Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Spelga dam

2022-10-03T14:35:07Z

JC5: Created page with "Spelga Dam ground investigation failure (movement during construction) Spelga Dam in the Mourne Mountains (South of Belfast) in Northern Ireland was under construction and start..."

Spelga Dam ground investigation failure (movement during construction)

Spelga Dam in the Mourne Mountains (South of Belfast) in Northern Ireland was under construction and started to move. All construction stopped for a year while it was fully investigated why the new dam was moving. The dam was needed to supply fresh wholesome water to the growing city of Belfast.

It turned out that the dam was being constructed on top of a “mother boulder” as described in the report conducted by the Structural Engineers at the time. All work was stopped and the boulder and clay underneath it was removed before the dam started again on top of the actual bedrock of the valley.

This was the last time explosives had been used in peacetime before the troubles/terrorism and it led to the creation of the Structural engineers institute of Ireland which did not exist.

This information was taken from the Structural Engineers IstructE and the ICE journals at the time and can be found on their respective websites.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Constraints on construction projects

2019-05-16T04:53:49Z

JC5:

= Introduction =

A constraint is a condition, agency or force that impedes progress towards an objective or goal.

There are a number of different types of constraint that can affect construction projects.

Constraints should be identified, and described in as much detail as possible during the early stages of a project, so that awareness of them and their potential impact can be managed. This includes understanding the dynamics of the project and how different constraints interrelate, as well as being clear about any potential risks and who is responsible for them.

= Design constraints =

Design constraints are factors that limit the range of potential design solutions that can be adopted. In the early stage of a project only some of these constraints may be known, while others become apparent as the design progresses.

Design constraints may be inherent in the type of building required, or the site, or they may be imposed by the client or a third party.

Design constraints could include (among many others):

* Available technology, skills, plant, materials, labour and so on.
* The budget.
* Specific performance requirements.
* Site form, boundaries, conditions and neighbouring properties.
* Site access, rights of way, rights to light and so on.
* Local infrastructure.
* Planning and building regulations restrictions.
* Completion date.
* Local climatic conditions.

It is often argued that design constraints are actually helpful in the development of a design, as they limit the number of feasible options and point towards an obvious solution. In the absence of an constraints at all, it can be difficult to know where to start, or to justify developing one particular solution in preference to others.

= Technical constraints =

Technical constraints generally refer to the processes involved in completing construction activities, and are often based on the practicality of building methods and standards. For example, in constructing a foundation, the site must be levelled before excavation can take place; then formwork and reinforcement can be placed before concrete is poured. Each task must be completed before the next can begin; therefore each task acts as a constraint on the next task.

Other technical constrains may relate to construction tolerances, space required for builders work, available storage or handling areas, site access routes, co-ordination of services and so on.

All these constraints will be linked to safety, health, and meeting building regulations and control needs, alongside the clients needs and any architectural aspects. Some will be very small and meaningless to some but can have a huge impact such as a floor covering, with a height of 25mm, which could mean the stairs will not work and you will need a new set of stairs to account for the extra 25mm of floor covering. Or the balustrades, which should have no opening larger than 100mm so a babies head cannot fit through and the client wants to use steel wire with 200mm gap, requiring complete redesign.

= Economic constraints =

Economic constraints relate to the project budget and the allocation of resources. If the budget is inadequate, or is allocated inappropriately, then it can have a negative impact on the success of the project in terms of quality, safety, functionality and performance.

Construction projects are generally a balance between time, cost and quality. A change in one will impact on the other two.

Economic constraints relate not just to the overall budget, but also to the cash flow through the supply chain. Clients must have available funds to pay for works as they proceed, and prompt payments must be made through the contractual chain. Cash flow is one of the main causes of bankruptcy in the construction industry, and having to find new contractors, subcontractors or suppliers part way through a project can cause very significant delays and additional costs.

Wider economic constraints may also apply, such as the availability of a local workforce, the level of competition between consultants, contractors and other suppliers, rules on taxation and so on.

= Management constraints =

These can include particular shift patterns, overtime requirements, resource allocation between projects, safety procedures, working practices, environmental and social policies, agreements with unions and so on.

= Legal constraints =

Legal constraints refer to the many regulations that the activities and practices on a construction project must comply with. These most commonly relate to employment law, safety requirements, planning and building regulations requirements, environmental requirements, and so on.

Complying with legal requirements can be very time consuming and requires a thorough understanding of complex, often bureaucratic procedures. However, failure to comply can have a considerable negative impact on a project, both in terms of delay, financial penalties, remedial works and even possible criminal proceedings.

The 2 big laws are Town and country planning and Building Regulations. Any building must first gain plannning permission and meet certain criteria for approval and planners can apply restrictions and ask for improvments to gain permission. With building regulations, we have a set of "Approved Documents" which set out in detail a mix of prescribed and performance standards that the finished building must comply with. When compliance is reached a certificate is issed and the building owner can then get insurance on the building.

See Construction industry legislation and standards for more information.

= Time constraints =

These include key dates on the project schedule or project milestones. Conforming with these dates is generally very important in terms of the overall project completion date, and penalties may be applied for failure to meet agreed dates.

However, where there are delays that are not the contractor's fault, they may be granted an extension of time, pushing agreed dates back. See extension of time for more information.

Contracts can specify the earliest date on which a task should be completed (‘no earlier than’); the date by which a task should be completed (‘no later than’); and the exact date on which a task must be completed (‘on this date’). Phased projects may include multiple start and completion dates.

Other time constraints may be imposed by third parties, such as; planning permission expiry dates, or the need to start or complete work before changes in legislation come into force (such as changes to the building regulations).

= Environmental constraints =

Environmental constraints include limiting factors concerning:

* The use of sustainable or hazardous materials.
* Energy consumption and carbon emissions
* Air, water or ground pollution or contamination.
* Waste and water management.
* Noise, vibration, and dust.
* Traffic and transport.
* Preservation of ecology.
* Resilience to climate change.
* Design for deconstruction and disposal.

These can often overlap with legal constraints, but additional requirements may be set out in client environmental policies.

= Social constraints =

Social constraints include factors that may arise as a result of wider interest in or opposition to a project. Public concern and media pressure can often impose greater scrutiny and tighter constraints on a project, and can sometimes result in major alterations to the original plans.

These kinds of constraints on the part of the public are often labelled as ‘not in my backyard’, or ‘nimbyism’.

Projects funded using public money are often subject to social constraints, as there tends to be greater interest in cost escalations, delays and so on, such as in the case of high speed 2 (HS2), or London’s Garden Bridge proposal which have caused much controversy.

See stakeholders and consultation process for more information.

= Third parties =

Not every aspect of a project is within the direct control of the client or their project team. Every project is dependent to some extent on third parties. It is important that these third party dependencies are identified and that their potential impacts are understood, quantified and managed.

Third party dependencies may include; central and local government, neighbours, other dependent projects, unions, statutory authorities, statutory undertakers, the supply market and so on.

See: Third party dependencies for more information.

= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

* Consultation process.
* Design and access statement.
* Design process.
* Environmental impact assessment EIA.
* Feasibility studies.
* Project management.
* Risk management.
* Risk register.
* Stakeholder map.
* Stakeholder management.
* Sustainability.
* Third party dependencies.
* Value management.

[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Design]]

Empire State Building, New York

2018-10-23T23:51:34Z

JC5:

[[Building_of_the_week_series|See the rest of the Building of the Week series here.]]

[[File:Empirestate2.jpg|link=File:Empirestate2.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The Empire State Building, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, is one of the most iconic skyscrapers in the world. Standing at 381 m tall, (total height with spire - 443 m), it held the title of world’s tallest building from 1931 to 1971, and today remains the fourth-tallest building in the United States.

It is particularly distinctive for its art deco design, typical of pre-World War II architecture in New York, together with a series of steps in its profile that cause it to taper with height.

As a cultural icon, the Empire State Building has been featured in numerous works of film, TV and art, and was named one of the seven wonders of the modern world by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

= Design and construction =

Legend has it that the building originated from a competition between Walter Chrysler of the Chrysler Corporation and John Jakob Raskob of General Motors to see who could build the tallest skyscraper. Chrysler began work on the Chrysler Building in Midtown Manhattan, and so Raskob chose the architecture firm Shreve, Lamb and Harmon Associates to design a building that would surpass it.

The design was said to have been based on a pencil, with 85 storeys of commercial and office space. The 86th floor houses an indoor and outdoor observation deck, and the 16 storeys above form the art deco tower, topped by an observatory on the 102nd floor. It was the first building in the world to exceed 100 floors. The building has a total of 73 elevators located in a central core. The spire was added to ensure its total height was greater than the Chrysler Building and this was later converted into a broadcast tower for TV and radio.

It was built using a hot riveted steel frame. This means the joints are stronger than any weld or bolt, as the hot rivets apply pressure between the two surfaces.

[[File:Empire_state1.jpg|link=File:Empire_state1.jpg]]The building is also notable for its very swift construction; the entire structure took less than 14 months to build. At any one time the project employed up to 3,400 workers which was seen as a proud symbol of productivity in the midst of the Great Depression.

Built by Starrett Brothers (a family firm, that exists in a large multinational builder today), who had prior experience form the military, brining with them that experience, knowledge and insight and applying it to the vagaries of construction at the time. Especially planning and teamwork. First use of gantt charts in construction. These are facts on records set:

# Tallest building in the world at the time
# 410 days to complete
# 7,000,000 person-hours
# 3,400 concurrent workers at peak
# 5 deaths (considering the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21lWZnjap8o working conditions] it’s amazing there weren’t more)
# $25M construction cost (in 1931 dollars)
# 47 tasks on the plan (66 if you include sub-tasks)
# Completed on time and under budget
# 83 years later it is still fully operational ([https://stevenrhamilton.wordpress.com/2014/11/21/how-does-your-project-plan-compare/ https://stevenrhamilton.wordpress.com/2014/11/21/how-does-your-project-plan-compare/])

[[File:Empiregantt.jpg]]

= Post-completion =

The building was officially opened on 1st May 1931 by President Herbert Hoover. Despite its recognition as an architectural triumph, the building’s rentable space remained largely empty for several years, which led to New Yorkers dubbing it the ‘Empty State Building’. It was only in 1950, as the United States began to experience renewed economic prosperity, that the building became profitable.

In 1945, the building was hit by a B-25 bomber plane in heavy fog, which caused a fire and killed 14 people.

Culturally, the building is an icon, largely as a result of its appearance in the 1933 film ‘King Kong’ in which the eponymous ape scales the building whilst being attacked by fighter planes.

In 1965, floodlights were added and the spire is illuminated regularly on special occasions.

In 2009, a $106 million energy efficiency retrofit project began, which succeeded in transforming the building into one of the most sustainable in the world. The retrofit included upgrades to mechanical electrical and plumbing (MEP) systems and the replacement of all 6,514 windows with units that have 400% more thermal efficiency than normal dual pane windows. In 2011 it became the tallest building to be awarded a gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating certificate.

Today, the Empire State Building remains a popular tourist attraction, with 360-degree views of Manhattan from the 86th floor observation deck.

= Project data =

* Address: 350 5th Avenue, Manhattan, New York City, USA
* Construction started: 1930
* Completed: 1931
* Height: 443.2 m
* Floors: 103
* Floor area: 208,879 m2
* Architect: Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
* Main contractor: Starrett Brothers and Eken
* Construction cost: $40,948,900
* Owner: Empire State Realty Trust

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the world.
* 9 of the world’s most impressive structures.
* Art Deco.
* Building of the week series.
* Buildings in film.
* CN Tower.
* Flatiron Building.
* Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
* New York Horizon.
* Nexus.
* One World Trade Center.
* Petronas Twin Towers.
* Rockefeller Center.
* Shanghai Tower.
* Skyscraper.
* Tallest buildings in the world.
* The Gherkin.
* The history of fabric structures.
* The Shard.
* Trump Tower New York.

=== External references ===

* Empire State Building - [http://www.esbnyc.com/ Official site]
* Skyscraper Center - [http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/empire-state-building/261 Empire State Building]

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

File:Empiregantt.jpg

2018-10-23T23:50:00Z

JC5: Gantt chart for Empire State building New York 1930

Gantt chart for Empire State building New York 1930

Mosul dam, Iraq

2018-10-23T23:24:18Z

JC5: Created page with "This dam is notable as it is founded on gypsum, a water soluble rock, typically used in plasterboard the world over. News reports in 2017 covered the fact that the dam needed pe..."

This dam is notable as it is founded on gypsum, a water soluble rock, typically used in plasterboard the world over.

