Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

User:Jc8g08

2013-01-07T11:52:23Z

Jc8g08:

Name: Joseph Croxon<br/>Subject: Civil Engineering<br/>University: University Of Southampton<br/>Email: jc8g08@soton.ac.uk<br/><br/>At present I am about to start my final year of study at Southampton University on their Civil Engineering MEng degree programme. I hope to continue and improve in my studies and gain a 1st class masters degree which will hopefully allow me to continue my career and progress onto a graduate program. Thus continuing on the path towards my long term aim which is to become an ICE certified chartered engineer. Having previously taken a gap year to travel and decide upon my future career, I have a clear goal of where I would like to be in the future. I aim to gain chartership and through graduate program progression schemes and move into management and hopefully help the company improve upon its overseas success.

Engineering Experience:
<div>•Two week voluntary shadow placement – M4 Junction 11 Improvements (£40-60m) Construction of: an enlarged, signalised 4 lane gyratory; new over bridges over the M4 accommodating 4 traffic lanes in each direction; a new 2-way bus only lane; widening of an existing dual carriageway from 4 lanes to 6 lanes; a cable stayed bridge and other minor bridges; re-location of a motorway police station and HA maintenance depot.</div><div>• Six day working field course - National Constructionarium Education Centre . Section leader for construction of a scaled down versions of a bridge with end span of 5m and middle span of 10m, 2 concrete piers (3.4m high) and 2 steel pylons (3m high) with deck 1.5m wide (plywood). Our team were the first from Southampton University to successfully launch the two halves of the deck from each side, keeping overall completion on schedule.</div><div>•Manchester Metro Pollard St Compound (£80-100m). New 22 km twin metro link lines with 15 stops, refurbishment of approximately 80 bridges, and new 52m span viaduct.</div><div>•Wombwell & Foulstone ALC (£40-60m) New build school, combining two existing schools one on site. Extensive enabling section 278 Works. A one team integrated delivery team. Structural framework designed using Explore products. Designed in 3D with BIM coordination.</div><div>•Riverlight - St James (£20-40m) The construction of a new 2 storey basement box to Blocks A-F; including Bulk Excavation Secant piled wall, Bearing Piles, sheet piled wall, pile caps, basement slab, concrete insitu columns and walls and two insitu concrete suspended slabs.</div><div><br/></div>

Large scale solar thermal energy

2012-12-14T02:33:35Z

Jc8g08:

<div>
= Large Scale Solar Thermal =
</div>
= Background =

Solar thermal energy refers to the conversion of solar radiation to thermal energy for the heating of a working fluid. Small scale solar thermal collectors are used for the heating of swimming pools and heating systems, both for residential and commercial use. This occurs on a local self-providing scale as systems can often be fitted to existing buildings (Ecoliving, n.d.).

[[File:Essay 3.jpg|RTENOTITLE]]<br/>

Large scale solar thermal collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus the solar radiation; allowing much higher temperatures to be generated, a technology called Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). The temperatures generated can be used to produce electricity at an efficiency often between 30% and 40%, over 100 MW of power can then be produced by a single plant and transported for use elsewhere (Solar-Thermal, 2008).

= Why the sudden interest? =
*The European Union previously set targets to reach a 20% share of energy from renewable sources and a 30% reduction (from 1990 measured levels) in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. This provoked local governments into providing increased subsidies leading to renewable technologies accounting for 61% of new electricity generating capacity in the European Union (EU) in 2009 (European Commission, 2010). In order to meet these targets new legislation has allowed the import of electricity generated from renewable sources outside of the EU.<br/><br/>
*The population of Europe is almost 740million (Google, 2011) with an average energy consumption of 125 kWh per person per day (MacKay, 2008). This large demand will be difficult to maintain using the current transmission network combined with much of the generating capacity approaching the end of its working life (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).<br/><br/>
*The Union for the Mediterranean made the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) one of its six declared priorities. This includes the production of 20 GW of renewable generating capacity in the Mediterranean by 2020 (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).<br/><br/>
*The worlds Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) are looking for cleaner, more stable energy production than traditional oil and gas. This has led to international initiatives looking to take advantage of the residual solar potential as a solution to Europe’s sustainable energy demands (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010; Zickfeld & Wieland, 2012).

