https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?feed=atom&target=O_lila&title=Special%3AContributions%2FO_lila 2026-04-27T12:36:02Z From Designing Buildings MediaWiki 1.17.4 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/User:O_lila 2012-12-14T15:44:32Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = Lilia Obletsova =<br /> <br /> ''lilia.obletsova at gmail dot com''<br /> <br /> Diploma in Architecture / Stage 5 - 2012/2013<br /> <br /> Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow School of Art</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/User:O_lila 2012-12-14T15:43:31Z

<p>O lila: Created page with &quot; = Lilia Obletsova = ''lilia.obletsova@gmail.com'' Diploma in Architecture / Stage 5 - 2012/2013 Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow School of Art&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> = Lilia Obletsova =<br /> <br /> ''lilia.obletsova@gmail.com''<br /> <br /> Diploma in Architecture / Stage 5 - 2012/2013<br /> <br /> Mackintosh School of Architecture, Glasgow School of Art</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T15:31:29Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> ( Cross-laminated timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight )<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction ''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited number of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics ''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:28:41Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> ( Cross-laminated timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight )<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction ''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics ''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:27:38Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> ( Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight ) <br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction ''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics ''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:25:40Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> '' Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight ''<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction ''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics ''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:Clt.png 2012-12-14T00:24:26Z

<p>O lila: uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;File:Clt.png&amp;quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:21:40Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction ''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics ''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:19:23Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.png|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction Using Cross-laminated Timber''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics of Cross-laminated Timber''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:Clt.png 2012-12-14T00:18:36Z

<p>O lila: Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</p> <hr /> <div>Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-14T00:09:56Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> = '''Definition and Use''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.JPG|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> = '''Sustainable Credentials''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, producing timber building components consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor panels '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber is best applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''Construction Using Cross-laminated Timber''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban areas as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks – the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the limited numbers of suppliers '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''Characteristics of Cross-laminated Timber''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, such as those used for a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''Procurement ''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, the lack of British or European standards for the material prevents its more active uptake. A rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''See Also''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' '''Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:Clt.JPG 2012-12-13T23:52:49Z

<p>O lila: uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;File:Clt.JPG&amp;quot;: background colour</p> <hr /> <div>Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-13T23:30:45Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Definition and Use&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''.<br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.JPG|RTENOTITLE]]<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Sustainable Credentials&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> *Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, wood consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''.<br /> *Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> *Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber has to be applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> *For construction to be sustainable, it has to provide a &quot;service&quot;, rather than a finished &quot;object&quot; '''(2, p.53)'''. Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Construction Using Cross-laminated Timber&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> *Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban ones as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> *However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks as well – such as the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the possibility of severe delays due to problems in the supply chain '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Characteristics of Cross-laminated Timber&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> *Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> *With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, e.g. of a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Procurement &lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> *Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, there is still an obstacle, as currently there are no British or European standards for the material. A further rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> *The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;See Also&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'''''&lt;b&gt; (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]&lt;/b&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-13T23:27:22Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Definition and Use&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''. <br /> <br /> [[File:Clt.JPG]]<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Sustainable Credentials&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making timber a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, wood consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''. <br /> <br /> Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, cross-laminated timber can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> <br /> Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, cross-laminated timber has to be applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> <br /> For construction to be sustainable, it has to provide a &quot;service&quot;, rather than a finished &quot;object&quot; '''(2, p.53)'''. Cross-laminated timber panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Construction using Cross-laminated Timber&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban ones as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> <br /> However, construction using cross-laminated timber entails certain risks as well – such as the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the possibility of severe delays due to problems in the supply chain '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Characteristics of Cross-laminated Timber&lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire. Cross-laminated timber outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in cross-laminated timber buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> Cross-laminated timber has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', cross-laminated timber buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of cross-laminated timber (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using cross-laminated timber may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> <br /> With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. Cross-laminated timber panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, cross-laminated timber panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, e.g. of a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> = '''&lt;u&gt;Procurement &lt;/u&gt;''' =<br /> <br /> Although the use of cross-laminated timber in the UK is growing, there is still an obstacle, as currently there are no British or European standards for the material. A further rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> <br /> The biggest producers and exporters of cross-laminated timber are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply timber such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing cross-laminated timber is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''. <br /> <br /> == '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;''' ==<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of cross-laminated timber is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK forests. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. cross-laminated timber, improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of cross-laminated timber from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;See Also&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> '''(1)''' Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(2)''' Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> '''(3) '''‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> '''(4)''' Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009) <br /> <br /> '''(5)''' ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> '''(6)''''' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(7)''' ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> '''(8)''' ''Edinburgh'''' Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> '''&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:Clt.JPG 2012-12-13T23:26:32Z