News reports in 2017 covered the fact that the dam needed permanent maintenance to replace the gypsum rock with concrete and that had not been completed due to ISIS terrorists in the area. Leading to the headline

"Mosul Dam could collapse at any minute 'killing 1.5 million people'

Huge Saddam Hussein-era dam near Isis territory is unstable, experts warn, with even a partial breach capable of causing flooding as far away as Baghdad "

[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mosul-dam-breach-fail-northern-iraq-isis-kill-million-nuclear-catastrophe-engineers-risk-a7510686.html https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mosul-dam-breach-fail-northern-iraq-isis-kill-million-nuclear-catastrophe-engineers-risk-a7510686.html]

Built by Saddam Hussein to supply water, the costs of removing gypsum and replacing it would be too high so an engineered approach was taken, requiring a permanent team of maintenance workers constantly replacing and repairing the dam.

impact of floods reports available at [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mosul-dam-breach-fail-northern-iraq-isis-kill-million-nuclear-catastrophe-engineers-risk-a7510686.html https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mosul-dam-breach-fail-northern-iraq-isis-kill-million-nuclear-catastrophe-engineers-risk-a7510686.html]

[https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/video-grouting-outlet-tunnels-on-the-mosul-dam-project/10033079.article https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/video-grouting-outlet-tunnels-on-the-mosul-dam-project/10033079.article] - includes video

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

NatWest Tower

2018-06-06T12:15:17Z

JC5: Created page with "The wiki page is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_42] The Towers website is: [http://www.tower42.com/ http://www.tower42.com/] == Ver..."

The wiki page is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_42 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_42]

The Towers website is: [http://www.tower42.com/ http://www.tower42.com/]

== Verticality of Natwest Tower ==

According to [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2NArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR2&dq=clancy+surveying&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjczYmJgb_bAhVMmbQKHSKqC_8Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=clancy%20surveying&f=false Clancy], the Natwest tower is no more than 5mm out of plumb or vertical line. (This page is created to add this info and the entire page needs work.)

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Cash flow in construction

2018-02-20T14:14:41Z

JC5:

To help develop this article, click 'Edit this article' above

= Client cash flow =

The cash flow sets out when costs will be incurred and how much they will amount to during the life of the project.

Predicting cash flow is important in order to ensure that an appropriate level of funding is in place and that suitable draw-down facilities are available.

Until the main contractor has been appointed, cash flow projections are likely to be based only on agreed fee payment schedules for consultants and a simple division of the construction cost over the likely construction period (or perhaps an allocation of construction cost over an s-curve distribution). It is only when the main contractor is appointed, a master programme prepared and some form of payment schedule agreed that cash flow projections become reliable.

Cash flow projections may be affected by the need for the early purchase of long-lead time items or by items that the client may wish to purchase that are outside of the main contract (such as furniture or equipment).

= Contractor cash flow =

Contractors have to have money coming in to pay suppliers and subcontractors and for the day to day running of the business. Carillions cash flow was very low, leading to their liquidation ([http://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/carillion-collapse-latest-stock-market-shares-investment-pfi-public-sector-government-contracts-a8166501.html http://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/carillion-collapse-latest-stock-market-shares-investment-pfi-public-sector-government-contracts-a8166501.html]). At the start of any contract a payment scheme or table is drawn and agreed with the client or Clients side Quantity Surveyor eg:[[File:Value drawdown payments chart agreed with client.PNG]]

( Brook, M., 2016. Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work. 5th Edition. ed. Taylor & Francis.)

= Supply chain cash flow =

Cash flow is also an issue for the construction supply chain, and is a common reason for contractors and sub-contractors becoming insolvent. This can be catastrophic for a project in terms of time and money. It is in the client's interest therefore to ensure that the supply chain is paid promptly.

The government suggest that, 'Historically, it is has not been unusual for lower tier supply chain members to have to wait for up to 100 days to receive payment, which damages their cash flow and can harm their business.' Ref Cabinet Office, [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62117/Project-Bank-Accounts-briefing.pdf Project Bank Accounts – Briefing document].

A number of measures can be adopted to improve payment and so cash flow in the supply chain, including:

* Fair payment practices.
* Construction supply chain payment charter.
* Project bank accounts.

In addition there are a number of remedies for late payment.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Accruals.
* Balance sheet.
* Budget.
* Business administration.
* Cash flow forecast.
* Construction organisations and strategy.
* Construction supply chain payment charter.
* Discounting.
* Discounted cash flow.
* Earned value.
* Escalation.
* Fair payment practices.
* Investment.
* Microeconomics.
* Net Present Value.
* Profit.
* Profitability.
* Project bank accounts.
* Remedies for late payment.
* Retention.
* The Late Payment of Commercial Debts Regulations 2013.
* Whole life costs.
* Working capital.

[[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Property_development]]

File:Value drawdown payments chart agreed with client.PNG

2018-02-20T14:00:22Z

JC5: Value_drawdown_payments_chart_agreed_with_client (Brook, M., 2016. Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work. 5th Edition. ed. Taylor & Francis.)

Value_drawdown_payments_chart_agreed_with_client (Brook, M., 2016. Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work. 5th Edition. ed. Taylor & Francis.)

Comparison of SMM7 with NRM2

2018-01-08T22:43:43Z

JC5:

= Introduction =

The three volumes of the NRM suite are:

* NRM1 – Rules for order of cost estimating and elemental cost planning
* NRM2 – Rules for works procurement
* NRM3 – Rules for maintenance and operation cost planning and procurement

NRM 1 was initially published in March 2009 and has been reasonably well received and adopted by the profession. It has since been amended and the second edition was launched by the RICS in 2012 to coincide with the launch of NRM2. The second edition became operative on 1 January 2013.

NRM2 was published in April 2012. It became operative on 1 January 2013 and replaced the Standard Method of Measurement, seventh edition (SMM7) on 1 July 2013. SMM7 should no longer be adopted after July 2013. NRM2 has been developed as a set of detailed measurement rules for the preparation of either bills of quantities or Schedules of Rates for either capital or maintenance projects. It does however deal with the quantification of non-measurable work items, contractor designed works and risks. Guidance is also provided on the content, structure and format of bills of quantities, as well as the benefits and uses of bills of quantities.

NRM3 - It was published in March 2014 and is available from the [http://www.rics.org/uk/shop/NRM-3-Order-of-cost-estimating-and-cost-planning-for-building-maintenance-works-19866.aspx RICS website].

NRM2 is a comprehensive document available as a free download to RICS members or can be purchased from RICS Books Ltd.

The purpose of this article is not to give detailed instruction on how to use the NRM2, much of the document is very self explanatory however it was felt appropriate to identify where there are differences between NRM2 and the SMM7 document currently used as the UK industry standard method of measurement.

= Structure of NRM2 =

NRM2 is divided into three parts with supporting appendices:

Part 1: General - places the measurement for works procurement in context with the RIBA Plan Of Work and the OGC Gateway Process; and explains the symbols, abbreviations and definitions used in the rules.

Part 2: Rules for detailed measurement of building works - outlines the benefits of detailed measurement, describes the purpose and uses of NRM2; explains the function of bill of quantities, provides work breakdown structures for bill of quantities, defines the information required to enable preparation of bill of quantities, describes the key constituents of bill of quantities, explains how to prepare bill of quantities. Considerable space is given over to the codification of bills of quantities and the use of the bills for cost management.

Part 3: Tabulated rules of measurement for building works - comprises the majority of NRM2 being the tabulated rules for the measurement and description of building works for the purpose of works procurement.

Appendices:

* Appendix A: Guidance on the preparation of bill of quantities
* Appendix B: Template for preliminaries (main contract) pricing schedule (condensed)
* Appendix C: Template for preliminaries (main contract) pricing schedule (expanded)
* Appendix D: Template for pricing summary for elemental bill of quantities (condensed)
* Appendix E: Template for pricing summary for elemental bill of quantities (expanded)
* Appendix F: Templates for provisional sums, risks and credits
* Appendix G: Example of a work package breakdown structure

As can be seen from this brief list of contents there is considerably more information given relating to the preparation of the Bills of Quantities. In the past each quantity surveying practice produced their bills following their own preferences and historical development. This is the first time that the RICS has given guidance on coding and work breakdown structures in an attempt to align the bills with the cost plans produced using NRM1.

Coding and work breakdown structures will not be covered here, reference should be made to the detail contained in Part 2 of NRM2.

= Comparison of SMM7 with NRM2 =

The following tables have been prepared by reviewing the sections in SMM7 in order and identifying where the measurement rules are located and may have changed in NRM2. This is not a detailed comparison on a line by line basis but has looked at the general measurement principles.

The framing of descriptions is also not as simple following these new rules and care should be taken to ensure that each description adequately reflects the work to be priced.

One major change is in the layout of the document. There is now no reference to Co-ordinated Project Information and the lettering used previously has now been replaced with a numbering system. The comparison of the contents of each document appears in Table 1 and a comparison of the Part 3 rules in Table 2

== Table 1: Comparison of contents ==

{|
|width="50%"|
SMM7
General Rules

* A Preliminaries/General conditions
* C Existing site/buildings/services
* D Groundwork
* E In situ concrete/large precast concrete
* F Masonry
* G Structural carcassing metal/timber
* H Cladding/covering
* J Waterproofing
* K Linings/Sheathing/Dry partitioning
* L Windows/doors/stairs
* M Surface finishes
* N Furniture/fittings
* P Building fabric sundries
* Q Paving/Planting/Fencing/Site furniture
* R Disposal systems
* S Piped supply systems
* T Mechanical heating/cooling/refrigeration systems
* U Ventilation/Air conditioning systems
* V Electrical supply/power/lighting systems
* W Communications/Security/Controls systems
* X Transport systems
* Y Mechanical and Electrical services measurement

Additional Rules – work to existing buildings

Appendices

Alphabetical Index
|width="50%"|
NRM 2
* 1 Preliminaries
* 2 Off-site manufactured materials, components and buildings
* 3 Demolitions
* 4 Alterations, repairs and conservation
* 5 Excavating and filling
* 6 Ground remediation and soil stabilisation
* 7 Piling
* 8 Underpinning
* 9 Diaphragm walls and embedded retaining walls
* 10 Crib walls, gabions and reinforced earth
* 11 In-situ concrete works
* 12 Precast/composite concrete
* 13 Precast concrete
* 14 Masonry
* 15 Structural metalwork
* 16 Carpentry
* 17 Sheet roof coverings
* 18 Tile and slate roof and wall coverings
* 19 Waterproofing
* 20 Proprietary linings and partitions
* 21 Cladding and covering
* 22 General joinery
* 23 Windows, screens and lights
* 24 Doors, shutters and hatches
* 25 Stairs, walkways and balustrades
* 26 Metalwork
* 27 Glazing
* 28 Floor, wall, ceiling and roof finishings
* 29 Decoration
* 30 Suspended ceilings
* 31 Insulation, fire stopping and fire protection
* 32 Furniture, fittings and equipment
* 33 Drainage above ground
* 34 Drainage below ground
* 35 Site works
* 36 Fencing
* 37 Soft landscaping
* 38 Mechanical services
* 39 Electrical services
* 40 Transportation
* 41 Builder’s work in connection with mechanical, electrical and transportation installations
* Appendices
|}

== Table 2: Comparison of the Part 3 rules ==

{|
|width="25%"| Ref:
|width="25%"| SMM7
|width="25%"| Ref:
|width="25%"| NRM2
|-
| A
| Preliminaries
|

| Similar provision, expanded and greater detail added to give clear direction. Divided in 2 sections, Part 1 for the main contract and Part 2 for works packages if used.
|-
|

|

| 1
| Main Contract Preliminaries
|-
|

|

|

| Part A Information and requirements Part B Pricing Schedule
|-
|

|

| 1
| Preliminaries (Works Package Contract) Part A Information and requirements Part B Pricing Schedule
|-
|

|

|

| Similar provision as SMM7 but expanded and greater detail added to give clear direction
|-
| B
| Complete Buildings
| 2
| Offsite manufactured materials, components or buildings
|-
|

|

|

| There were no details provided in SMM7, now rules included for prefabricated structures, units (eg Bathroom pods) in proprietary packages.
|-
| C
| Demolitions and Alterations
| 3
| Demolitions
|-
|

|

|

| Rules remain very similar, however recycling provisions have been added.
|-
|

|

| 4
| Alterations, repairs and conservation
|-
|

|

|

| Rules covering conservation have been increased and decontamination has been expanded, however spot items have been removed.
|-
| D
| Groundwork
| 5
| Excavation and filling
|-
|

|

|

| Generally no change in principles
|-
| D20.1
| Site Prep
|

| Increased detail on site preparation items if used, eg: boreholes, trial pits etc.
|-
|

| Removing trees
| 5.2
| Removing trees - the band widths have been varied.
|-
| D20.2
| Excavating
| 5.6
| Rules now simplified into either bulk excavation or foundation excavation with depth ranges now only in 2 m stages.
|-
|

|

| 5.7
| Earthwork support has been simplified in that it is now only measured where specifically called for in the contract documents (specification)
|-
|

|

|

| There is no requirement to measure working space or compacting of surfaces.
|-
|

|

| 5.11
| Filling is now either less than 500mm or final thickness stated where over 500mm thick
|-
|

|

| 5.20
| Cutting off the tops of piles has been included here instead of in the piling section.
|-
|

|

| 6
| Ground remediation and soil stabilisation
|-
|

|

|

| New section added
|-
|

|

| 7
| Piling - no real change although simplified by removing separation of different types of piles and cutting off tops has been moved to excavation.
|-
|

|

| 8
| Underpinning - Greatly simplified. Preliminary trenches and excavation measure no longer required.
|-
|