= The Potential =

The European commissions institute for Energy states that just 0.3% of the light falling on the Sahara and Middle East deserts provides enough energy to accommodate the current average European consumption (Figure 2) (Greenpeace International, 2009).

[[File:Essay 2.jpg|RTENOTITLE]]

The predicted 2050 electricity mix includes solar contributions of 25% from a concentration of plants in southern Europe and MENA. This results in Europe meeting its 2020 vision of CO<sub>2</sub> reductions and renewable energy input (Zickfeld & Wieland, 2012).

Europe has potential to receive 700 TWh/y from MENA with transmission losses reduced to 10-15% by 2050 (German Aerospace Center (DLR), 2006).

Organizations such as the DESERTEC Foundation (a global civil society initiative) have been set up to promote the industry and the global transition to renewable.

= The Supergrid =

The production and distribution of clean renewable energy from southern Europe and the MENA region requires the modernisation and expansion of the existing electricity distribution network. This has been described as the bottleneck standing in the way of massive expansion (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines will assist in the transportation of electricity produced in the MENA regions to the rest of Europe. HVDC cables spanning distances of 2,000km already exist in China showing transmission losses of 3 to 4 % per thousand kilometres (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).

The European Commission believe 200 billion Euros will have been devoted to energy transmission networks in the EU by 2020. This is partly due to the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive requiring EU countries to “take appropriate steps to develop transmission and distribution grid infrastructure, intelligent networks, storage facilities and the electricity system”. Although this is a large investment, it is justified by the predicted 20% increased costs of national solutions (EWEA, 2012; Europa, 2010).

The 2050 proposed solution using HVDC cables is shown below in Figure 3. The connections shown are concept locations used to indicate the electrical flow between countries.

[[File:Essay 1.jpg|RTENOTITLE]]<br/>

The 2011 communication of the European Commission on Smart Grids identified the rollout of smart grid technologies as a European infrastructure priority. Regional policy also states that 986.5 million Euros will be budgeted for the investment in Renewable energy: solar for the period of 2007-2013 (European Parliment, 2012).

= Current Operations & Near Future =

Spain is the world leader in the development of CSP technologies, currently capable of producing enough electricity to meet 4.1% of the nation’s demand over a period of 17hours (Solar Server, 2012). This was produced by 35 CSP plants which account for 1581 MW (Figure 4), accounting for 72.85% of global CSP production (EVWIND, 2012).

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="605" style="width:604px;"
|-
| nowrap="nowrap" colspan="3" style="width:604px;" |
'''CSP in operation'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''MW'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
'''% World'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Spain'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
1581

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
72.85

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Egypt'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Algeria'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Morocco'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Italy'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
5

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.23

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Others outside EUMENA'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
524.16

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
24.16

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''World Total'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''2170,16'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
|}

Figure 4 - Global CSP in operation (EVWIND, 2012)

In 2011 the DESERTEC Foundation evaluated and endorsed the TuNur 2 Gigawatt CSP project in Tunisia. This has received support from the Tunisian Government and expects to begin electricity export to 700,000 European households, by 2016 (DESERTEC, 2012; Yaros, 2012). Although it has been argued that the overall EU network needs improving if it is to meet its objectives, Imperial College London together with DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability studied the impact of TuNur on the European network and found no significant bottleneck preventing the electricity to be traded with the UK (Nur Energie Ltd., 2012). Morocco also plans to develop CSP, and plans to build 2,000 MW by 2020 with work on a 160 MW CSP plant commencing this year with a 2015 commission date (MASEN, 2010).

