Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Inclusive design

2012-10-11T15:51:25Z

Profmgoo:

= Inclusive Design and Universal Design =
<div>
== What are inclusive design and universal design? ==
</div>
== Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people ==

If we are designing something for one particular person then we can tailor it to suit exactly the needs and requirements of that person. However, if that person wants other people to be able to also use it then we need to design it to accommodate a greater variety of requirements since people come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, strengths of grip, dexterity, etc.

Historically many [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] have tried to limit the range of people they design for, by either ignoring those people who fall outside the majority in the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s social group; designing it to fit the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s own shape; developing a standardised human form to fit their design – the mythical “universal man”; identifying the extent of sizes and then designing to fit 95% of those people within that range. For those people for whom these designs accommodate there has been little objection. [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer Designers] have not necessarily designed people out of their designs deliberately, more so the evolution of design principles has led to design to the “norm”.

Another option taken by [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] of products has been to produce a variety of versions of the product in anticipation that one of the various sizes, shapes, or configurations will suit differing individuals. In the built environment this option is less successful since it is harder to produce a variety of options that are equal and attractive to use. It is easier to offer a range of seating options in a waiting area, than a variety of ways to enter the building, although on large frontages this can be achieved by careful placing of different types of doorways next to each other.

Ideally the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer] would want to have user involvement in the design process. By engaging a range of users, hopefully a design will emerge that accommodates a wider range of people than one based solely on the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s own personal experience. But this requires easy access to a range of people and the time in which to debate the issues. Instead [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] tend to refer to anthropometrics and ergonomic data (Adler 1999). These seldom have the range of users, instead identifying certain people as special cases to be treated differently, or ignoring them completely. They tend to adopt a medical model of disability approach, where those people who differ from the “average” are assumed to want to change themselves to fit, rather than the society accommodate their needs. The inclusive design approach is based on the social model where a clear distinction is made between an individual’s impairment and the disabling barriers that society creates.

However it should be understood that the focus of both universal design and inclusive design is about designing for people and not about design for disabled people, for example CABE’s principles of inclusive design references ethnicity and circumstances as part of the equation.

== Inclusive Design ==

The British Standards Institute (2005) defines inclusive design as "The design of ''mainstream'' products and/or services that are accessible to, and ''usable'' by, ''as many people'' as reasonably possible ... without the need for special adaptation or specialised design."

[[Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/publications/the-principles-of-inclusive-design|CABE]] published and promoted the principles of inclusive design as it relates to the built environment:

*Inclusive – so everyone can use it safely, easily and with dignity
*Responsive – taking account of what people say they need and want
*Flexible – so different people can use it in different ways
*Convenient – so everyone can use it without too much effort or separation
*Accommodating for all people, regardless of their age, gender, mobility, ethnicity or circumstances
*Welcoming – with no disabling barriers that might exclude some people
*Realistic – offering more than one solution to help balance everyone’s needs and recognising that one solution may not work for all

== Universal Design ==

The principles of universal design

These provide a broad conceptual starting point for the underpinning ethos of inclusive design, however, there has been criticism that they are too vague to be applied practically in practice. The problems that occur in the built environment are complex and often interlinked. Isolating one individual element may allow the principles to be used, but when viewed as a larger picture issues beyond the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s control confound the principles.

These seven principles of universal, design are:

'''1 Equitable use'''

Definition:

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

Guidelines:

*1a Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible, equivalent when not;
*1b Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users;
*1c Make provisions for privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users;
*1d Make the design appealing to all users.

'''2 Flexibility in use'''

Definition:

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

Guidelines:

*2a Provide choice in methods of us
*2b Accommodate right or left-handed access and use;
*2c Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision;
*2d Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.

'''3 Simple and intuitive'''

Definition:

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experiences, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Guidelines:

*3a Eliminate unnecessary complexity;
*3b Be consistent with user expectations and intuition;
*3c Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills;
*3d Arrange information consistent with its importance;
*3e Provide effective prompting and [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Feedback feedback] during and after task completion.