|

| 9
| Diaphragm walls - simplified, no excavation measured here, detail description stating thickness of wall.
|-
| E
| In-situ concrete/large precast
| 11
| In-situ concrete
|-
|

|

|

| Separated out precast from in-situ concrete and radical change in the way concrete is measured
|-
|

|

|

| New sections are:
|-
|

|

|

| Mass concrete - m3 any thickness
|-
|

|

|

| Horizontal work - m3 > or < 300mm thick
|-
|

|

|

| sloping - m3 > or < 300mm thick
|-
|

|

|

| vertical - m3 > or < 300mm thick
|-
|

|

|

| Sundry - m2 or m3 > or < 300mm thick
|-
|

|

|

| Sprayed -m2 thickness stated
|-
| E20
| Formwork
| 11.13
| Formwork - some minor changes. If less than 500mm wide then measured by metre run.
|-
|

|

|

| Mortices and holes have been removed from this section
|-
|

|

|

| Forming door openings has changed and these are now numbered.
|-
| E30
| Reinforcement
| 11.33
| Reinforcement - minor changes
|-
|

|

|

| Spacers and chairs are now deemed included. Pre tensioned members have now been added.
|-
| E40
| Designed joints
| 11.38
| Remains the same
|-
| E41
| Worked finishes and cutting
|

| has been removed as a separate section
|-
| E42
| Accessories
| 11.41
| Accessories - no real change
|-
| E05.16
| Grouting
| 11.42
| Grouting and filling- new section added, measurement now chasing is by metre and grouting stanchion bases or filling holes by number
|-
| E50/ E60
| Precast concrete frames
| 12
| Precast/ Composite concrete
|-
|

|

|

| Now a section for composite precast units, measured m2 for walls and floors
|-
|

|

| 13
| Precast Concrete
|-
|

|

|

| Very similar however formwork and reinforcement is now deemed included
|-
| F
| Masonry
| 14
| Masonry
|-
|

|

|

| The natural and artificial stone rules are now all put under one section. All walls measured along centreline and assumed vertical unless stated.
|-
|

|

|

| Skins of hollow walls added
|-
|

|

|

| Separate facework items have now been removed
|-
| G
| Structural Metalwork
| 15
| Structural metalwork
|-
|

|

|

| Major changes - weight classification now
|-
|

|

|

| Less than 25Kg, 25 - 50 kgs, 50 - 100 kgs or over 100kgs. Short lengths now also included
|-
|

|

|

| Permanent formwork changed to profiled metal decking
|-
| 0G20
| Carpentry/Timber framing/First fix
| 16
| Carpentry
|-
|

|

|

| Separated primary structural members (wall plates) from engineered or prefabricated members (roof trusses)
|-
|

|

|

| All boarding, flooring and sheeting is now measured here, either < 600 or > 600mm wide
|-
| G30
| Metal profiled sheet decking
| 17
| Sheet roof coverings
|-
|

|

|

| Now covers, bituminous felt, plastic sheets, sheet metals and rigid boards.
|-
|

|

|

| Some major changes in items deemed included in boundary work
|-
| G31
| Prefabricated timber decking
|

| Removed
|-
| H
| Cladding and covering
|

| This has been split into numerous sections
|-
| H10/12 /13
|
Patent glazing, structural glass
(In SMM7 sections K11-21 are included together under H20)
|

|

|-
| H10, 12, 13
| Patent glazing/plastics/ structural glass
| 21
| The range of claddings have all been included under section 21
|-
| H11
| Curtain Walling
|

| Basic measurement principles remain the same.
|-
| H20, 21, 92, K11, 12, 13, 14 and 15, H30,31,32,33,41,43
| Sheet claddings and profiled sheet claddings and other claddings
|

| The categories have been reduced for example there is no need to differentiate multi -tier roofs. However widths under 600mm wide now need to be measured lineally.
|-
| 21.1
| Other chambers
| 21.8
| Doors and openings are still measured as extra over the work in which they occur.
|-
| H10.4 and 5
| Raking curved cutting
| 21.9
| Boundary work - includes all cutting and trims to form the edge/intersection.
|-
|

|

| 21.1
| Opening perimeters
|-
|

|

|

| Edges of openings are measured here rather than boundary work.
|-
| K20.1.1
| Rigid sheet cladding
| 21.1
| The narrow widths and isolated areas for other claddings are now no longer required to be measured.
|-
| H14
| Concrete roof lights
| 13.2.3.4
| Precast concrete roof lights are now measured with other precast concrete works. There is no change to measurement rules.
|-
| K20/21
| Timber board flooring
| 16.4
| Carpentry
|-
|

|

|

| Boarding is measured in metres if not exceeding 600mm wide and in m2 where over 600mm wide.
|-
| H51, 52
| Natural Stone cladding /cast stone cladding
| 14.1
| Masonry, Natural stone walling and dressings /cast stone walling and dressings
|-
|

|

|

| Only measured in m2 except for isolated features such as piers/columns or arches etc
|-
|

|

|

| Perimeters and abutments are now measured as extra over and more work is deemed included.
|-
| H51.5
| Floors
|

| This is not in the walling section and should now be referred to the finishes section 28.2
|-
| H51.6-10
| Staircase works
|

| Refer to new section 25.1 where staircases are now numbered.
|-
| H60
| Plain roof tiling
| 18
| Tile and slate roof and wall coverings
|-
|

|

|

| Basic principles have not changed
|-
| H60.11
|

| 41.27
| Holes are now not measured with the roof but deemed included.
|-
| H70 - H76
| Metal sheet coverings etc
| 17
| Sheet Roof Coverings
|-
|

|

| 17.1
| Now introduced width classification< 500mm wide - measured lineally and > 500mm wide measured m2.
|-
|

|

|

| The allowances used in SMM7 when calculating areas have been removed. Now the information provided should identify all labours and dressings.
|-
|

|

|

| Other principles remain the same.
|-
| J
| Waterproofing
| 19
| Waterproofing
|-
| J40
|

|

| There is no separation of the item for tanking from coverings. Discretion is given to those drafting the description to include sufficient information to enable pricing.
|-
| J20.5
| Skirtings
| 19.3
| The width classifications have been reduced to now only ,500mm wide or >500mm wide. Skirtings are no longer in band widths but each measured in m stating the net girth on face
|-
| J20.12
| Internal angle fillets
|

| Not measurable - deemed included
|-
| J41, 42, 43
| Built up felt roofing
| 17
| Sheet roof coverings
|-
|

|

|

| Principles are similar except width classification now <500mm wide and > 500mm wide
|-
|

|

|

| Girths at abutments are no longer applicable
|-
| K
| Linings, sheathing dry partitioning
| 20
| Proprietary linings and partitions
|-
| K10.1.1
| Proprietary partitions measured in 300mm stages, measured in metres
| 20.1.1.2
| Metal framed systems measured in m2 in 1m height stages, total length stated
|-
| K32
| Panel cubicles
| 22.16
| Cubicle partitions - no change to measurement
|-
| K40
| Demountable suspended ceilings
| 30.1
| General principles remain the same. Fire barriers have now been introduced.
|-
| K41
| Raised Access floors
| 28.3
| Measurement principles remain the same. Fire barriers within the void need now to be measured.
|-
| L
| Windows, doors and stairs
|

|

|-
| L10
| Windows
| 23
| Windows in section 23, Doors in section 24
|-
|

|

|

| Bedding and pointing frames is no longer measured.
|-
|

|

| 23.8
| Glazing supplied with windows and doors is now separated and no longer measured in m2, panes are numbered with size given.
|-
| L20
| Doors
| 24
| Doors
|-
|

|

|

| Measurement principles have not changed.
|-
|

|

|

| Bedding and pointing frames is no longer measured.
|-
| P21
| Ironmongery
| 24.16
| Ironmongery
|-
|

|

|

| Measurement principles have not changed.
|-
| L30 / Q41
| Stairs and balustrades
| 25
| Staircases
|-
|

|

|

| No change to measurement principles, except the extra over items for ramps, wreaths etc which are now deemed included.
|-
|
L40
L41
|
General Glazing
Lead light glazing
| 27
| Glazing
|-
|
L40.1.1
1
| measured glass in m2.
| 27.1.1.1
|
Glass now needs to have the panes numbered with the size stated.
The category of special glass has been removed but the type of glass needs to be stated.
|-
| L40.7-10
| Engraving etching etc was measured in m2 or design work numbered
| 27.4
| All additional features are now measured extra over and are numbered.
|-
| L40.13
| Hacking out existing glass was measured in metres of the rebate length.
| 27.8
| Removal of glass has changed to be measured by nr. stating the size of panes.
|-
| L42
| Infill panels
| 22.18
| No change
|-
| M
| Surface finishes
| 28
| Floor, wall, ceiling and roof finishes
|-
| M10, 12,13,20,23 and J10
| Applied in situ finishes
| 28.1
| The width category has changed from <300mm to <600mm
|-
| M10.16
| Rounded angles and intersections
|

| These are now deemed included.
|-
| M10.24
| Accessories
| 28.25-35
|
The measurement principles remain the same however reinforcement, quilts are separated out from accessories. All accessories are now numbered.
There is the opportunity to measure reinforcement either in m2 or by the m. No width categories are provided.
|-
| M10.26
| Temporary supports
|

| Deemed included no longer measurable.
|-
| M21
| Insulation with rendered finish
| 28.32
| Insulation is measured separately from any rendered finish.
|-
| M22
| Sprayed coatings
|

| No specific rules separating this are included.
|-
| M30
| Metal mesh lathing
| 28.30, 31
| No specific section for this, it is measured either as m or m2, depending on measurers choice.
|-
| M31
| Fibrous plaster
|

| No separate rules for this.
|-
| M40/42/41/50/51
| Tiling, parquet flooring, carpeting
| 28
| No separation from in situ finishes. Width category is now general at <600 or >600.
|-
|

|

|

| Description of carpeting should now include the underlay and edge grippers. Stair rods should still be measured and numbered as an accessory.
|-
| M52
| Decorative papers
| 29.9
| The areas that are measured have changed to being<1.00m2 or >1.00m2. Corners are now deemed included.
|-
| M60
| Painting and decorating
| 29
| Decoration
|-
|

|

|

| General principles remain the same. The isolated surfaces have increased form -.5m2 to 1.00 m2.
|-
|

| Note M4
| 29.1.2.1.1
| Work to ceilings over 3.5 ne 5m sand thereafter in 3m stages and not 1.5m
|-
| M60.10
| Coloured bands
| 38.16.6
| These have been moved to the services section.
|-
| M61
| Intumescent paint fire protection
| 31.5
| Now measured only in m2.
|-
| N
| Furniture and equipment
| 32
| Furniture, fittings and equipment
|-
|

|

|

| Principles have not changed however the marking of positions, commissioning and connecting is deemed included as opposed to being measured in accordance with section Y of SMM7.
|-
| P
| Building Fabric Sundries
|

|

|-
| P10
| Insulation, proofing and fire protection
| 31
| Insulation, fire stopping and fire protection.
|-
|

|

| 31.1
|
Added ability to measure by m as well as m2 but no width categories given.
Now includes for fire stops by the metre and fire sleeves, numbered
|-
| P11
| Cavity insulation
| 31.6
| No change
|-
| P20
| Unframed items
| 22
| General joinery
|-
|

|

|

| General principles of measurement unchanged, however all ends, angles etc are deemed included.
|-
| P20.8
| Extra over hardwood
|

| All the items are now deemed included.
|-
| P21
| Ironmongery
| 22
| General joinery
|-
|

| This was ironmongery not supplied with windows or doors.
| 22.22
| Now measured under section 22, principles not changed.
|-
| P22
| Sealant joints
|
22.19/
20
| Rules remain the same, however there is now a separate item for raking out existing joints.
|-
| P30
| Trenches/pipe ways /Pits for buried services
| 41.13
| The external services have been separated from the internal ones
|-
| P30.1
| Excavating trenches
| 41.13
| Service runs are now measured in 500mm depth stages instead of 250mm.
|-
|

|

|

| There is no need to measure the bed and surround separately it is now included in the description of the service run.
|-
| P30.9
| Other chambers
| 41.17 - 22
| The detailed measurement of the component parts of chambers has been removed and these are now all numbered stating the depth and giving a detailed description
|-
|

|

| 41.27
| A specific item has now been included for testing and commissioning of external services with provision for attendance and additional equipment.
|-
| P31
| Holes/chases/covers /supports for services
| 41
| BWIC with M,E and transportation
|-
| P31.19
| Cutting or forming holes
| 41.1
| For electrical work there is a removal of need to measure cutting and chasing by points. This is now one item per installation type.
|-
|

|

|

| For other installations there is no need to measure holes by their Number - they are deemed included under the general builders work item for the service.
|-
| P31.24 and 25
| Ends of Supports
| 41.6
| These have been simplified and the types of supports have been broadened to include Pylons, poles, wall brackets, soffit hangers, stays and proprietary supports
|-
| P31.32
| Work to existing structures
| 41.8 & 9
| There is still a need to cut holes, chases and mortices in existing structures and lifting floor boards and chequer plates.
|-
| Q
| Paving and Fencing
| 35
| Site Works
|-
|