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="605" style="width:604px;"
|-
| nowrap="nowrap" colspan="3" style="width:604px;" |
'''CSP in construction'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''MW'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
'''% World'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Spain'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
774

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
27.27

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''UAE'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
100

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
3.52

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Others outside EUMENA'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
1963.5

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
69.21

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''World Total'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''2837.5'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
|}

Figure 5 - Global CSP in construction (EVWIND, 2012)

= CSP in the future =

The near future for large scale thermal for Europe is uncertain. The technology concerned is mature and advanced enough to meet the demands required by the EU 2020 vision. Yet the current European transmission network will need to be improved in order to develop investments promoting Euro-Mediterranean-MENA electricity trading. Spain continues its market lead but could be outdone by areas outside EUMENA (Figure 5). It is important that the development of MENA states CSP plants co-inside with the improvements made to the European grid to allow excess CSP to be utilized by Europe. Most countries have targets set at a 2020 goal in sync with the EU 2020 targets, for these to be achieved the construction of CSP facilities and infrastructure across the Mediterranean and MENA needs to commence immediately. Political instability and unrest is also a key restraint on the development of CSP. Negotiations will need to be developed between states both north and south of the Mediterranean; these could be encouraged through European policy and renewable energy objectives. With the infrastructure and correct legal framework put in place, the immediate potential for large scale thermal for Europe can be reached, creating a greener future for the economies of MENA and the EU.<br/>

<br/>Works Cited

DESERTEC. (2012). ''DESERTEC Foundation Flyer.'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from DESERTEC Foundation: [http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/desertec_foundation_flyer_en.pdf http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/desertec_foundation_flyer_en.pdf]

DESERTEC Foundation. (2009). ''Clean Power From Deserts.'' Bonn: Protext Verlag.

Ecoliving. (n.d.). ''Tap into the sun's energy and heat your water virtually for FREE?'' Retrieved November 7, 2012, from Ecolivinguk: [http://www.ecolivinguk.com/solar-panels/solar-thermal/ http://www.ecolivinguk.com/solar-panels/solar-thermal/]

Europa. (2010, June 24). ''Information on investment projects in energy infrastructure''. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Europa - Summaries of EU Legislation: [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/european_energy_policy/en0023_en.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/european_energy_policy/en0023_en.htm]

European Commission. (2010, May 26). ''Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage.'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from EUR - Lex Access to European Union law: [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0265:EN:NOT http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0265:EN:NOT]

European Parliment. (2012, May). ''Infrastructure for renewable energies: A factor of loacal and regional development.'' Retrieved November 07, 2012, from Europes Energy Portal: [http://www.energy.eu/publications/Infrastructure-for-renewable-energies.pdf http://www.energy.eu/publications/Infrastructure-for-renewable-energies.pdf]

EVWIND. (2012, August 16). ''Spain has 72% of global concentrating solar thermal power''. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from REVE (Revista Eólica y del Vehículo Eléctrico): [http://www.evwind.es/2012/08/16/spain-has-72-of-global-concentrating-solar-thermal-power/21740/ http://www.evwind.es/2012/08/16/spain-has-72-of-global-concentrating-solar-thermal-power/21740/]

EWEA. (2012, May 26). ''The Renewable Energy Directive - a close up.'' Retrieved November 10, 2012, from EWEA (European Wind Energy Association): [http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/00_POLICY_document/RES_Directive_special.pdf http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/ewea_documents/documents/00_POLICY_document/RES_Directive_special.pdf]

German Aerospace Center (DLR). (2006). ''Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power.'' DLR.

Google. (2011). ''Google Search - 'Population Europe'''. Retrieved November 7, 2012, from Google: www.google.com

Graham-Rowe, D. (2010, April 27). ''Can the Sahara light up Europe with solar power?'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Guardian Environment Network: [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/apr/27/sahara-europe-solar-power http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/apr/27/sahara-europe-solar-power]

Greenpeace International. (2009). ''Concentrating Solar Power Outlook 2009.'' Amsterdam: Greenpeace International.

MacKay, D. J. (2008, November 3). ''Sustainable Energy — without the hot air.'' Retrieved November 7, 2012, from withouthotair: [http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/sewtha.pdf http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/book/tex/sewtha.pdf]

MASEN. (2010). ''Moroccan Solar Plan - Presentation''. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy: [http://www.masen.org.ma/index.php?Id=42&lang=en#/_ http://www.masen.org.ma/index.php?Id=42&lang=en#/_]

Nur Energie Ltd. (2012, June 10). ''Press Releases.'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Nur Energie: [http://www.nurenergie.com/index.php/news/73/66/Nur-Energie-Launches-Bid-to-Make-Clean-Sahara-Sun-Power-Available-to-British-Homes http://www.nurenergie.com/index.php/news/73/66/Nur-Energie-Launches-Bid-to-Make-Clean-Sahara-Sun-Power-Available-to-British-Homes]