'''4 Perceptible information'''

Definition:

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities.

Guidelines:

*4a Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information;
*4b Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings;
*4c Maximise “legibility” of essential information;
*4d Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions or directions);
*4e Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.

'''5 Tolerance for error'''

Definition:

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

Guidelines:

*5a Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded;
*5b Provide warnings of hazards or errors;
*5c Provide fail safe features;
*5d Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

'''6 Low physical effort'''

Definition:

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

Guidelines:

*6a Allow user to maintain a neutral body position;
*6b Use reasonable operating forces;
*6c Minimise repetitive actions;
*6d Minimise sustained physical effort.

'''7 Size and space for approach and use'''

Definition:

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

Guidelines:

*7a Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user;
*7b Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user;
*7c Accommodate [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variations variations] in hand and grip size;
*7d Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.

 
 

[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Planning_permission]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

Inclusive design

2012-10-11T15:49:35Z

Profmgoo:

= Inclusive Design and Universal Design =
<div>

== What are inclusive design and universal design? ==
</div>
== Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people ==

If we are designing something for one particular person then we can tailor it to suit exactly the needs and requirements of that person. However, if that person wants other people to be able to also use it then we need to design it to accommodate a greater variety of requirements since people come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, strengths of grip, dexterity, etc.

Historically many [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] have tried to limit the range of people they design for, by either ignoring those people who fall outside the majority in the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s social group; designing it to fit the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s own shape; developing a standardised human form to fit their design – the mythical “universal man”; identifying the extent of sizes and then designing to fit 95% of those people within that range. For those people for whom these designs accommodate there has been little objection. [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer Designers] have not necessarily designed people out of their designs deliberately, more so the evolution of design principles has led to design to the “norm”.

Another option taken by [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] of products has been to produce a variety of versions of the product in anticipation that one of the various sizes, shapes, or configurations will suit differing individuals. In the built environment this option is less successful since it is harder to produce a variety of options that are equal and attractive to use. It is easier to offer a range of seating options in a waiting area, than a variety of ways to enter the building, although on large frontages this can be achieved by careful placing of different types of doorways next to each other.

Ideally the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer] would want to have user involvement in the design process. By engaging a range of users, hopefully a design will emerge that accommodates a wider range of people than one based solely on the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s own personal experience. But this requires easy access to a range of people and the time in which to debate the issues. Instead [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designers] tend to refer to anthropometrics and ergonomic data (Adler 1999). These seldom have the range of users, instead identifying certain people as special cases to be treated differently, or ignoring them completely. They tend to adopt a medical model of disability approach, where those people who differ from the “average” are assumed to want to change themselves to fit, rather than the society accommodate their needs. The inclusive design approach is based on the social model where a clear distinction is made between an individual’s impairment and the disabling barriers that society creates.

However it should be understood that the focus of both universal design and inclusive design is about designing for people and not about design for disabled people, for example CABE’s principles of inclusive design references ethnicity and circumstances as part of the equation.

== Inclusive Design ==

The British Standards Institute (2005) defines inclusive design as "The design of ''mainstream'' products and/or services that are accessible to, and ''usable'' by, ''as many people'' as reasonably possible ... without the need for special adaptation or specialised design."

[[Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/publications/the-principles-of-inclusive-design|CABE]] published and promoted the principles of inclusive design as it relates to the built environment:

*Inclusive – so everyone can use it safely, easily and with dignity
*Responsive – taking account of what people say they need and want
*Flexible – so different people can use it in different ways
*Convenient – so everyone can use it without too much effort or separation
*Accommodating for all people, regardless of their age, gender, mobility, ethnicity or circumstances
*Welcoming – with no disabling barriers that might exclude some people
*Realistic – offering more than one solution to help balance everyone’s needs and recognising that one solution may not work for all

== Universal Design ==

The principles of universal design

These provide a broad conceptual starting point for the underpinning ethos of inclusive design, however, there has been criticism that they are too vague to be applied practically in practice. The problems that occur in the built environment are complex and often interlinked. Isolating one individual element may allow the principles to be used, but when viewed as a larger picture issues beyond the [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Designer designer]’s control confound the principles.