|

|

| The principle of deducting for voids has increased from 0.5m2 to <1.00m2.
|-
| Q10
| Kerbs and edgings
| 35.1
| No major change, accessories are now measured as extra over and are only numbered.
|-
| Q21
| Insitu paving
| 35.6
| No real change – measured in accordance with new section 11.
|-
|
Q22
Q23
|
Coated macadam
Gravel etc
| 35.12, 35.13
| Addition of band widths, now <300 wide or >300
|-
| Q24, Q25
| Blok and slab paving
| 35.14
| Addition of band widths, now <300 wide or >300
|-
| Q26
| Special surfacings
| 35.18-24
| No change however the description for line marking has been broadened.
|-
|
Q30
Q31
|
Seeding and turfing,
Planting
| 37
| Soft landscaping - No change
|-
| Q40
| Fencing
| 36
| Fencing - No change
|-
| R
| Disposal Systems
|

|

|-
| R10/11
| Above ground drainage
| 33
| Above ground drainage
|-
|

|

|

| The principles for the measurement have not changed.
|-
| R10.3, 4 and 5
| Sockets tappings and bosses
| 33.2
| Ancillaries now include these items
|-
| R10.7
| Supports
|

| These have been moved to BWIC. See above
|-
| R10.15
| Temporary operation
|

| This has been removed from the measurement rules
|-
| R12/13
| Below ground drainage
| 34
| Below ground drainage
|-
|

|

|

| The rules for drainage have changed considerably, the excavation and beds and surrounds are not measured separately but included in the drain run length.
|-
| R12.1-6
| Excavation and beds and surrounds have all been removed
| 34.1
| Drain runs are now measured in average depth for the whole run in 500mm depth stages.
|-
| R12.11-15
| Chambers
| 34.6-11
| All chambers are numbered stating the depth with a detailed description
|-
|

|

| 34.13 / 34.14
| Sundries such as step irons and covers are still measured separately.
|-
| R12.19
| O & M manuals
|

| These are now covered under the Preliminaries section
|-
| X
| Transport systems
| 40
| Transportation
|-
| X1-12
| Different systems
| 40.1
| Greater detail has now been included for each system with the addition of separate items to be included for the following Offload and position equipment, assembly of component parts, free issue items, interface and connection to other systems.
|-
| X13
| marking holes
| 41.2
| Moved to BWIC section
|-
| X14
| identification
| 40.3
| This is now an item rather than numbered.
|-
| Y
| M & E Services
| 38
| Mechanical
|-
| Y10/ Y11
| Pipelines and ancillaries
| 38.3
| Pipework - there has been considerable change to the rules here.
|-
| Y10.1
| Pipes
| 38.3
| Generally the pipe length is to include for all fittings and the like. The measure of the pipe now needs to identify the location of the installation.
|-
| Y10.2.3
| Fittings
| 38.4
| There are two alternative rules which can be applied. The metre measure for the pipe can be deemed to include all fittings or they can be separated and enumerated. The description of the fitting is to be precise and the one end, two end approach has been dropped.
|-
| Y10.9
| Pipe supports
|

| Removed and included in pipe measure or if special can be under BWIC
|-
| Y11
| Pipe sleeves
| 38.5
| These are now included under ancillaries and again in the BWIC section.
|-
| Y20/ Y40
| Equipment
| 38.1
| Primary equipment
|-
|

|

|

| Greater detail has now been included for each piece of equipment with the addition of separate items to be included for the following Offload and position equipment and assembly of component parts.
|-
|

|

| 38.2
| Terminal equipment and fittings - separated out to identify equipment at the ends of pipe or duct runs.
|-
| Y20.6
| Supports
|

| These are now under the BWIC - where not included as part of the equipment.
|-
| Y30
| Air ductlines/ ancillaries
| 38.6
| This is by metre length, generally the length is to include for all fittings and the like. The measure of the duct now needs to identify the location of the installation.
|-
|

|

|

| There is an alternative of measuring the fittings separately.
|-
| Y30.7
| Ducting sleeves
|

| This has been removed and the hole required is measured under BWIC.
|-
| Y50
| Thermal insulation
| 38.9
| Insulation and fire protection
|-
|

|

|

| Generally the principles have not changed. There is again the need to provide the location of the service.
|-
|

|

|

| There is also the alternative here to include the insulation to fittings and the like within the measured length or separately.
|-
|

|

| 39
| Electrical
|-
| Y60/ Y63
| Conduit and cable trunking
| 39.3
| Generally containment is measured by length including all fittings and ancillaries
|-
| Y60.1 -12
|

| 39.4
| The rules have been greatly simplified however there is an alternative whereby the fittings can be enumerated separately.
|-
|

|

|

| Forming holes or supports are covered under BWIC section.
|-
| Y61/ Y62/ Y80
| HV/ LV cables, busbar trunking, earthing and bonding
| 39.5
| Cables are still measured by length but the locations of the cables have been redefined.
|-
|

|

|

| Terminations and glands are still enumerated but supports and holes are now measured with the BWIC section.
|-
| Y62.7
| Busbar trunking
| 39.9
| Busbar
|-
|

|

|

| This is by metre length, generally the length is to include for all fittings and the like. The measure of the busbar now needs to identify the location of the installation.
|-
|

|

| 39.10
| There is an alternative of measuring the fittings separately.
|-
| Y80.13
| Tapes
| 39.11
| Tapes
|-
|

|

|

| The length now includes all joints and test clamps, there is no alternative.
|-
|

|

|

| Electrodes and terminations are enumerated
|-
| Y61.19
| Cables in final circuits
| 39.7
| Final circuits
|-
|

|

|

| These remain as numbered circuits identifying the location of each circuit and the number and type of points.
|-
|

|

| 39.8
| Modular wiring systems has been added. This is enumerated.
|-
| Y70/ Y71
| HV switchgear, LV switchgear and distribution boards
| 39.1
| Primary equipment
|-
|

|

|

| Enumerated by system stating location and with the addition of separate items to be included for the offload and position of equipment and assembly of component parts.
|-
|

|

|

| Supports if not provided with the equipment are measured under BWIC.
|-
| Y73/ Y74
| Luminaires and lamps / accessories
| 39.2
| Terminal equipment has been included and covers all the items in this section. They are again enumerated.
|-
| Y81
| Testing and commissioning
| 39.15 & 16
| Testing has been separated from commissioning and further items have been added for system validation training and maintenance.
|-
|

| Additional rules for work to existing buildings
|

| The work to existing buildings has now been absorbed into the various work sections.
|}

-----
This article was created by --[[User:University_College_of_Estate_Management_(UCEM)|University College of Estate Management (UCEM)]] 15 March 2013

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Bills of quantities.
* Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS).
* Measurement.
* NRM.
* NRM2.
* NRM3.
* SMM7.

=== External references ===

* [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/SMM7 SMM7] is available from RICS
* RICS: [http://www.isurv.com/site/scripts/documents_info.aspx?documentID=6624&categoryID=390 RICS has released new guidance for quantity surveyors and other members working in the construction sector].
* RICS: [http://www.rics.org/uk/shop/standards/standardsnrm/?gclid=CIKTxpeeprQCFXDLtAod_F0AeA NRM 1 and NRM 2 are available].
* nbs video: [https://www.thenbs.com/nbsTV/surveyors/programme.asp?refCode=313053&title=The+New+Rules+of+Measurement The New Rules of Measurement].
* RICS [http://www.isurv.com/site/scripts/documents.aspx?categoryID=1220 new rules of measurement (NRM) 2013].
* [http://www.isurv.com/site/scripts/documents.aspx?categoryID=1207 RICS QS and construction standards] (the Black Book).
* nbs: [http://www.thenbs.com/topics/practicemanagement/articles/coordinatingCommonArrangement-Uniclass-NBS-RulesofMeasurement.asp Coordinating Common Arrangment, Uniclass, NBS and Rules of Measurement].

[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]]

Portcullis House

2018-01-03T15:13:07Z

JC5:

See also [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Buildings_of_Westminster architectural information]. Visitor guide [https://www.parliament.uk/documents/foi/Visitor-Guide-portcullis-house-draft-F11-021.pdf here]. Wikipedia page [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#Cost here.]

[https://blackcablondon.net/2015/08/17/westminsters-forgotten-designs/ Full photos before and after construction here, and other designs for the same location.]

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1938318.stm The building had 7,500 defects on completion.]

NAO report by [https://www.nao.org.uk/report/construction-of-portcullis-house-the-new-parliamentary-building/ Sir John Bourn here].

In 2015 the [https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/cost-of-portcullis-house-repairs-go-through-the-roof/8674535.article roof required repairs and this was expensiv]e, the [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html MP's considered suing the architects (Hopkins) and structural engineers (Arup).]

== Cost overrun ==

When commissioned in 1992 the cost of Portcullis House was to be £165m. After building cost inflation and delays, the price increased to £235m, including an [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/feb/07/uk.politicalnews1 extra £10 million MP's had not been told about.] Costs included £150,000 for decorative [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus fig trees], £2m for electric blinds and, for each MP, a reclining chair at £440.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-4 [4]] A parliamentary inquiry into the over-spend was carried by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Legg Sir Thomas Legg]. Although completed in 2000, the report was never published.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-Telg1-5 [5]] By April 2012 the fig trees, which were rented, had cost almost £400,000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-6 [6]]

References

# [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/24/uk.houseofcommons1 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/24/uk.houseofcommons1]
# [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html]
# [https://www.i-fm.net/members/news/feb01/27_01.html https://www.i-fm.net/members/news/feb01/27_01.html]
# [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/feb/28/uk.parliament "Royal seal of approval: Portcullis House opens"]. The Guardian. 27 February 2001. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number ISSN] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 2016-08-11.
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_ref-Telg1_5-0 Jump up^] Swaine, Jon (10 October 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/6308280/MPs-expenses-Sir-Thomas-Legg-profile.html "MPs expenses: Profile of Sir Thomas Legg"]. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-10-13.
# [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_ref-6 Jump up^] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9082565/Taxpayer-spends-400000-on-fig-trees-for-MPs.html "Taxpayer spends £400,000 on fig trees for MPs"]. Retrieved 2016-08-11.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Portcullis House

2018-01-03T15:12:57Z

JC5:

Portcullis House

2018-01-03T15:11:16Z

JC5: Created page with "See also [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Buildings_of_Westminster architectural information]. Visitor guide [https://www.parliament.uk/documents/foi/Visitor-Guide-port..."

See also [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Buildings_of_Westminster architectural information]. Visitor guide [https://www.parliament.uk/documents/foi/Visitor-Guide-portcullis-house-draft-F11-021.pdf here].

[https://blackcablondon.net/2015/08/17/westminsters-forgotten-designs/ Full photos before and after construction here, and other designs for the same location.]

[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/1938318.stm The building had 7,500 defects on completion.]

In 2015 the [https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/cost-of-portcullis-house-repairs-go-through-the-roof/8674535.article roof required repairs and this was expensiv]e, the [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html MP's considered suing the architects (Hopkins) and structural engineers (Arup).]

== Cost overrun ==

When commissioned in 1992 the cost of Portcullis House was to be £165m. After building cost inflation and delays, the price increased to £235m, including an [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/feb/07/uk.politicalnews1 extra £10 million MP's had not been told about.] Costs included £150,000 for decorative [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus fig trees], £2m for electric blinds and, for each MP, a reclining chair at £440.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-4 [4]] A parliamentary inquiry into the over-spend was carried by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Legg Sir Thomas Legg]. Although completed in 2000, the report was never published.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-Telg1-5 [5]] By April 2012 the fig trees, which were rented, had cost almost £400,000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_note-6 [6]]

References

<ol>
<li>[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/24/uk.houseofcommons1 https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2002/jul/24/uk.houseofcommons1]</li>
<li>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mps-may-sue-firm-that-built-portcullis-house-over-roof-damage-a6914491.html]</li>
<li>[https://www.i-fm.net/members/news/feb01/27_01.html https://www.i-fm.net/members/news/feb01/27_01.html]</li>
<li>

[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2001/feb/28/uk.parliament "Royal seal of approval: Portcullis House opens"]. The Guardian. 27 February 2001. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number ISSN] [https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved 2016-08-11.</li>
<li>

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_ref-Telg1_5-0 Jump up^] Swaine, Jon (10 October 2009). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/labour/6308280/MPs-expenses-Sir-Thomas-Legg-profile.html "MPs expenses: Profile of Sir Thomas Legg"]. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-10-13.</li>
<li>

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portcullis_House#cite_ref-6 Jump up^] [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9082565/Taxpayer-spends-400000-on-fig-trees-for-MPs.html "Taxpayer spends £400,000 on fig trees for MPs"]. Retrieved 2016-08-11.</li></ol>

Construction and the Built Environment Magazines Journals and Articles

2017-09-04T09:04:25Z

JC5:

A page listing online journals, magazines, feature articles and all things published on a timely basis. To help develop this page, click 'Edit this article'.

= Magazines =

Generally published weekly and monthly. These all require payment for full access, regardless they are generally updated daily (read headlines and taglines). Most feature newsletters, RSS, and a (shortened story, usually free) mobile site.

