in 2020, the space station will crash into the ocean, the project over.

= 1. Interstate Highway System =

At $459 billion, this American project connecting more than 47,000 miles of highway is still the most expensive construction project to date.

Taking 35 years to complete, work began in 1955 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It was seen as critical to national defence, providing more routes for access and egress under war conditions.

Which projects do you think will surpass these listed in the current top 10 most expensive construction projects?

--[[User:MTX_Contracts|MTX Contracts]]

Special Mensions

* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#International_Thermonuclear_Experimental_Reactor International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Abraj_Al_Bait Abraj Al Bait]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Olkiluoto_Nuclear_Power_Plant Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Masjid_Al_Haram Masjid Al Haram]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Zeljava_Air_Base eljava Air Base]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Marina_Bay_Sands Marina Bay Sands]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Apple_Park Apple Park]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Resorts_World_Sentosa Resorts World Sentosa]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#SoFi_Stadium SoFi Stadium]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#Wynn_Palace Wynn Palace]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the World.
* 9 of the world’s most impressive structures.
* Buildings in film.
* Buildings that were never realised.
* Tallest buildings in the world.
* These giant infrastructure projects are set to reshape Africa.
* Top 10 skyscrapers located in the UAE.
* Top architectural wonders of Dubai.

[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]]

Burj al Arab, Dubai

2020-07-18T21:09:52Z

Rushikesh1555:

[[File:Dubai-939844_640.jpg|link=File:Dubai-939844_640.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The Burj al Arab (translation: Arabian Tower), is a luxury hotel that stands on an artificial island nearly 300 m from the Jumeirah Beach in Dubai, UAE. Standing at 321 m, it is the third tallest hotel in the world and one of the most expensive, costing an estimated 7.8bn dollars.

Also read [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-10-most-expensive-buildings-in-the-world/#List_of_most_expensive_buildings_in_the_World List of most expensive buildings in the World]

New launch in 2019 [https://dubaiproperties.org.in/burj-jumeirah/ Burj Jumeirah] 550 Meter Tower In Dubai.

Dubai had enjoyed economic prosperity in the 1990s due to oil revenues, but officials decided declining reserves would require a shift in the economy and so they moved into luxury tourism and real estate development. In 1993, the Sheikh ruler of Dubai commissioned the British consultancy Atkins to design a building that would become synonymous with Dubai and the United Arab Emirates.

Led by the architect Tom Wright, Atkins designed a high-tech building to resemble the billowing sail of a traditional Arab ‘dhow’ or yacht.

Despite its height, 39% is made up of non-occupyable space, and the building has faced criticism because of its ostentatious levels of opulence and a favouring of style over function. Notwithstanding this however, since officially opening in December 1999, the Burj al Arab has succeeded in its aim of becoming an iconic symbol of Dubai.

= Design and construction =

The building is notable for a number of complex engineering and construction feats. The artificial island that was constructed needed to be built low enough to give the impression that the building was floating on water. The reclamation of the land from the sea took 3 years, as engineers created a ground/surface layer of large rocks. To avoid the risk of flooding, perforated concrete blocks were mounted on the bedrock in a honeycomb pattern designed to act as a giant artificial ‘sponge’ and reduce the wave impact.

To secure the building to the artificial island, 230 concrete piles measuring 40 m (130 ft) had to be driven into the sand. In total, the building contains more than 70,000 m3 of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel. At peak, 2,000 construction workers were involved in the project.

The building’s layout is in the form of two wings spread in a V-shape, creating a ‘mast’ and enclosing a massive atrium. The façade is covered with two layers of architectural fabric, separated by 60 cm, in order to filter out excessive heat and sunlight.

Each of the 202 hotel suites consists of two levels, with a curved façade and balcony on the upper floor. These were prefabricated and installed on site into the concrete structure. To achieve adequate stiffness, giant metal trusses with a triangular section, each measuring 85 m long, were used on the exterior side walls. These have the effect of diagonally bracing the two side trusses and the large concrete ‘mast’. These trusses can expand and contract by up to 5 cm in a day, and to accommodate this a special steering linkage rod had to be designed.

The building also features an inverted steel cone suspended near the roof at a height of 210 m (689 ft). This is primarily used as a helipad but has also been used for several PR events, most famously an exhibition tennis match between Roger Federer and Andre Agassi in 2005.

= Interior =

[[File:Burj-al-arab-338920_640.jpg|link=File:Burj-al-arab-338920_640.jpg]]

The atrium is 180 m (590 ft) tall.