These seven principles of universal, design are:

'''1 Equitable use'''

Definition:

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

Guidelines:

*1a Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible, equivalent when not;
*1b Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users;
*1c Make provisions for privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users;
*1d Make the design appealing to all users.

'''2 Flexibility in use'''

Definition:

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

Guidelines:

*2a Provide choice in methods of us
*2b Accommodate right or left-handed access and use;
*2c Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision;
*2d Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.

'''3 Simple and intuitive'''

Definition:

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experiences, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

Guidelines:

§ 3a Eliminate unnecessary complexity;

§ 3b Be consistent with user expectations and intuition;

§ 3c Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills;

§ 3d Arrange information consistent with its importance;

§ 3e Provide effective prompting and [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Feedback feedback] during and after task completion.

'''4 Perceptible information'''

Definition:

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities.

Guidelines:

§ 4a Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information;

§ 4b Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings;

§ 4c Maximise “legibility” of essential information;

§ 4d Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions or directions);

§ 4e Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.

'''5 Tolerance for error'''

Definition:

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

Guidelines:

§ 5a Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded;

§ 5b Provide warnings of hazards or errors;

§ 5c Provide fail safe features;

§ 5d Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

'''6 Low physical effort'''

Definition:

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

Guidelines:

§ 6a Allow user to maintain a neutral body position;

§ 6b Use reasonable operating forces;

§ 6c Minimise repetitive actions;

§ 6d Minimise sustained physical effort.

'''7 Size and space for approach and use'''

Definition:

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

Guidelines:

§ 7a Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user;

§ 7b Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user;

§ 7c Accommodate [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Variations variations] in hand and grip size;

§ 7d Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance. 

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[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
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[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Planning_permission]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

Inclusive design

2012-10-11T14:31:57Z

Profmgoo: Replaced content with " Category:Management Category:Safety Category:Disciplines Category:Products_and_services Category:Sustainability Category:Tasks [[Category:Other_legi..."

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[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
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Inclusive design

2012-08-28T07:18:29Z

Profmgoo:

= '''What is inclusive design?''' =

== '''Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people''' ==

If we are designing something for one particular person then we can tailor it to suit exactly the needs and requirements of that person. However, if that person wants other people to be able to also use it then we need to design it to accommodate a greater variety of requirements since people come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, strengths of grip, dexterity, etc.

Historically many designers have tried to limit the range of people they design for, by either ignoring those people who fall outside the majority in the designer’s social group; designing it to fit the designer’s own shape; developing a standardised human form to fit their design – the mythical “universal man”; identifying the extent of sizes and then designing to fit 95% of those people within that range. For those people for whom these designs accommodate there has been little objection. Designers have not necessarily designed people out of their designs deliberately, more so the evolution of design principles has led to design to the “norm”.

Another option taken by designers of products has been to produce a variety of versions of the product in anticipation that one of the various sizes, shapes, or configurations will suit differing individuals. In the built environment this option is less successful since it is harder to produce a variety of options that are equal and attractive to use. It is easier to offer a range of seating options in a waiting area, than a variety of ways to enter the building, although on large frontages this can be achieved by careful placing of different types of doorways next to each other.

Ideally the designer would want to have user involvement in the design process. By engaging a range of users, hopefully a design will emerge that accommodates a wider range of people than one based solely on the designer’s own personal experience. But this requires easy access to a range of people and the time in which to debate the issues. Instead designers tend to refer to anthropometrics and ergonomic data (Adler 1999). These seldom have the range of users, instead identifying certain people as special cases to be treated differently, or ignoring them completely. They tend to adopt a medical model of disability approach, where those people who differ from the “average” are assumed to want to change themselves to fit, rather than the society accommodate their needs. The inclusive design approach is based on the social model where a clear distinction is made between an individual’s impairment and the disabling barriers that society creates.