* [http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk Architects Journal] (AJ). Mobile Site. RSS. [http://issuu.com/theaj Issuu]. (Paywall) Published by EMAP. Weekly.
* [http://www.building.co.uk Building]. Mobile Site. RSS. (Paywall) Published by UBM. Weekly.
* Built Environment Jounal - (Paywall) [http://www.alexandrinepress.co.uk/built-environment www.alexandrinepress.co.uk/built-environment]
* [http://www.concrete-magazine.com/digital.asp Concrete magazine]. Concrete Society.
* [http://www.construction-manager.co.uk/ Construction Manager]. Mobile Site. RSS. (Free online) Published by CIOB. Monthly.
* [http://www.cnplus.co.uk/ Construction News]. Mobile Site. RSS. (Paywall) Published by EMAP. Weekly.
* [http://www.estatesgazette.com/ Estates Gazette].
* [http://www.fm-world.co.uk/ FMWorld](BIFM). [http://www.fm-world.co.uk/digitaledition/ Issuu Digital Edition]. [http://issuu.com/redactive/docs Digital Archive for publisher]. [http://www.fm-world.co.uk/about-this-site/rss-feeds RSS]. (Paywall) Monthly.
* [https://www.newcivilengineer.com/ New Civil Engineer]. (Paywall)
* [http://www.theconstructionindex.co.uk/ The Construction Index].
* [http://www.istructe.org/thestructuralengineer The Structural Engineer] (IstructE). [http://www.istructe.org/journal/volumes Archive]. Monthly. (Paywall)
* [http://www.propertyweek.com/ Property Week]. Mobile Site. RSS. Published by UBM. Weekly. (Paywall)
* [http://www.ribajournal.com/ RIBA Journal] (ribaj). Mobile Site. RSS. Published by RIBA. Weekly. (Paywall)
* [http://www.i-buildmagazine.com http://www.i-buildmagazine.com] free
* [http://www.offsitehub.co.uk/offsitemagazine http://www.offsitehub.co.uk/offsitemagazine] - Free online, annual fee for print version.

= Magazines (free access/download) =

Generally free, ad supported magazines. Some allow you to subscribe and they post you a glossy version. Mix of pdf, Issuu and yudu.

* [http://www.fca-magazine.com/digital-magazine ABC+D Magazine]. 6 month archive on same page. Monthly.
* [http://aecmag.com/pdf/ AEC Magazine] (Ad supported, registration required).
* [http://www.architectsdatafile.co.uk/ Architects Datafile (ADF)]. Yudu and Pdf available.
* [http://bdcmagazine.co.uk/ BD+C] Magazine. [http://www.bdcnetwork.com/current-issue Current Issue] (flash). [http://www.bdcnetwork.com/archive Archive]. [https://twitter.com/BDCMagazine Twitter].
* [http://www.building4change.com/ Building4Change.com] (BRE News Website).
* Concrete Quarterly online magazine - [https://www.concretecentre.com/Publications-Software/Concrete-Quarterly-New/Home.aspx www.concretecentre.com/CQ] and their [https://www.concretecentre.com/Publications-Software/Archive.aspx archive going back to 1947 here.]
* [http://www.energyzine.co.uk/ Energy Zine] includes [http://www.energyzine.co.uk/newscategory/CPD-Modules-8.htm CPD modules].
* [http://www.energyzine.co.uk/newscategory/articles-6.htm Energy@Home]
* [http://content.yudu.com/Library/A2skx2/EducationDesignandBu/ Education Design & Build]. [http://www.educationdab.co.uk/ Homepage].
* FCA Magazine. [http://www.fca-magazine.com/digital-magazine Digital Edition]. Archive at bottom of digital edition.
* New Steel Construction - [http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/ http://www.newsteelconstruction.com/wp/]
* [http://www.roofingtoday.co.uk/ http://www.roofingtoday.co.uk/] - Roofing design and technology, online and print.
* [http://structuraltimbermagazine.co.uk/ http://structuraltimbermagazine.co.uk/] - Structural timber building design & technologies online and print.
* [http://sustainmagazine.com/ Housing Magazine]. Online only.
* [http://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/ http://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/]
* [http://www.natm-mag.co.uk http://www.natm-mag.co.uk]. civil engineering journal, free online, uses flash so pc/mac only.

= Journals (Scholarly periodicals) =

These are probably best accessed at you local university library. # indicates subscription required, otherwise free.

* [http://publications.arup.com/Publications.aspx Arup Journal. Published 2 or 3 times a year.]
* [http://www.ciob.org/cri Construction Research and Innovation (CRI)]. Published by CIOB.

= Online only =

* [http://www.bdonline.co.uk Building Design] (bdonline). Published by UBM. (Paywall)
* [http://www.constructionenquirer.com/ Construction Enquirer]. (Free, advertising heavy, worthwhile daily news emailed at 8.30am)
* [http://www.dezeen.com/ Dezeen].

= Feature articles of note relating to construction and the built environment from other magazines =

* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1995/05/29/1995_05_29_045_TNY_CARDS_000370292 New Yorker, Article on Citigroup HQ, New York. 29 May 1995.] Design change form bolted to welded connections producing a weakened building and subsequent strengthening [first article to reveal this]. [http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2014/04/17/the_citicorp_tower_design_flaw_that_could_have_wiped_out_the_skyscraper.html Slate.com April 2014 article, with podcast incuded by 99% invisible.]

--[[User:JC5|JC5]] 21:38, 23 May 2014 (BST)

= Archive (out of publication) =

* Buro Happold, [[Patterns_1|Patterns]]. In-house technical journal published consisting of 16 editions and 2 special issues published between 1987 and 2011.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Do_not_autolink]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Site_Information]]

Deferred maintenance

2017-07-28T12:34:49Z

JC5: Created page with "[http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3161/title/paying-for-deferred-maintenance http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3161/title/paying-for-deferred-m..."

[http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3161/title/paying-for-deferred-maintenance http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/3161/title/paying-for-deferred-maintenance]

[http://www.facilitiesnet.com/maintenanceoperations/tip/The-Real-Cost-of-Deferred-Maintenance--38366 http://www.facilitiesnet.com/maintenanceoperations/tip/The-Real-Cost-of-Deferred-Maintenance--38366]

[https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/finrep/finrep15/supp_info/fr_supplement_info_defer_maint.htm https://www.fiscal.treasury.gov/fsreports/rpt/finrep/finrep15/supp_info/fr_supplement_info_defer_maint.htm]

[https://federalnewsradio.com/defense/2016/03/nearly-one-five-dod-facilities-now-failing-condition-years-maintenance-cutbacks/ https://federalnewsradio.com/defense/2016/03/nearly-one-five-dod-facilities-now-failing-condition-years-maintenance-cutbacks/]

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Wellbeing and buildings

2017-06-15T10:57:36Z

JC5:

In 2012, Dodge et al proposed that wellbeing could be defined as ‘…when individuals have the psychological, social and physical resources they need to meet a particular psychological, social and/or physical challenge’.

The 2013 Measuring National Well-being programme suggested that the factors most strongly associated with personal well-being are:

* Health.
* Employment status.
* Relationship status.

Of these three factors, health had the strongest relationship with wellbeing.

The Measuring National Well-being national debate identified a range of other less significant factors associated with personal well-being, including:

* Economic security.
* Job satisfaction.
* Work-life balance.
* Education and training.
* Local and natural environment.

Articles about wellbeing on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

* Daylight benefits in healthcare buildings.
* Integrated modelling, simulation and visualisation (MSV) for sustainable built healing environments (BHEs).
* A measure of net well-being that incorporates the effect of housing environmental impacts.
* Well-being and regeneration: Reflections from Carpenters Estate.
* Anatomy of low carbon retrofits: evidence from owner-occupied superhomes.
* The impact of the design of the Psychiatric inpatient facility on perceptions of Carer wellbeing.
* Creating strong communities – measuring social sustainability in new housing development.
* The design of extra care housing for older people and its impact on wellbeing: The East Sussex perspective.
* The daylight factor.
* Ubiquitous sensors to assess people’s energy consumption and wellbeing in domestic environments.
* Airtightness of energy efficient buildings.
* Adapting 1965-1980 semi-detached dwellings in the UK to reduce summer overheating and the effect of the 2010 Building Regulations.
* Transitioning to eco-cities: Reducing carbon emissions while improving urban welfare.
* A case study of adopting BIT-Kit: A method uncovering the impact buildings have on people.
* The real cost of poor housing.
* Health and wellbeing impacts of natural and artificial lighting.
* Health and wellbeing at Kings Cross.
* Wellbeing and creativity in workplace design - case studies.

Most western developed countries now measure wellbeing as part of their national statistics. The UK reported the following in their [https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringnationalwellbeing/2013to2015 latest 2013-2015 report] "Those who identify as gay or lesbian, or bisexual report lower well-being than the UK average for all personal well-being measures. This difference is largest for feelings of anxiety."

It was reported by B[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/may/24/robert-kennedy-gdp obby Kennedy that GDP measures everything in a country apart from the most important thing, wellbeing], and we need to use wellbeing to measure our happiness. Bhutan is the first country in the world to [http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Short-GNH-Index-edited.pdf measure their wellbeing or happiness].

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance.
* Access consultant.
* Accessible London.
* Assessing health and wellbeing in buildings.
* BRE wellbeing research paper competition.
* Building related illness.
* Building use studies (BUS).
* Changing lifestyles
* Equality act.
* Ergonomics in construction.
* Inclusive design.
* Indoor air quality.
* Indoor environmental quality.
* [[Maggies_Cancer_Centre,_Manchester|Maggie's Cancer Centre, Manchester.]]
* Light pollution.
* Sick building syndrome.
* Sustainability.
* TG10 2016 At a glance, wellbeing.
* The full cost of poor housing.
* Thermal comfort and wellbeing.
* Wellbeing and creativity in workplace design - case studies.
* WELL Building Standard.
* What we know about wellbeing.

=== External references ===

* [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/user-guidance/well-being/index.html Measuring National Well-being programme].
* Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222-235.

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Wellbeing and buildings

2017-06-15T10:57:08Z

JC5:

In 2012, Dodge et al proposed that wellbeing could be defined as ‘…when individuals have the psychological, social and physical resources they need to meet a particular psychological, social and/or physical challenge’.

The 2013 Measuring National Well-being programme suggested that the factors most strongly associated with personal well-being are:

* Health.
* Employment status.
* Relationship status.

Of these three factors, health had the strongest relationship with wellbeing.

The Measuring National Well-being national debate identified a range of other less significant factors associated with personal well-being, including:

* Economic security.
* Job satisfaction.
* Work-life balance.
* Education and training.
* Local and natural environment.

Articles about wellbeing on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

* Daylight benefits in healthcare buildings.
* Integrated modelling, simulation and visualisation (MSV) for sustainable built healing environments (BHEs).
* A measure of net well-being that incorporates the effect of housing environmental impacts.
* Well-being and regeneration: Reflections from Carpenters Estate.
* Anatomy of low carbon retrofits: evidence from owner-occupied superhomes.
* The impact of the design of the Psychiatric inpatient facility on perceptions of Carer wellbeing.
* Creating strong communities – measuring social sustainability in new housing development.
* The design of extra care housing for older people and its impact on wellbeing: The East Sussex perspective.
* The daylight factor.
* Ubiquitous sensors to assess people’s energy consumption and wellbeing in domestic environments.
* Airtightness of energy efficient buildings.
* Adapting 1965-1980 semi-detached dwellings in the UK to reduce summer overheating and the effect of the 2010 Building Regulations.
* Transitioning to eco-cities: Reducing carbon emissions while improving urban welfare.
* A case study of adopting BIT-Kit: A method uncovering the impact buildings have on people.
* The real cost of poor housing.
* Health and wellbeing impacts of natural and artificial lighting.
* Health and wellbeing at Kings Cross.
* Wellbeing and creativity in workplace design - case studies.

Most western developed countries now measure wellbeing as part of their national statistics. The UK reported the following in their [https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/bulletins/measuringnationalwellbeing/2013to2015 latest 2013-2015 report]

Those who identify as gay or lesbian, or bisexual report lower well-being than the UK average for all personal well-being measures. This difference is largest for feelings of anxiety.

It was reported by B[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/may/24/robert-kennedy-gdp obby Kennedy that GDP measures everything in a country apart from the most important thing, wellbeing], and we need to use wellbeing to measure our happiness. Bhutan is the first country in the world to [http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Short-GNH-Index-edited.pdf measure their wellbeing or happiness].

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance.
* Access consultant.
* Accessible London.
* Assessing health and wellbeing in buildings.
* BRE wellbeing research paper competition.
* Building related illness.
* Building use studies (BUS).
* Changing lifestyles
* Equality act.
* Ergonomics in construction.
* Inclusive design.
* Indoor air quality.
* Indoor environmental quality.
* [[Maggies_Cancer_Centre,_Manchester|Maggie's Cancer Centre, Manchester.]]
* Light pollution.
* Sick building syndrome.
* Sustainability.
* TG10 2016 At a glance, wellbeing.
* The full cost of poor housing.
* Thermal comfort and wellbeing.
* Wellbeing and creativity in workplace design - case studies.
* WELL Building Standard.
* What we know about wellbeing.