Solar Server. (2012, August 28). ''Protermosolar: Spanish CSP plants set new record in meeting Spanish electricity demand''. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Solar Server: Online Portal to Solar Energy: [http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2012/kw35/ http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2012/kw35/]

Solar-Thermal. (2008). ''An Industry Report on Solar Thermal Energy.'' Retrieved Novermber 07, 2012, from Solar Thermal: [http://www.solar-thermal.com/solar-thermal.pdf http://www.solar-thermal.com/solar-thermal.pdf]

Werenfels, I., & Westphal, K. (2010). ''Solar Power from North Africa.'' Berlin: German Institute for Internation and Security Affairs.

Yaros, B. (2012, February 08). ''Solar Power Initiative Could Make Tunisia Power Source for Europe''. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Tunisia Live: [http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/02/08/solar-power-initiative-could-make-tunisia-power-source-for-europe/ http://www.tunisia-live.net/2012/02/08/solar-power-initiative-could-make-tunisia-power-source-for-europe/]

Zickfeld, F., & Wieland, A. (2012). ''Desert Power 2050.'' Munich: Dii GmbH.

[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Large scale solar thermal energy

2012-12-14T02:31:50Z

Jc8g08: Created page with "<div> = Large Scale Solar Thermal = </div> = Background = Solar thermal energy refers to the conversion of solar radiation to thermal energy for the heating of a working fluid. ..."

<div>
= Large Scale Solar Thermal =
</div>
= Background =

Solar thermal energy refers to the conversion of solar radiation to thermal energy for the heating of a working fluid. Small scale solar thermal collectors are used for the heating of swimming pools and heating systems, both for residential and commercial use. This occurs on a local self-providing scale as systems can often be fitted to existing buildings (Ecoliving, n.d.).

[[File:Essay 3.jpg|RTENOTITLE]]<br/>

Large scale solar thermal collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus the solar radiation; allowing much higher temperatures to be generated, a technology called Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). The temperatures generated can be used to produce electricity at an efficiency often between 30% and 40%, over 100 MW of power can then be produced by a single plant and transported for use elsewhere (Solar-Thermal, 2008).

= Why the sudden interest? =
*The European Union previously set targets to reach a 20% share of energy from renewable sources and a 30% reduction (from 1990 measured levels) in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020. This provoked local governments into providing increased subsidies leading to renewable technologies accounting for 61% of new electricity generating capacity in the European Union (EU) in 2009 (European Commission, 2010). In order to meet these targets new legislation has allowed the import of electricity generated from renewable sources outside of the EU.<br/><br/>
*The population of Europe is almost 740million (Google, 2011) with an average energy consumption of 125 kWh per person per day (MacKay, 2008). This large demand will be difficult to maintain using the current transmission network combined with much of the generating capacity approaching the end of its working life (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).<br/><br/>
*The Union for the Mediterranean made the Mediterranean Solar Plan (MSP) one of its six declared priorities. This includes the production of 20 GW of renewable generating capacity in the Mediterranean by 2020 (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).<br/><br/>
*The worlds Countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA region) are looking for cleaner, more stable energy production than traditional oil and gas. This has led to international initiatives looking to take advantage of the residual solar potential as a solution to Europe’s sustainable energy demands (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010; Zickfeld & Wieland, 2012).

= The Potential =

The European commissions institute for Energy states that just 0.3% of the light falling on the Sahara and Middle East deserts provides enough energy to accommodate the current average European consumption (Figure 2) (Greenpeace International, 2009).

[[File:Essay 2.jpg|RTENOTITLE]]

The predicted 2050 electricity mix includes solar contributions of 25% from a concentration of plants in southern Europe and MENA. This results in Europe meeting its 2020 vision of CO<sub>2</sub> reductions and renewable energy input (Zickfeld & Wieland, 2012).

Europe has potential to receive 700 TWh/y from MENA with transmission losses reduced to 10-15% by 2050 (German Aerospace Center (DLR), 2006).

Organizations such as the DESERTEC Foundation (a global civil society initiative) have been set up to promote the industry and the global transition to renewable.