== '''Social Model of Disability''' ==

As the result of discussion and debate people whose minds, bodies and senses do not match up to a perceived norm have identified barriers in society as the cause of disability (UPIAS 1976). The line of reasoning is that society is created and operates in a way that does not take into account those who do not meet the perceived norm and so excludes and thereby disables them. This interpretation of disability is termed the social model of disability (Oliver 1983). In this definition “impairment” relates to an individual’s condition of mind, body or senses that results in an individual functional limitation; “disability” is the limitations imposed by a society that takes no account of people with impairments. So people with impairments are “disabled” by society. In this definition the term “people with disabilities” makes no sense.

Using the social model of disability allows us to consider how disabling barriers are not just physical barriers but are also attitudinal, systematic and institutionalised. Knowing that the barriers are socially created and operated means that we can tackle them at source rather than ignoring social barriers as incidental in the belief that the problem is with the individuals who are excluded. These barriers are present in areas as diverse as education, employment, leisure, transport, urban design, housing. One individual can encounter disabling barriers several times a day in all these spheres making disability a whole life experience.

The social model of disability allows us to recognise that the causes of disabling barriers in design are influenced by the broader social and cultural context. This enhances our insight into the ways in which disabled people are excluded by the built environment and poorly designed artefacts. In order to make best use of the social model of disability it is important to be clear about which limitations are caused by an individual’s impairment (difference in mind, senses or body) and which barriers are created by society. Disability is therefore a form of social oppression.

== '''Inclusive Design''' ==

The principles of inclusive design (also referred to as universal design) [http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653 http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653]

These provide a broad conceptual starting point for the underpinning ethos of inclusive design, however, there has been criticism that they are too vague to be applied practically in practice. The problems that occur in the built environment are complex and often interlinked. Isolating one individual element may allow the principles to be used, but when viewed as a larger picture issues beyond the designer’s control confound the principles.

These seven principles of universal, or inclusive, design are:

'''1 Equitable use'''

=== Definition ===

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

1a Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible, equivalent when not;

1b Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users;

1c Make provisions for privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users;

1d Make the design appealing to all users.

'''2 Flexibility in use'''

=== Definition ===

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

2a Provide choice in methods of use;

2b Accommodate right or left-handed access and use;

2c Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision;

2d Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.

'''3 Simple and intuitive'''

=== Definition ===

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experiences, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

=== Guidelines ===

3a Eliminate unnecessary complexity;

3b Be consistent with user expectations and intuition;

3c Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills;

3d Arrange information consistent with its importance;

3e Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.

'''4 Perceptible information'''

=== Definition ===

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

4a Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information;

4b Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings;

4c Maximise “legibility” of essential information;

4d Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions or directions);

4e Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.

'''5 Tolerance for error'''

=== Definition ===

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

=== Guidelines ===

5a Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded;

5b Provide warnings of hazards or errors;

5c Provide fail safe features;

5d Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

'''6 Low physical effort'''

=== Definition ===

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

=== Guidelines ===

6a Allow user to maintain a neutral body position;

6b Use reasonable operating forces;

6c Minimise repetitive actions;

6d Minimise sustained physical effort.

'''7 Size and space for approach and use'''

=== Definition ===

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

=== Guidelines ===

7a Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user;

7b Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user;

7c Accommodate variations in hand and grip size;

7d Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.

--[[User:Profmgoo|Prof MGOO]] 08:18, 28 August 2012 (BST)
 

[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Planning_permission]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

Inclusive design

2012-08-28T07:05:37Z

Profmgoo: Protected "Inclusive design": I wish to develop it further before allowing editing ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

= '''What is inclusive design?''' =

== '''Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people''' ==

If we are designing something for one particular person then we can tailor it to suit exactly the needs and requirements of that person. However, if that person wants other people to be able to also use it then we need to design it to accommodate a greater variety of requirements since people come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, strengths of grip, dexterity, etc.