<p>O lila: uploaded a new version of &amp;quot;File:Clt.JPG&amp;quot;: dimensions</p> <hr /> <div>Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/File:Clt.JPG 2012-12-13T23:24:55Z

<p>O lila: Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</p> <hr /> <div>Cross-Laminated Timber panel: pre-fabricated, fire resistant, air-tight</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-13T23:11:51Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> '''&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;''' <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Definition and Use&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings '''(1)'''. <br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Sustainable Credentials&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> Trees absorb carbon dioxide during their growth and store it within until they decay or are burned, making [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Timber timber] a highly sustainable material. Furthermore, wood consumes 50% of the energy required to produce concrete and 1% of that needed to produce steel '''(2, p.54)'''. <br /> <br /> Provided that timber comes from a certified (preferably local) source and the glue is non-toxic, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] can be a highly [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_materials sustainable material]. Buildings can potentially store tens of tonnes of locked-in carbon inside their structure, significantly reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project.<br /> <br /> Unlike masonry, which limits the building’s height and leads to heavy, material-intensive construction, 12-storey buildings are possible with cross-laminated timber – using 135mm internal wall, 125mm external wall and 125mm thick floor '''(3)'''. Furthermore, buildings with increased timber content are generally lighter, which alleviates pressure on foundations and means that savings can be made by reducing their size. In fact, to avoid over-specification of the panels, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] has to be applied to large-scale medium- and high-rise projects '''(2, p.86)'''.<br /> <br /> For construction to be sustainable, it has to provide a &quot;service&quot;, rather than a finished &quot;object&quot; '''(2, p.53)'''. [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] panels are relatively small components that in the end of the building's life can be rearranged without losing their value. This can be an important step towards greater environmental responsibility and towards a more flexible building stock.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Construction&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] panel building system is a modern method of construction, one of the benefits of which is the quick erection on site. This is advantageous not only in rural locations, where workforce is limited, but in urban ones as well – where it is important to reduce noise and disruption.<br /> <br /> However, construction using [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] entails certain risks as well – such as the difficulty of absorbing late design changes, the necessity to work to tight tolerances and the possibility of severe delays due to problems in the supply chain '''(2, p.14)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Performance in a Fire&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> There is a conventional belief that timber buildings fail quicker in a fire[http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber . Cross-laminated timber] outperforms joists and studs by relying on the fire-retarding charring of the panels. The three-layer lamination can deliver a fire rating of F-30, while a five-layer lamination guarantees a rating of F-60 '''(4, p.12)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Structural Properties&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> Preventing the possibility of a progressive collapse is a challenge that can be easily overcome in [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] buildings. The panels can span in two directions, and so can be designed to act as cantilevers when support is removed '''(4, p.77)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Thermal Mass and Acoustic Properties&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] has a significantly higher density than timber frame (500 kg/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;) '''(2, p.14)''', which not only provides greater thermal mass, but offers acoustic advantages as well. Although apartments and terraces built using the modern methods of construction tend to suffer from acoustic transfer issues through party walls '''(2, p.14)''', [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] buildings have been shown to exceed statutory requirements '''(4, p.34)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Suitability for Low-Energy Construction&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> Among the requirements for low-energy buildings is high performance of the building fabric. Good thermal properties of [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] (λ = 0.13 W/mK) '''(5, p.8)''' help in minimising thermal bridges and enable structural elements to act as additional thermally resistant layers. However, unlike conventional timber frame, wall build-ups using [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] may lead to an increase in the overall thickness of the wall, while substantial amounts of external insulation are likely to necessitate an additional framework to support it.<br /> <br /> With a large proportion of manufacturing carried out off-site, quality control and precision are significantly improved, which makes thermal-bridge free and air-tight construction easier to achieve. [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] panels are air-tight on their own and do not require additional measures except for the correct detailing of the junctions '''(5, p.8)'''. Furthermore, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] panels are relatively easy to cut openings in without compromising structural properties, which helps with the integration of potentially bulky air ducts, e.g. of a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery (MVHR).