=== External references ===

* [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/user-guidance/well-being/index.html Measuring National Well-being programme].
* Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3), 222-235.

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Thermal comfort and wellbeing

2017-06-15T10:43:00Z

JC5:

[[File:Warm-modern-office.jpg|link=File:Warm-modern-office.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an occupant can affect his or her wellbeing in a number of ways. This article will go through some of these, following on from a description of thermal comfort and how it can be quantified.

The thermal comfort of a person is described as 'that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation'. CIBSE comfort guide states the main aim is "to keep most of the people happy most of the time" (Race G.)

[[File:Human_body_cooling.jpg|link=File:Human_body_cooling.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an individual is personal and varies greatly from person to person and gender. The female body will be warmer than the male due to the need to grow the foetus to full term.

[[File:Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph.jpg|link=File:Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph.jpg]]

The subjective evaluation usually suggests a survey is needed to get the personal input from each of the occupants of a building. The large range of conditions and number of people required to give proper averages make this impractical in the majority of cases and cannot be done pre-occupation.

A different approach consists of measuring environmental conditions and then calculating the thermal comfort indices, which relate to the measured values and calculated indices as if a range of people were surveyed.

The standards BS EN ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55 give methods for taking the environmental measurements and subsequent calculations to give quantified numbers to compare thermal comfort between buildings and different conditions within the same building. The measured values required by the standard are air speed, turbulence intensity (using the standard deviation of air speed), air temperature, black globe temperature/operative temperature and relative humidity.

The thermal comfort calculations provide values for the Draught risk, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD).

The Draught risk is an indication of the percentage of people that would perceive a draught given the measured conditions and uses the air temperature, air speed and turbulence intensity.

The PMV is a prediction of the average vote of a large group of people occupying the space as if a survey was conducted on a scale of -3 to +3; where '-3' indicates feeling cold, '+3' indicates feeling hot and '0' is comfortable.

The PPD is an estimate of the percentage of people who would find the space uncomfortable, based on the PMV results.

The calculations of PMV and PPD take into consideration the insulation provided by clothing (CLO) and the activity of the people working/living in the space (MET).

The CLO is a measure of the average clothing insulation and the MET is a measure of the heat output from an average person doing a stated task in the space. The standards give methods to calculate the CLO and MET for a space, however, the actual individual values can change drastically depending the occupiers of the space, e.g. an office space versus a supermarket or factory floor where the activity level is significantly different, therefore the specific CLO and MET must be chosen carefully to give true indicative values of PMV and PPD.

One thing to note is that the PPD has a calculated minimum of 5%, as for the same CLO and MET there will always be some people who will feel either hot or cold, however, this is normally compensated by changing an individual’s CLO, i.e. if a person is in an office and wearing a jacket, and the dress code allows, they will remove it when feeling hot, etc.

The effect on wellbeing of the thermal comfort is becoming a focus of study and coming to the attention of building owners and occupiers. The reason for the focus is that detrimental thermal comfort can have a large effect on the morale and in some cases even the mental and physical health of the occupants of any building.

Any problems with morale or health can affect the productivity of the occupants. A measurement of the thermal comfort, either pre-occupation by heat-load testing or of the occupied building, can indicate any problems or show that the building conforms with the expected comfort levels required, e.g. the BS EN ISO 7730 standard has classifications of the space depending on the PMV, PPD and other factors.

The distraction caused by adverse thermal comfort can be significant and lead to occupants feeling the space is uncomfortable even if/when the conditions in the space have improved, e.g. either through changes to the ventilation system, or by moving an individual to a more suitable thermal environment. If a space is felt to be too hot or too cold for too long and no actions are taken, the perception of the occupants of their thermal comfort can become biased. Perceived long term thermal discomfort can be hard to dispel and productivity can be negatively affected.

The effect of thermal comfort on wellbeing of people can be significant and if ignored, it may affect the morale, health and productivity of people in the space. Thought should be made to the thermal comfort of the occupants of a space prior to and during occupancy to minimise any adverse effects on wellbeing.

== Deodorant and antiperspirant ==

The global market size for deodorant is [https://www.cosmeticsbusiness.com/technical/article_page/Global_deodorants_market_shows_marginal_growth/119993 nearly $20 USD in 2015]. However, if sweating is the human bodies main route to cooling, then this renders deodorants useless.It is telling of the effectiveness of marketing and advertising how well the sales of these goods sale for what is a useless product. Sweat is clean, largely made up of water and salts, these then come into contact with dirt which causes the smell. With everyone smell being different and unique.

-----
This article was originally published [https://www.bsria.co.uk/news/article/thermal-comfort-and-wellbeing/ here] by BSRIA in Jan 2017. It was written by Calum Maclean, Senior Research Engineer, BSRIA Sustainable Construction Group.

--[[User:BSRIA|BSRIA]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* A Practical Guide to Building Thermal Modelling.
* BSRIA articles on Designing Buildings Wiki.
* Building related illness.
* Indoor air quality.
* Overheating in homes – BSRIA residential network event.
* Sick building syndrome.
* Temperature in buildings.
* Thermal comfort in buildings.
* Wellbeing.
* What we know about wellbeing.

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Thermal comfort and wellbeing

2017-06-15T10:29:22Z

JC5:

[[File:Warm-modern-office.jpg|link=File:Warm-modern-office.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an occupant can affect his or her wellbeing in a number of ways. This article will go through some of these, following on from a description of thermal comfort and how it can be quantified.

The thermal comfort of a person is described as 'that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation'. CIBSE comfort guide states the main aim is "to keep most of the people happy most of the time" (Race G.)

[[File:Human_body_cooling.jpg|link=File:Human_body_cooling.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an individual is personal and varies greatly from person to person and gender. The female body will be warmer than the male due to the need to grow the foetus to full term.

[[File:Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph.jpg|link=File:Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph.jpg]]

The subjective evaluation usually suggests a survey is needed to get the personal input from each of the occupants of a building. The large range of conditions and number of people required to give proper averages make this impractical in the majority of cases and cannot be done pre-occupation.

A different approach consists of measuring environmental conditions and then calculating the thermal comfort indices, which relate to the measured values and calculated indices as if a range of people were surveyed.

The standards BS EN ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55 give methods for taking the environmental measurements and subsequent calculations to give quantified numbers to compare thermal comfort between buildings and different conditions within the same building. The measured values required by the standard are air speed, turbulence intensity (using the standard deviation of air speed), air temperature, black globe temperature/operative temperature and relative humidity.

The thermal comfort calculations provide values for the Draught risk, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD).

The Draught risk is an indication of the percentage of people that would perceive a draught given the measured conditions and uses the air temperature, air speed and turbulence intensity.

The PMV is a prediction of the average vote of a large group of people occupying the space as if a survey was conducted on a scale of -3 to +3; where '-3' indicates feeling cold, '+3' indicates feeling hot and '0' is comfortable.

The PPD is an estimate of the percentage of people who would find the space uncomfortable, based on the PMV results.

The calculations of PMV and PPD take into consideration the insulation provided by clothing (CLO) and the activity of the people working/living in the space (MET).

The CLO is a measure of the average clothing insulation and the MET is a measure of the heat output from an average person doing a stated task in the space. The standards give methods to calculate the CLO and MET for a space, however, the actual individual values can change drastically depending the occupiers of the space, e.g. an office space versus a supermarket or factory floor where the activity level is significantly different, therefore the specific CLO and MET must be chosen carefully to give true indicative values of PMV and PPD.

One thing to note is that the PPD has a calculated minimum of 5%, as for the same CLO and MET there will always be some people who will feel either hot or cold, however, this is normally compensated by changing an individual’s CLO, i.e. if a person is in an office and wearing a jacket, and the dress code allows, they will remove it when feeling hot, etc.

The effect on wellbeing of the thermal comfort is becoming a focus of study and coming to the attention of building owners and occupiers. The reason for the focus is that detrimental thermal comfort can have a large effect on the morale and in some cases even the mental and physical health of the occupants of any building.

Any problems with morale or health can affect the productivity of the occupants. A measurement of the thermal comfort, either pre-occupation by heat-load testing or of the occupied building, can indicate any problems or show that the building conforms with the expected comfort levels required, e.g. the BS EN ISO 7730 standard has classifications of the space depending on the PMV, PPD and other factors.

The distraction caused by adverse thermal comfort can be significant and lead to occupants feeling the space is uncomfortable even if/when the conditions in the space have improved, e.g. either through changes to the ventilation system, or by moving an individual to a more suitable thermal environment. If a space is felt to be too hot or too cold for too long and no actions are taken, the perception of the occupants of their thermal comfort can become biased. Perceived long term thermal discomfort can be hard to dispel and productivity can be negatively affected.

The effect of thermal comfort on wellbeing of people can be significant and if ignored, it may affect the morale, health and productivity of people in the space. Thought should be made to the thermal comfort of the occupants of a space prior to and during occupancy to minimise any adverse effects on wellbeing.

-----
This article was originally published [https://www.bsria.co.uk/news/article/thermal-comfort-and-wellbeing/ here] by BSRIA in Jan 2017. It was written by Calum Maclean, Senior Research Engineer, BSRIA Sustainable Construction Group.

--[[User:BSRIA|BSRIA]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* A Practical Guide to Building Thermal Modelling.
* BSRIA articles on Designing Buildings Wiki.
* Building related illness.
* Indoor air quality.
* Overheating in homes – BSRIA residential network event.
* Sick building syndrome.
* Temperature in buildings.
* Thermal comfort in buildings.
* Wellbeing.
* What we know about wellbeing.

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Thermal comfort and wellbeing

2017-06-15T10:27:15Z

JC5:

[[File:Warm-modern-office.jpg|link=File:Warm-modern-office.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an occupant can affect his or her wellbeing in a number of ways. This article will go through some of these, following on from a description of thermal comfort and how it can be quantified.

The thermal comfort of a person is described as 'that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation'.

[[File:Human body cooling.jpg]]

The thermal comfort of an individual is personal and varies greatly from person to person.

[[File:Gender difference human body thermograph.jpg]]

The subjective evaluation usually suggests a survey is needed to get the personal input from each of the occupants of a building. The large range of conditions and number of people required to give proper averages make this impractical in the majority of cases and cannot be done pre-occupation.

A different approach consists of measuring environmental conditions and then calculating the thermal comfort indices, which relate to the measured values and calculated indices as if a range of people were surveyed.

The standards BS EN ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55 give methods for taking the environmental measurements and subsequent calculations to give quantified numbers to compare thermal comfort between buildings and different conditions within the same building. The measured values required by the standard are air speed, turbulence intensity (using the standard deviation of air speed), air temperature, black globe temperature/operative temperature and relative humidity.

The thermal comfort calculations provide values for the Draught risk, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD).

The Draught risk is an indication of the percentage of people that would perceive a draught given the measured conditions and uses the air temperature, air speed and turbulence intensity.

The PMV is a prediction of the average vote of a large group of people occupying the space as if a survey was conducted on a scale of -3 to +3; where '-3' indicates feeling cold, '+3' indicates feeling hot and '0' is comfortable.

The PPD is an estimate of the percentage of people who would find the space uncomfortable, based on the PMV results.

The calculations of PMV and PPD take into consideration the insulation provided by clothing (CLO) and the activity of the people working/living in the space (MET).

The CLO is a measure of the average clothing insulation and the MET is a measure of the heat output from an average person doing a stated task in the space. The standards give methods to calculate the CLO and MET for a space, however, the actual individual values can change drastically depending the occupiers of the space, e.g. an office space versus a supermarket or factory floor where the activity level is significantly different, therefore the specific CLO and MET must be chosen carefully to give true indicative values of PMV and PPD.

One thing to note is that the PPD has a calculated minimum of 5%, as for the same CLO and MET there will always be some people who will feel either hot or cold, however, this is normally compensated by changing an individual’s CLO, i.e. if a person is in an office and wearing a jacket, and the dress code allows, they will remove it when feeling hot, etc.

The effect on wellbeing of the thermal comfort is becoming a focus of study and coming to the attention of building owners and occupiers. The reason for the focus is that detrimental thermal comfort can have a large effect on the morale and in some cases even the mental and physical health of the occupants of any building.

Any problems with morale or health can affect the productivity of the occupants. A measurement of the thermal comfort, either pre-occupation by heat-load testing or of the occupied building, can indicate any problems or show that the building conforms with the expected comfort levels required, e.g. the BS EN ISO 7730 standard has classifications of the space depending on the PMV, PPD and other factors.

The distraction caused by adverse thermal comfort can be significant and lead to occupants feeling the space is uncomfortable even if/when the conditions in the space have improved, e.g. either through changes to the ventilation system, or by moving an individual to a more suitable thermal environment. If a space is felt to be too hot or too cold for too long and no actions are taken, the perception of the occupants of their thermal comfort can become biased. Perceived long term thermal discomfort can be hard to dispel and productivity can be negatively affected.

The effect of thermal comfort on wellbeing of people can be significant and if ignored, it may affect the morale, health and productivity of people in the space. Thought should be made to the thermal comfort of the occupants of a space prior to and during occupancy to minimise any adverse effects on wellbeing.