Historically many designers have tried to limit the range of people they design for, by either ignoring those people who fall outside the majority in the designer’s social group; designing it to fit the designer’s own shape; developing a standardised human form to fit their design – the mythical “universal man”; identifying the extent of sizes and then designing to fit 95% of those people within that range. For those people for whom these designs accommodate there has been little objection. Designers have not necessarily designed people out of their designs deliberately, more so the evolution of design principles has led to design to the “norm”.

Another option taken by designers of products has been to produce a variety of versions of the product in anticipation that one of the various sizes, shapes, or configurations will suit differing individuals. In the built environment this option is less successful since it is harder to produce a variety of options that are equal and attractive to use. It is easier to offer a range of seating options in a waiting area, than a variety of ways to enter the building, although on large frontages this can be achieved by careful placing of different types of doorways next to each other.

Ideally the designer would want to have user involvement in the design process. By engaging a range of users, hopefully a design will emerge that accommodates a wider range of people than one based solely on the designer’s own personal experience. But this requires easy access to a range of people and the time in which to debate the issues. Instead designers tend to refer to anthropometrics and ergonomic data (Adler 1999). These seldom have the range of users, instead identifying certain people as special cases to be treated differently, or ignoring them completely. They tend to adopt a medical model of disability approach, where those people who differ from the “average” are assumed to want to change themselves to fit, rather than the society accommodate their needs. The inclusive design approach is based on the social model where a clear distinction is made between an individual’s impairment and the disabling barriers that society creates.

== '''Social Model of Disability''' ==

As the result of discussion and debate people whose minds, bodies and senses do not match up to a perceived norm have identified barriers in society as the cause of disability (UPIAS 1976). The line of reasoning is that society is created and operates in a way that does not take into account those who do not meet the perceived norm and so excludes and thereby disables them. This interpretation of disability is termed the social model of disability (Oliver 1983). In this definition “impairment” relates to an individual’s condition of mind, body or senses that results in an individual functional limitation; “disability” is the limitations imposed by a society that takes no account of people with impairments. So people with impairments are “disabled” by society. In this definition the term “people with disabilities” makes no sense.

Using the social model of disability allows us to consider how disabling barriers are not just physical barriers but are also attitudinal, systematic and institutionalised. Knowing that the barriers are socially created and operated means that we can tackle them at source rather than ignoring social barriers as incidental in the belief that the problem is with the individuals who are excluded. These barriers are present in areas as diverse as education, employment, leisure, transport, urban design, housing. One individual can encounter disabling barriers several times a day in all these spheres making disability a whole life experience.

The social model of disability allows us to recognise that the causes of disabling barriers in design are influenced by the broader social and cultural context. This enhances our insight into the ways in which disabled people are excluded by the built environment and poorly designed artefacts. In order to make best use of the social model of disability it is important to be clear about which limitations are caused by an individual’s impairment (difference in mind, senses or body) and which barriers are created by society. Disability is therefore a form of social oppression.

== '''Inclusive Design''' ==

The principles of inclusive design (also referred to as universal design) [http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653 http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653]

These provide a broad conceptual starting point for the underpinning ethos of inclusive design, however, there has been criticism that they are too vague to be applied practically in practice. The problems that occur in the built environment are complex and often interlinked. Isolating one individual element may allow the principles to be used, but when viewed as a larger picture issues beyond the designer’s control confound the principles.

These seven principles of universal, or inclusive, design are:

'''1 Equitable use'''

=== Definition ===

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

1a Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible, equivalent when not;

1b Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users;

1c Make provisions for privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users;

1d Make the design appealing to all users.