As one of the most luxurious hotels in the world (the only one to have been given the unofficial commendation of ‘7 stars’ by the media), the interior was designed to be palatial, eclectic and baroque.

Having decorated many high-profile hotels around the world, the Chinese designer Khuan Chew was commissioned to design the interior based on the four elements of the ancient world – water, fire, wind and earth. Water is present throughout the hotel in aquariums and fountains, while fire is included in an entrance fountain, together with steam representing air. Earth is symbolised by the 24,000 m2 of marble and precious stones used throughout the hotel, as well as 2,000 m2 of gold foil.

The hotel is also notable for its two distinctive restaurants. Al Muntaha (The Ultimate) is 200 m (660 ft) above the Persian Gulf, a C-section design that projects out at 30 m from each side of the central ‘mast’ column. This is supported by a cantilever extending 27 m (89 ft) from either side of the mast, and a series of 1.6 m thick steel beams that fan out from the column towards the restaurant edges.

The Al Mahara (Oyster) features a large seawater aquarium and is accessed via a simulation of a submarine voyage. The wall of the acrylic glass tank is 18 cm (7.1 in) thick to withstand the water pressure.

= Project data =

* Location: Jumeirah Beach Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
* Height: 321 m (1,053 ft).
* Architect: Atkins.
* Owner: Jumeirah Group.
* Construction began: 1994.
* Construction completed: 1999.
* Number of room: 202.
* Construction cost: $7.8 billion.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the World.
* Atlantis, The Palm.
* Building of the week series.
* Eiffel Tower.
* Luxor Las Vegas.
* Palace of Westminster.
* Petronas Twin Towers.
* Shanghai Tower.
* Sydney Opera House.
* Top 10 skyscrapers located in the UAE.
* Top architectural wonders of Dubai.
* Unusual building design of the week.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Top Civil Engineering Journals

2020-07-18T20:59:01Z

Rushikesh1555: Created page with "These Journals are multidisciplinary journals that are concerned about different aspects of Civil Engineering. You will get all the research and conference papers of all the res..."

These Journals are multidisciplinary journals that are concerned about different aspects of Civil Engineering.

You will get all the research and conference papers of all the researches that have been done in the field of Civil Engineering in these Civil Engineering Journals.

[http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#List_of_Civil_Engineering_Journals List of Civil Engineering Journals :]

* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Applied_Energy Applied Energy]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Transportation_Research,_Part_C_Emerging_Technologies Transportation Research, Part C: Emerging Technologies]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Geotechnical_and_Geoenvironmental_Engineering_%E2%80%93_ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering – ASCE]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Structural_Engineering Journal of Structural Engineering]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Hydraulic_Engineering Journal of Hydraulic Engineering]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Construction_Engineering_and_Management_%E2%80%93_ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management – ASCE]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Materials_in_Civil_Engineering Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Environmental_Engineering,_ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Soils_and_Foundations Soils and Foundations]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#International_Journal_of_Pavement_Research_and_Technology International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#International_Journal_of_Concrete_Structures_and_Materials International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/civil-engineering-journals/#Journal_of_Civil_Engineering_and_Management Journal of Civil Engineering and Management]

Those were the top hournals for civil engineering. We've compiled top civil engineering journals which might help you in your next project.

All the journals above are springer cirtified so you can truly trust on them.

[[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Organisations]] [[Category:People]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Case_law]] [[Category:Planning_permission]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Top Civil Engineering Journals in India

2020-07-18T20:51:28Z

Rushikesh1555: Created page with "Below is the list of some Top Civil Engineering Journals from India. * [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#International_Journal_of..."

Below is the list of some Top Civil Engineering Journals from India.

* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#International_Journal_of_Civil_Engineering_and_Technology International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#Journal_of_Institute_of_Engineers_(India) Journal of Institute of Engineers (India) :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#Journal_of_Structural_Engineering_(Madras) Journal of Structural Engineering (Madras) :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#International_Journal_of_Earth_Sciences_and_Engineering International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#International_Journal_of_Innovative_Technology_and_Exploring_Engineering International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#Indian_Journal_of_Engineering_and_Material_Science Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Science :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#Journal_of_Management_Research Journal of Management Research :]
* [http://www.civilinsider.com/civil-facts/top-civil-engineering-journals-in-india/#Indian_Geotechnical_Journal Indian Geotechnical Journal :]

Those were the top civil engineering journals from india.

We all search for research papers when we go for a project that is based on totally new concepts and finding right research paper from right journals is hard.So we've compiled top civil engineering journals from India.

[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Organisations]] [[Category:People]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Case_law]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]