-----
This article was originally published [https://www.bsria.co.uk/news/article/thermal-comfort-and-wellbeing/ here] by BSRIA in Jan 2017. It was written by Calum Maclean, Senior Research Engineer, BSRIA Sustainable Construction Group.

--[[User:BSRIA|BSRIA]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* A Practical Guide to Building Thermal Modelling.
* BSRIA articles on Designing Buildings Wiki.
* Building related illness.
* Indoor air quality.
* Overheating in homes – BSRIA residential network event.
* Sick building syndrome.
* Temperature in buildings.
* Thermal comfort in buildings.
* Wellbeing.
* What we know about wellbeing.

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

File:Human body cooling.jpg

2017-06-15T10:26:29Z

JC5: Human_body_cooling

Human_body_cooling

File:Gender difference human body thermograph.jpg

2017-06-15T10:25:29Z

JC5: Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph

Gender_difference_human_body_thermograph

Temperature in buildings

2017-06-15T10:20:10Z

JC5:

= Introduction =

Temperature is a measure of the [http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zc4xsbk/revision/4 average kinetic energy of molecules]. Important as the average temperature relates to the movement of molecules in a substance or material. A cup of boiling water will be hotter than the Atlantic Ocean but the Atlantic ocean will contain much more heat than the boiling water cup. Temperature will tend to vary throughout a body depending on its heat exchange with its surroundings. Temperature can be expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), kelvin (°k) or Fahrenheit (°F), with Kelvin the scientific measure, Celsius being used as it relates to the properties of water, zero is freezing and 100 is steam..

Measuring temperature actually records the temperature of the sensor that is being used to carry out the measurement (usually a thermometer). As a consequence, different types of measurement and calculation have been developed to represent the temperature of different types of body. Some of these methods are described below.

= Thermal comfort =

Temperature can be a particularly important measure in the built environment when considering the thermal comfort of occupants and in the design of building services systems. As a consequence, many of the measures of temperature are intended to represent the thermal comfort of people, or some component of their thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a complex science in its own right. Making a building comfortable is not as simple as delivering an average internal air temperature of 21 °C throughout the year. Thermal comfort is dependent on a range of environmental factors in addition to air temperature, such as; air velocity, radiant temperature, relative humidity and the uniformity of conditions. It also depends on personal factors such as; clothing, metabolic heat, state of health, acclimatisation, expectations, and even access to food and drink. See thermal comfort for more information.

NB Heat stress is a form of overheating that the occupants of a building may experience when the measures that their body uses to regulate internal temperature begin to fail. This can occur for example in buildings where an industrial process is being carried out, such as; smelting, brick-firing, cooking and so on. See Heat stress for more information.

= Measures of temperature =

== Dry-bulb temperature ==

Dry-bulb temperature (Tdb, DBT or Td), is a measure of air temperature. It is referred to as dry-bulb temperature because the thermometer bulb is dry and so the temperature recorded does not vary with the moisture content of the air. See dry-bulb temperature for more information.

== Wet-bulb temperature ==

Wet-bulb temperature (Twb or Tw) is the temperature recorded by a thermometer that has its bulb wrapped in cloth and moistened with distilled water. See wet-bulb temperature for more information.

== Wet-bulb globe temperature ==

Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is an index that is widely used for the assessment of heat stress. It combines wet-bulb temperature, dry-bulb temperature and globe temperature. See wet-bulb globe temperature and heat stress for more information.

== Mean radiant temperature ==

Mean radiant temperature (MRT) is a measure of the average temperature of the surfaces that surround a particular point. If the point is exposed to the outside, this may include the sky temperature and solar radiation. See mean radiant temperature for more information.

== Globe temperature ==

Globe temperature (or black-globe temperature) was introduced as a means of assessing the combined effects of radiation, air temperature and air velocity as they influence human comfort. It is measured using a globe thermometer, a hollow copper sphere painted matt back to absorb radiant heat with a temperature sensor at its centre. This can be used in conjunction with air temperature and air velocity to calculate mean radiant temperature. See globe temperature for more information.

== Sling psychrometer ==

Sling psychrometers hold a wet-bulb thermometer and a dry-bulb thermometer. They can be used to determine the physical and thermal properties of moist air by using standard tables. See sling psychrometer for more information.

== Thermal comfort ==

BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal comfort as '…that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.', ie the condition when someone is not feeling either too hot or too cold. The Health and Safety Executive suggest that an environment can be said to achieve 'reasonable comfort' when at least 80% of its occupants are thermally comfortable. See Thermal comfort for more information.

== Operative temperature ==

Operative temperature (previously known as resultant temperature or dry resultant temperature, but renamed to align with ASHRAE and ISO standards) is a simplified measure of human thermal comfort derived from air temperature, mean radiant temperature and air speed. See operative temperature for more information.

== Resultant temperature ==

A measure of thermal comfort now re-named 'operative temperature'. See operative temperature for more information.

== Predicted mean vote ==

The predicted mean vote (PMV) is an empirical fit to the sensation of thermal comfort. It predicts the average vote of a large group of people on the a seven-point thermal sensation scale where +3 is hot and -3 is cold. See predicted mean vote for more information.

== Running mean temperature ==

An exponentially-weighted outside running mean temperature can be used to account for the time-dependency of thermal comfort. Adaptive comfort theory suggests that the occupants of a building will adapt to their environment over time, adjusting clothing, modifying behaviour and so on and so might accept conditions that would otherwise have been predicted to be unsatisfactory. See running mean temperature for more information.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Dry-bulb temperature.
* Globe temperature.
* Mean radiant temperature.
* Operative temperature.
* Overheating.
* Overheating - assessment protocol.
* Predicted mean vote.
* Psychometric chart.
* Running mean temperature.
* Sky temperature.
* Sling psychrometer.
* Thermal comfort.
* Thermal comfort and wellbeing.
* Thermal pleasure in the built environment.
* Thermal indices.
* Wet-bulb temperature.
* Wet-bulb globe temperature.

[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Prefabrication

2017-05-17T16:11:00Z

JC5:

[[File:Prefabricated_modular_construction_wembley_park_cropped.jpg|link=File:Prefabricated_modular_construction_wembley_park_cropped.jpg]]

= Introduction =

Prefabrication is a construction industry term used to describe assemblies that are manufactured under factory conditions and then transported to construction sites for incorporation into building and civil engineering works.

= Post-war residential tower blocks and residential building. =

The acute shortage of post war housing led to a boom in high-rise apartment blocks and contractors turned to prefabricated panelised wall and floor system building in an attempt to meet demand.

However, the jointing systems used and the failure to hide large joints produced monotonous, ugly housing stock, often with condensation problems. Faults were so numerous that the Housing Defects Act 1984 created a scheme to compensate owners who had unwittingly purchased dwellings with defects. It was estimated that 31,000 owners were eligible under the scheme. See Housing Defects Act 1984 for more information.

== Ronan point ==

A gas explosion in 1968 at Ronan Point, (on Butchers Road, Newham, London) resulted in the multiple collapse of an entire corner of a twenty six floor tower block killing four people and badly injuring seventeen residents. A pensioner striking a match to boil water for tea, lit the leaking gas from a joint in her newly installed cooker, the resulting explosion was small enough to blow her through the kitchen door and save her life. It lifted the ceiling/floor slab and pushed the wall out resulting in a house of cards type collapse (called progressive collapse). The building was only partly occupied at the time. The resulting lack in public confidence brought this type of construction in the UK to a rapid halt from which it has never completely recovered, despite the tightening of regulations. Currently no markings in Newham indicate this building was even there. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/16/newsid_2514000/2514277.stm BBC Archive], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J96Fzk1OdBQ ITN news] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Point Wikipedia page] have details.

== Building Regulations ==

The collapse caused an amendment in the building regulations, which was subsequently included in the new versions - it was that important a collapse. This imposed on designers a robustness clause where if one element failed than the others would have to be strong enough to take the loads, and allow the occupants to escape. Load paths and transfer became vitally important to architects and structural engineers. It was progressive collapse that caused the World Trade Towers to fall in 9/11 attacks and a lack of robustness, especially considering a plane flew into the Empire state building causing little structural damage - note: slightly smaller plane and corresponding fuel tank, stone cladding and heaver steel framing and riveted connections. WTC did not have to comply with building regulations as it was built in government land (NY Port Authority) and the NY regulations did not have any clauses for robustness at the time either.

== Others ==

However, there are a great many successful factory produced schemes of this nature in Europe and the Far East. Japan has been producing beautifully detailed houses for three decades providing many options to the customer, who approaches purchase in much the same way as ordering a new car from a production line. The Scandinavians export superbly insulated timber houses with triple glazing and Germany offers beautifully detailed unashamedly modern prefabricated translucent glass and steel houses particularly suited to sites with outstanding views.

= Common use =

== Repetition ==

The handling, transportation, craneage and erection costs of prefabrication have to be weighed against in-situ alternatives. Economic justification is often dependent on high volume and repetition. This has led to use in applications such as residential blocks, hotels and houses. Architectural success in disguising panel joints has improved public opinion, helping to combat the perception that prefabrication is unsightly and cheap.

== Time ==

Where there is a short programme for construction, and so time has a higher priority than cost, prefabrication can allow parallel working on different aspects of a project.

For example:

* The Trustees of Ascot Racecourse were only prepared to lose one year of Royal Ascot racing during which the old grandstand had to be demolished and replaced with a new 50,000 sq m equivalent. As a result, the frame and steppings were manufactured while racing took place under the old facilities. The new structure, consisting of composite concrete and steel, was installed in record time.
* Bridges over motorways are often prefabricated to avoid causing traffic congestion.
* Avalanche shelters have a narrow timescale between seasons in which construction can take place so are mostly prefabricated structures.

== Quality ==

The quality achievable with factory prefabrication is generally higher than can be achieved on site. This particularly applies to welding and hot trades such as pipe work and mechanical services. Back to back toilet and basin units mounted on steel framework are commonplace. Even mini plant rooms lend themselves to prefabrication. This can save a lot of complex site work in confined spaces.

== Advantages ==

The advantages of prefabrication include:

* Programme savings due to the ability to progress work as a parallel operation in a factory and on a construction site.
* Factory tolerances and workmanship is of a higher quality and consistency to that achieved on site.
* There tends to be less waste.
* Independence from adverse weather and winter working.
* An alternative means of production where there may be shortages of local skilled labour.
* Access to cheaper labour markets. For instance two hundred prefabricated timber lodges for short holiday lets in Pembrokeshire were sourced from Eastern Europe.
* Reduction in learning curves.
* Greater programme certainty.
* The factory environment can allow better safety than the construction site.

== Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of prefabrication include:

* Road transport maximum widths.
* The need for police escorts.
* Height restrictions under bridges.
* Daytime traffic restrictions in city centres.
* Maximum load capacities of site craneage and temporary gantries.
* Space and building elements held back for access/installation routes.
* Additional cost of temporary bracing for transportation and/or lifting or permanent framing to support prefabricated assemblies.
* Additional cost of pre-assembly in the factory prior to dismantling for transport and delivery.
* The insitu work abutting prefabricated assemblies requires a higher degree of accuracy than is normally associated with on-site building work to avoid interface problems.
* A mistake in the mass production of prefabricated elements ahead of the measurable site work is a serious risk. Reputedly there is a field in which sixty prefabricated concrete staircases are buried as they had been incorrectly manufactured for a tower block in the City of London.
* Sustainability is an issue regarding the transportation of the materials to the construction site.

[[File:Place_ladywell_2.jpg|link=File:Place_ladywell_2.jpg]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 3D concrete printer.
* 3D printing in construction.
* Advanced construction technology.
* Block planning.
* BRE Üserhuus
* British post-war mass housing.
* Buildability.
* Cladding.
* Crosswall construction.
* Design for deconstruction.
* Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA).
* Flying factory.
* Housing Defects Act 1984.
* Kit house.
* Major cast metal components.
* Metal fabrication.
* Modern methods of construction.
* Modular buildings.
* Offsite manufacturing.
* Off site materials.
* Off-site prefabrication of buildings: A guide to connection choices.
* Open source architectural plans for modular buildings.
* Quality in construction projects.
* Samples and mock-ups.
* Shop drawings.
* Structural steelwork.
* Structural systems for offices.
* Structure relocation.
* Temporary works.
* WikiHouse.
* Y:Cube development in Mitcham.

=== External references ===

* Building, [http://www.building.co.uk/cost-model-prefabrication-and-preassembly/1015426.article Cost model: Prefabrication and preassembly]. 2002 issue 06 by Davis Langdon & Everest

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Procurement]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Articles required

2017-01-25T23:11:23Z

JC5:

This is a list of articles that are needed on Designing Buildings Wiki.

* If you are writing one of these articles, please put your initials in the notes next to the title, so that others do not start writing the same article.
* When you have finished an article, delete it from the list.
* If you have ideas for other articles, add them to the list.