<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Procurement &lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> Although the use of [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] in the UK is growing, there is still an obstacle, as currently there are no British or European standards for the material. A further rise in interest is expected once the standards are released in the near future '''(5, p.2)'''.<br /> <br /> The biggest producers and exporters of [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] are Austria, Switzerland and Germany, where local smallholdings supply [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Timber timber] such as spruce, larch and pine with strength gradings of C16 to C24 '''(5, p.5)'''. However, importing [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] is said to be expensive and it is believed that UK manufacture is required in order to establish an affordable price '''(6)'''. <br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Potential for Local Manufacture&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> The type and quality of the source timber used in the production of [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] is not too dissimilar to what is available in the UK [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Forests forests]. There is already some activity '''(7)''' aimed at establish­­­­ing local manufacture to use up the vast amounts of low-grade timber available. By re-engineering the natural product into a homogenous material, e.g. [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber], improved performance can be achieved, while also optimising the use of resources and minimising waste '''(2, p.73)'''. To establish the feasibility of local manufacture, structural testing of [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber cross-laminated timber] from local raw materials is currently being carried out by the Wood Products Innovation Gateway at the Edinburgh Napier University '''(8)'''.<br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;See Also&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> (1) Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’, [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> (2) Robert Hairstans, ''Off-site and Modern Methods of Timber Construction: a Sustainable Approach'', (TRADA Technology, UK, 2010)<br /> <br /> (3) ‘Worked Example - 12-storey Building of Cross-laminated Timber (Eurocode 5)’, (TRADA Technology, 2009)<br /> <br /> (4) Thompson, H. and Waugh, A., Weiss, K., and Wells, M. (eds.), ''A Process Revealed / Auf dem Holzweg'', (Murray &amp; Sorrell FUEL / Thames &amp; Hudson, Belgium, 2009) <br /> <br /> (5) ''‘Cross-Laminated Timber: Introduction for Specifiers’'', [TRADA Wood Information Sheet, WIS 2/3-61], (TRADA Technology, 2011)<br /> <br /> (6)'' Designed for Brettstapel - Scottish Housing Expo’'', (Brettstapel, 2010), &lt;[http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html http://www.brettstapel.org/Brettstapel/Home.html]&gt;, [Accessed on: 20 March 2012]<br /> <br /> (7) ''Binder-Jones - Press Release'' (Binder-Jones, 2012) &lt;[http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/ http://www.binder-jones.co.uk/]&gt; [Accessed on: 16 February 2012]<br /> <br /> (8) ''Edinburgh'''' Napier University: Wood Products Innovation Gateway'' (Edinburgh Napier University, 2012), &lt;[http://www.napier.ac.uk/ http://www.napier.ac.uk/] &gt;, [Accessed on: 15 February 2012]<br /> '''&lt;u&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''1).<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-12-13T22:52:11Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;Definition and Use&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber Cross-laminated timber] comes in panels that have an odd number of softwood plank layers stacked on top of each other at right angles and glued together under pressure. The panels come in widths of up to 3m, lengths of up to 16m and are typically 50-300mm thick. Walls, floors and roofs can be made out of pre-fabricated panels, reducing the time on site and delivering [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Whole-life_costs whole-life cost] savings (1). <br /> <br /> '''&lt;u&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/u&gt;'''<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T21:27:32Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T21:27:15Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div>There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:08:20Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:06:28Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:05:06Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:04:42Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:04:30Z

<p>O lila: Removed protection from &quot;Cross-laminated timber&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:03:58Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:02:40Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:02:08Z

<p>O lila: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Sustainability]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T19:00:58Z

<p>O lila: Protected &quot;Cross-laminated timber&quot; ([edit=author] (indefinite))</p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]<br /> [[Category:Sustainability]]<br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber_CLT 2012-11-04T18:48:59Z

<p>O lila: Created page with &quot; There is currently no text in this page. You can search for this page title in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> There is currently no text in this page. You can [[Special%3ASearch%2FCross-laminated%20timber|search for this page title]] in other pages, [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&amp;page=Cross-laminated_timber search the related logs], or [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Cross-laminated_timber&amp;action=edit edit this page].<br /> <br /> [[Category:Products_/_components]]<br /> [[Category:Sustainability]]<br /> [[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]</div>

O lila