= The Supergrid =

The production and distribution of clean renewable energy from southern Europe and the MENA region requires the modernisation and expansion of the existing electricity distribution network. This has been described as the bottleneck standing in the way of massive expansion (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission lines will assist in the transportation of electricity produced in the MENA regions to the rest of Europe. HVDC cables spanning distances of 2,000km already exist in China showing transmission losses of 3 to 4 % per thousand kilometres (Werenfels & Westphal, 2010).

The European Commission believe 200 billion Euros will have been devoted to energy transmission networks in the EU by 2020. This is partly due to the 2009 EU Renewable Energy Directive requiring EU countries to “take appropriate steps to develop transmission and distribution grid infrastructure, intelligent networks, storage facilities and the electricity system”. Although this is a large investment, it is justified by the predicted 20% increased costs of national solutions (EWEA, 2012; Europa, 2010).

The 2050 proposed solution using HVDC cables is shown below in Figure 3. The connections shown are concept locations used to indicate the electrical flow between countries.

[[File:Essay 1.jpg]]<br/>

The 2011 communication of the European Commission on Smart Grids identified the rollout of smart grid technologies as a European infrastructure priority. Regional policy also states that 986.5 million Euros will be budgeted for the investment in Renewable energy: solar for the period of 2007-2013 (European Parliment, 2012).

<br/>

= Current Operations & Near Future =

Spain is the world leader in the development of CSP technologies, currently capable of producing enough electricity to meet 4.1% of the nation’s demand over a period of 17hours (Solar Server, 2012). This was produced by 35 CSP plants which account for 1581 MW (Figure 4), accounting for 72.85% of global CSP production (EVWIND, 2012).

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="605" style="width:604px;"
|-
| nowrap="nowrap" colspan="3" style="width:604px;" |
'''CSP in operation'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''MW'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
'''% World'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Spain'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
1581

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
72.85

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Egypt'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Algeria'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Morocco'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
20

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.92

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Italy'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
5

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
0.23

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Others outside EUMENA'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
524.16

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
24.16

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''World Total'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''2170,16'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
|}

Figure 4 - Global CSP in operation (EVWIND, 2012)

In 2011 the DESERTEC Foundation evaluated and endorsed the TuNur 2 Gigawatt CSP project in Tunisia. This has received support from the Tunisian Government and expects to begin electricity export to 700,000 European households, by 2016 (DESERTEC, 2012; Yaros, 2012). Although it has been argued that the overall EU network needs improving if it is to meet its objectives, Imperial College London together with DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability studied the impact of TuNur on the European network and found no significant bottleneck preventing the electricity to be traded with the UK (Nur Energie Ltd., 2012). Morocco also plans to develop CSP, and plans to build 2,000 MW by 2020 with work on a 160 MW CSP plant commencing this year with a 2015 commission date (MASEN, 2010).

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="605" style="width:604px;"
|-
| nowrap="nowrap" colspan="3" style="width:604px;" |
'''CSP in construction'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''MW'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
'''% World'''

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Spain'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
774

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
27.27

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''UAE'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
100

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
3.52

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''Others outside EUMENA'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
1963.5

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
69.21

|-
| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:167px;" |
'''World Total'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:206px;" |
'''2837.5'''

| nowrap="nowrap" style="width:230px;" |
|}

Figure 5 - Global CSP in construction (EVWIND, 2012)

= Conclusion =

The near future for large scale thermal for Europe is uncertain. The technology concerned is mature and advanced enough to meet the demands required by the EU 2020 vision. Yet the current European transmission network will need to be improved in order to develop investments promoting Euro-Mediterranean-MENA electricity trading. Spain continues its market lead but could be outdone by areas outside EUMENA (Figure 5). It is important that the development of MENA states CSP plants co-inside with the improvements made to the European grid to allow excess CSP to be utilized by Europe. Most countries have targets set at a 2020 goal in sync with the EU 2020 targets, for these to be achieved the construction of CSP facilities and infrastructure across the Mediterranean and MENA needs to commence immediately. Political instability and unrest is also a key restraint on the development of CSP. Negotiations will need to be developed between states both north and south of the Mediterranean; these could be encouraged through European policy and renewable energy objectives. With the infrastructure and correct legal framework put in place, the immediate potential for large scale thermal for Europe can be reached, creating a greener future for the economies of MENA and the EU.<br/>

<br/>Works Cited

DESERTEC. (2012). ''DESERTEC Foundation Flyer.'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from DESERTEC Foundation: [http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/desertec_foundation_flyer_en.pdf http://www.desertec.org/fileadmin/downloads/desertec_foundation_flyer_en.pdf]

DESERTEC Foundation. (2009). ''Clean Power From Deserts.'' Bonn: Protext Verlag.