'''2 Flexibility in use'''

=== Definition ===

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

2a Provide choice in methods of use;

2b Accommodate right or left-handed access and use;

2c Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision;

2d Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.

'''3 Simple and intuitive'''

=== Definition ===

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experiences, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

=== Guidelines ===

3a Eliminate unnecessary complexity;

3b Be consistent with user expectations and intuition;

3c Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills;

3d Arrange information consistent with its importance;

3e Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.

'''4 Perceptible information'''

=== Definition ===

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

4a Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information;

4b Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings;

4c Maximise “legibility” of essential information;

4d Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions or directions);

4e Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.

'''5 Tolerance for error'''

=== Definition ===

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

=== Guidelines ===

5a Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded;

5b Provide warnings of hazards or errors;

5c Provide fail safe features;

5d Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

'''6 Low physical effort'''

=== Definition ===

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

=== Guidelines ===

6a Allow user to maintain a neutral body position;

6b Use reasonable operating forces;

6c Minimise repetitive actions;

6d Minimise sustained physical effort.

'''7 Size and space for approach and use'''

=== Definition ===

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

=== Guidelines ===

7a Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user;

7b Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user;

7c Accommodate variations in hand and grip size;

7d Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.

[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
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Inclusive design

2012-08-28T07:01:48Z

Profmgoo: Created page with "= '''What is inclusive design?''' = == '''Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people''' == If we are designing something for one particular person then w..."

= '''What is inclusive design?''' =

== '''Understanding the needs of, and design issues, relating to people''' ==

If we are designing something for one particular person then we can tailor it to suit exactly the needs and requirements of that person. However, if that person wants other people to be able to also use it then we need to design it to accommodate a greater variety of requirements since people come in a wide range of shapes, sizes, strengths of grip, dexterity, etc.

Historically many designers have tried to limit the range of people they design for, by either ignoring those people who fall outside the majority in the designer’s social group; designing it to fit the designer’s own shape; developing a standardised human form to fit their design – the mythical “universal man”; identifying the extent of sizes and then designing to fit 95% of those people within that range. For those people for whom these designs accommodate there has been little objection. Designers have not necessarily designed people out of their designs deliberately, more so the evolution of design principles has led to design to the “norm”.

Another option taken by designers of products has been to produce a variety of versions of the product in anticipation that one of the various sizes, shapes, or configurations will suit differing individuals. In the built environment this option is less successful since it is harder to produce a variety of options that are equal and attractive to use. It is easier to offer a range of seating options in a waiting area, than a variety of ways to enter the building, although on large frontages this can be achieved by careful placing of different types of doorways next to each other.

Ideally the designer would want to have user involvement in the design process. By engaging a range of users, hopefully a design will emerge that accommodates a wider range of people than one based solely on the designer’s own personal experience. But this requires easy access to a range of people and the time in which to debate the issues. Instead designers tend to refer to anthropometrics and ergonomic data (Adler 1999). These seldom have the range of users, instead identifying certain people as special cases to be treated differently, or ignoring them completely. They tend to adopt a medical model of disability approach, where those people who differ from the “average” are assumed to want to change themselves to fit, rather than the society accommodate their needs. The inclusive design approach is based on the social model where a clear distinction is made between an individual’s impairment and the disabling barriers that society creates.

== '''Social Model of Disability''' ==

As the result of discussion and debate people whose minds, bodies and senses do not match up to a perceived norm have identified barriers in society as the cause of disability (UPIAS 1976). The line of reasoning is that society is created and operates in a way that does not take into account those who do not meet the perceived norm and so excludes and thereby disables them. This interpretation of disability is termed the social model of disability (Oliver 1983). In this definition “impairment” relates to an individual’s condition of mind, body or senses that results in an individual functional limitation; “disability” is the limitations imposed by a society that takes no account of people with impairments. So people with impairments are “disabled” by society. In this definition the term “people with disabilities” makes no sense.