Ecoliving. (n.d.). ''Tap into the sun's energy and heat your water virtually for FREE?'' Retrieved November 7, 2012, from Ecolivinguk: [http://www.ecolivinguk.com/solar-panels/solar-thermal/ http://www.ecolivinguk.com/solar-panels/solar-thermal/]

Europa. (2010, June 24). ''Information on investment projects in energy infrastructure''. Retrieved November 08, 2012, from Europa - Summaries of EU Legislation: [http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/european_energy_policy/en0023_en.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/european_energy_policy/en0023_en.htm]

European Commission. (2010, May 26). ''Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage.'' Retrieved November 08, 2012, from EUR - Lex Access to European Union law: [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0265:EN:NOT http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0265:EN:NOT]

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[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

File:Essay 1.jpg

2012-12-14T02:25:41Z

Jc8g08: uploaded a new version of "File:Essay 1.jpg"

Desertec EU pic

File:Essay 3.jpg

2012-12-14T02:24:17Z

Jc8g08: Europe's 1st commercial CS tower

Europe's 1st commercial CS tower

File:Essay 2.jpg

2012-12-14T02:22:24Z

Jc8g08: CSP potential

CSP potential

File:Essay 1.jpg

2012-12-14T02:18:14Z

Jc8g08: Desertec EU pic

Desertec EU pic

User:Jc8g08

2012-12-14T01:55:57Z

Jc8g08: Created page with " At present I am about to start my final year of study at Southampton University on their Civil Engineering MEng degree programme. I hope to continue and improve in my studies a..."

At present I am about to start my final year of study at Southampton University on their Civil Engineering MEng degree programme. I hope to continue and improve in my studies and gain a 1st class masters degree which will hopefully allow me to continue my career and progress onto a graduate program. Thus continuing on the path towards my long term aim which is to become an ICE certified chartered engineer. Having previously taken a gap year to travel and decide upon my future career, I have a clear goal of where I would like to be in the future. I aim to gain chartership and through graduate program progression schemes and move into management and hopefully help the company improve upon its overseas success.
Engineering Experience:
<div>•Two week voluntary shadow placement – M4 Junction 11 Improvements (£40-60m) Construction of: an enlarged, signalised 4 lane gyratory; new over bridges over the M4 accommodating 4 traffic lanes in each direction; a new 2-way bus only lane; widening of an existing dual carriageway from 4 lanes to 6 lanes; a cable stayed bridge and other minor bridges; re-location of a motorway police station and HA maintenance depot. </div><div>• Six day working field course - National Constructionarium Education Centre . Section leader for construction of a scaled down versions of a bridge with end span of 5m and middle span of 10m, 2 concrete piers (3.4m high) and 2 steel pylons (3m high) with deck 1.5m wide (plywood). Our team were the first from Southampton University to successfully launch the two halves of the deck from each side, keeping overall completion on schedule. </div><div>•Manchester Metro Pollard St Compound (£80-100m). New 22 km twin metro link lines with 15 stops, refurbishment of approximately 80 bridges, and new 52m span viaduct.</div><div>•Wombwell & Foulstone ALC (£40-60m) New build school, combining two existing schools one on site. Extensive enabling section 278 Works. A one team integrated delivery team. Structural framework designed using Explore products. Designed in 3D with BIM coordination.</div><div>•Riverlight - St James (£20-40m) The construction of a new 2 storey basement box to Blocks A-F; including Bulk Excavation Secant piled wall, Bearing Piles, sheet piled wall, pile caps, basement slab, concrete insitu columns and walls and two insitu concrete suspended slabs.</div><div><br/></div>