Using the social model of disability allows us to consider how disabling barriers are not just physical barriers but are also attitudinal, systematic and institutionalised. Knowing that the barriers are socially created and operated means that we can tackle them at source rather than ignoring social barriers as incidental in the belief that the problem is with the individuals who are excluded. These barriers are present in areas as diverse as education, employment, leisure, transport, urban design, housing. One individual can encounter disabling barriers several times a day in all these spheres making disability a whole life experience.

The social model of disability allows us to recognise that the causes of disabling barriers in design are influenced by the broader social and cultural context. This enhances our insight into the ways in which disabled people are excluded by the built environment and poorly designed artefacts. In order to make best use of the social model of disability it is important to be clear about which limitations are caused by an individual’s impairment (difference in mind, senses or body) and which barriers are created by society. Disability is therefore a form of social oppression.

== '''Inclusive Design''' ==

The principles of inclusive design (also referred to as universal design) [http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653 http://www.ncsu.edu/project/design-projects/udi/2011/05/09/newprinciplesposters/#more-653]

These provide a broad conceptual starting point for the underpinning ethos of inclusive design, however, there has been criticism that they are too vague to be applied practically in practice. The problems that occur in the built environment are complex and often interlinked. Isolating one individual element may allow the principles to be used, but when viewed as a larger picture issues beyond the designer’s control confound the principles.

These seven principles of universal, or inclusive, design are:

'''1 Equitable use'''

=== Definition ===

The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

1a Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible, equivalent when not;

1b Avoid segregating or stigmatising any users;

1c Make provisions for privacy, security, and safety equally available to all users;

1d Make the design appealing to all users.

'''2 Flexibility in use'''

=== Definition ===

The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

2a Provide choice in methods of use;

2b Accommodate right or left-handed access and use;

2c Facilitate the user’s accuracy and precision;

2d Provide adaptability to the user’s pace.

'''3 Simple and intuitive'''

=== Definition ===

Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experiences, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

=== Guidelines ===

3a Eliminate unnecessary complexity;

3b Be consistent with user expectations and intuition;

3c Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills;

3d Arrange information consistent with its importance;

3e Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.

'''4 Perceptible information'''

=== Definition ===

The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or user's sensory abilities.

=== Guidelines ===

4a Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information;

4b Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings;

4c Maximise “legibility” of essential information;

4d Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e. make it easy to give instructions or directions);

4e Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.

'''5 Tolerance for error'''

=== Definition ===

The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

=== Guidelines ===

5a Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded;

5b Provide warnings of hazards or errors;

5c Provide fail safe features;

5d Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

'''6 Low physical effort'''

=== Definition ===

The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

=== Guidelines ===

6a Allow user to maintain a neutral body position;

6b Use reasonable operating forces;

6c Minimise repetitive actions;

6d Minimise sustained physical effort.

'''7 Size and space for approach and use'''

=== Definition ===

Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

=== Guidelines ===

7a Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user;

7b Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user;

7c Accommodate variations in hand and grip size;

7d Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.

[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Planning_permission]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

User:Profmgoo

2012-08-27T12:43:55Z

Profmgoo:

Inclusive Design

Covering research, teaching, training and consultancy in the field of inclusive design I have championed for equality in the design of our built environment, both internally and externally.

Professor Marcus Ormerod, SURFACE Inclusive Design Research Centre at University of Salford

[http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centres/surface-inclusive-design-research-centre http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centres/surface-inclusive-design-research-centre]

User:Profmgoo

2012-08-27T12:37:03Z

Profmgoo: Created page with "Inclusive Design Professor Marcus Ormerod, SURFACE Inclusive Design Research Centre at University of Salford [http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centr..."

Inclusive Design

Professor Marcus Ormerod, SURFACE Inclusive Design Research Centre at University of Salford

[http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centres/surface-inclusive-design-research-centre http://www.salford.ac.uk/built-environment/research/research-centres/surface-inclusive-design-research-centre]