-----
{|
|width="50%"|Title
|width="50%"|Notes
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|Corridor
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|Detailed services design
|
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|Detailed structural design
|
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|Disposal
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|Equal opportunities
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|Financing structure options
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|-
|Flexibility
|Design
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|Flood defences
|
|-
|Floor coverings
|
|-
|Freezing method (earthworks)
|Started here - [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Freezing_method_(earthworks) https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Freezing_method_(earthworks)]

Photos and diagrams need added.
|-
|Frequency (sound)
|
|-
|Furniture, fixtures and equipment (FF&E) consultant
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|-
|Gas absorption heat pump.
|
|-
|Gasholders/gasometers
|
|-
|Gasket
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|Gaudi
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|-
|Geotechnical engineer / engineering
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|Glass mullion system
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|Global Unique IDs (GUIDs)
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|Green plot ratio
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|Green rating systems
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|Groundwater
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|Grout
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|Hedging
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|Heritage
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|-
|Historic buildings inspectors
|Conservation Officer article exists - same role?
|-
|Home buyer report
|Needs examples of reports.

Explanations of who pays for it and responsibilities.

[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Home_buyer_report https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Home_buyer_report]
|-
|Housing Act
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|Housing shortage
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|Housing standards
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|-
|In-antis (columns)
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|Infill panels
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|Information and communications technology (ICT) consultant
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|Integrated systems.
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|Integrated transport systems
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|Investment
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|Jane Jacobs A. Gh.
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|Joinery (types of timber)
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|Knowledge management
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|-
|Land reclamation
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|-
|Lands Tribunal
|now the Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber)
|-
|Large Industrial Sites, National Economic Development Council (Report)
|
|-
|Lath and plaster
|
|-
|Layer (BIM / CAD)
|
|-
|Lead
|
|-
|Leasebacks
|
|-
|Leases
|
|-
|Le Corbusier
|Photos needed.

Describe his research and books written.

His eventful death.

His life with other artists & influences.

[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Le_Corbusier_(Architect)&action=edit&redlink=1 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=Le_Corbusier_(Architect)&action=edit&redlink=1]
|-
|Lewis Mumford
|
|-
|LEXiCON
|Construction Products Association product data definition
|-
|Liability
|See Liability for building design
|-
|Lifting Operations and Lifting [http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Equipment Equipment] Regulations (LOLER)
|
|-
|Lift motor room
|
|-
|Lighting
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|Lighting designer
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|Lightning protection / conductor
|
|-
|Loan criteria
|
|-
|Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act
|Amended the HGCR
|-
|Mantle
|
|-
|Marine / offshore energy
|
|-
|Material Management Plan
|Potential author contacted
4/11/2015
|-
|Material procurement
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|-
|Measurement (quantities)
|
|-
|Metal furring system
|
|-
|Mezzanine finance
|
|-
|Mies van der Rohe
|Photos needed

More detail needed

[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe_(Architect) https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mies_van_der_Rohe_(Architect)]
|-
|Mullion wall
|
|-
|Multi-storey structures
|
|-
|National Process Improvement Project
|Planning
|-
|Native file
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|-
|Neo-futurism
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|Nesting (BIM components?)
|
|-
|Nimbyism
|Further detail needed

photos

[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nimbyism_(Town_planning) https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Nimbyism_(Town_planning)]
|-
|Norman Foster
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|Operating costs
|see operating expenditure
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|Origin (CAD / BIM)
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|Oscar Niemeyer
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|Overtime ruling
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|Pallets
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|Panopticon
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|Parametricism
|[http://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20-%20A%20New%20Global%20Style%20for%20Architecture%20and%20Urban%20Design.html http://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20-%20A%20New%20Global%20Style%20for%20Architecture%20and%20Urban%20Design.html]
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|Passenger hoist
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|Patents
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|Pathology
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|Pelmet
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|Peristyle
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|Phillips Report
|
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|Pirelli General Cable Works Ltd v Oscar Faber & Partners
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|Planned Preventative Maintenance (PPM) Calendar,
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|Planning act
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|Plant management
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|Plaster
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|Polycarbonate plastic
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|Polymers
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|Portico
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|Portland cement
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|Post completion insurance
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|Power generation
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|Practice management
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|Price
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|Prisons
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|Project-based funding
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|Property / land valuation
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|Property investment market
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|Proptech
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|Radiator
|
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|Railway design and construction
|
|-
|Reduce, reuse and recycle
|
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|Refacing stone
|
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|Regulated and unregulated energy consumption
|
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|Rent
|
|-
|Renzo Piano
|
|-
|Resilience
|
|-
|Risk assessment under The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.
|
|-
|Sealant
|
|-
|Security consultant
|
|-
|Sewers / drains and drainage
|
|-
|Shear
|
|-
|Shear wall
|
|-
|Site supervisor
|
|-
|Shoring
|
|-
|'sistering' floor joists
|
|-
|Skeuomorphism
|
|-
|Slinger
|
|-
|Smoke damper
|See fire damper and approved document b2 definition
|-
|Splashback
|
|-
|Soft Landings Champion
|
|-
|Solar assisted heat pump
|
|-
|Sources of finance
|
|-
|Space planning
|Office space planning exists
|-
|Spandrel / spandrel panel
|
|-
|Special licences
|
|-
|Special parliamentary procedure
|
|-
|Spiral staircase
|
|-
|Sprinklers
|
|-
|Statutory instruments
|
|-
|Statutory site registers
|
|-
|Streamline Moderne
|
|-
|Stud
|
|-
|Subway construction
|
|-
|Summary judgement
|
|-
|Supplier assessment forms
|
|-
|Supports over openings/Arches
|
|-
|Sustainable procurement
|
|-
|Synclastic
|
|-
|System (BIM)
|
|-
|Temporary site services
|
|-
|Tenants
|
|-
|Tensegrity
|
|-
|Tension cable structure
|
|-
|Tension membrane structure
|
|-
|Terry Farrell
|
|-
|Timber roof
|
|-
|Town and Country Planning (Local Planning) (England) Regulations 2012
|
|-
|Town planning
|
|-
|Transport / traffic
|
|-
|Transport/traffic engineer
|
|-
|Truth to materials theory
|
|-
|Underwater foundations
|
|-
|Urban Archaeological Database
|See Historic Environment Record
|-
|Urban sprawl
|
|-
|Utilities connection
|
|-
|UK Guarantee Scheme for infrastructure
|
|-
|Valuation
|
|-
|Vehicle marshal
|
|-
|Vibrations
|
|-
|Views
|London View Management Framework already exists as does rights to light
|-
|Virtual reality
|See also augmented reality
|-
|Walter Segal
|
|-
|Warranties
|Collateral warranties exists
|-
|Water Bill
|
|-
|Wellpoint
|
|-
|Wet trades
|
|-
|White paper
|
|-
|Winches
|
|-
|Wind catcher
|
|-
|Wood Report
|
|-
|Ziggurat
|
|-
|Zone (BIM)
|
|}

[[Category:Site_Information]]

Nimbyism

2017-01-25T23:10:11Z

JC5: Created page with "= Nimbyism (Town Planning) = A term used by many to mean "Nim-by" or Not In My Back Yard. Where the yard is an area of land that has been identified for building or de..."

= Nimbyism (Town Planning) =

A term used by many to mean "Nim-by" or Not In My Back Yard. Where the yard is an area of land that has been identified for building or development.

Used as both a derogatory term and a positive for those who oppose development in their village or town or city.

Further term is the opposite "Yim-by" to mean Yes-build In My Back Yard for those who support the new build or development

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Mies van der Rohe (Architect)

2017-01-25T23:06:17Z

JC5: Created page with "= Mies van der Rohe (Architect) = Was a German architect, active from 1920's to 1960's when he died. Created buildings or skyscrapers for Berlin with continental weather patter..."

= Mies van der Rohe (Architect) =

Was a German architect, active from 1920's to 1960's when he died.

Created buildings or skyscrapers for Berlin with continental weather patterns, that became the modernist style and have been called, by William McDonough (American Architect), when transferred to America as "Vertical gas chambers" due to their lack of opening windows, for ventilation, all glass facade which would overheat on most days, especially summer and be uncomfortable, causing thermal stresses in humans.

Said many sayings which have been misinterpreted by many such as "less is more", so you get a roof, floor, glass walls around the outside. The more is the aesthetic or emotional response with many people appreciating this look. Said "God lies in the details" to mean that you must work to get the details right (to give the best look or aesthetic emotional response), and in so doing seek and finding God.

Spend a lot of time designing the Barcelona chair that is used in many waiting rooms and movies, even to the extend of going back in his 60's and trying to improve it, saying it was the hardest thing in his life he had designed. The author assumes this is because we use a chair differently to how we use buildings, and at different times need much more of a chair and others much less.

Notable buildings:

* Seagram building (skyscraper, that many others copied)
* Farnsworth house, for Dr Farnsworth, who insisted on walls between the bedroom and kitchen
*

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Le Corbusier (Architect)

2017-01-25T22:53:34Z

JC5: Created page with "= Le Corbusier = French architect active around 1900 to 1950's. Developed the brutalist concrete style for the developed western countries, where people had a way of living, an..."

= Le Corbusier =

French architect active around 1900 to 1950's.

Developed the brutalist concrete style for the developed western countries, where people had a way of living, and this was to meet their needs. Brutalist describes specifically "brut", french for raw concrete, that is formed around a rough sawn timber mould, sometimes the timber would be sand blasted to bring out the, harder, autum/winter growth, which then acts to imprint on the cooncrete. Done well, many people appreciate the aesthetics of this. Two prime examples of his buildings are [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_d'habitation Unité d'habitation], Marseille, Franse and in Sheiffield, UK the Parkhill Housing Estate (Listed Grade 2).

Said "home is a machine for living in" to in some describe that a home provides for the myriad of peoples needs in many ways and acts as a machine to suit their needs and can adapt.

Also designed the Indian government buildings, in a manner to suit their climate.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Home buyer report

2017-01-25T22:44:50Z

JC5: Created page with "= Home buyer report = A simple report confirming various aspects of the home for the purposes of ensuring the viability that the home is in good order. Many surveyors will use ..."

= Home buyer report =

A simple report confirming various aspects of the home for the purposes of ensuring the viability that the home is in good order.

Many surveyors will use a RICS supplied template and then adapt to suit their own needs. The CIOB has also supplied templates in the past, with responsibility in recent years and changes to what is required to be surveyed, being made by RICS.

The report confirms that:

* The home is in good structural order,
* In good condition and will note where maintenance is required
* Many reports state that there may be hazardous materials present and further investigation and sampling will be reqired such as for asbestos, lead water pipes, lead based paints and many others likely to cause harm to future occupants.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Freezing method for stabilising soils

2017-01-25T22:38:35Z

JC5: Created page with "= Freezing method ([https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Earthworks earthworks]) = This describes a way of freezing groundwater or bentonite slurry so to form a barrier tha..."

= Freezing method ([https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Earthworks earthworks]) =

This describes a way of freezing groundwater or bentonite slurry so to form a barrier that then allows deep earthworks to take place.

Pipes are installed in a network in the ground to be frozen, with careful placement to ensure even and equal freezing. A refridgerant is then pumped into and through the pipes freezing the ground to about -25C. This temperature gives adequate time should the plant or system otherwise become faulty to be repaired or a backup system started.

== Paris Metro Line 4 ==

This is one of 16 lines of the Paris subway or MRT (Mass Rapid Transport). Construction started in 1905 and finished 1908 and the ground was frozen to allow the construction of a subway station, alongside the sinking of caissons to allow construction of tunnels under the River Seine.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Future proofing construction

2016-11-28T12:11:04Z

JC5:

To help develop this article, click 'Edit this article' above.

= What is future proofing? =

Future proofing is a broad term that can encompass not only buildings and infrastructure but also communities, cities, countries or the whole planet. It has adopted different meanings within these different contexts, ranging from resilience to climate change to demographic change and resource security.

It is sometimes confused with sustainability issues, life-cycle costing and even well being. Whilst these may be relevant areas of consideration, here they are part of a more specific assessment process.

In relation to buildings, future proofing is an assessment process aimed at maximising whole-live value in the face of unpredictable, ongoing change.

= Historic precedent =

Future proofing is not a new phenomena. The anthropologist Gregory Bateson is credited with telling the following story about planning for the future.

New College, Oxford, founded in 1379 has a large dining hall like other Oxford colleges. This is constructed using large oak beams. In 1859 it became clear that the beams needed to be replaced – a difficult and expensive undertaking given the size of the timbers required. It was discovered however that replacement oaks had been planted in the college estates, and these were cut for use in the hall. It has been suggested that these trees were expressly planted for the hall – in effect, the hall had been future proofed against the possibility that the resources necessary to repair it would become (or remain) difficult to obtain.

= Design assessment =

Future proofing a building requires careful consideration of likely future scenarios:

* What changes are might happen in the life of the building?
* How likely are those changes?
* How serious would the impact of such a change be?
* What is the cost of future proofing against that change?

This assessment process should be a continuous exercise that involves the client, designers, suppliers contractors, end users, and is similar to the way that risk assessments are carried out.

Assessment is a very complex process, and there is a danger that a building will adopt future-proofing solutions that might fail:

* The scenario might not happen.
* The solution adopted to cope with the scenario might fail or might not be implemented.
* An unforeseen scenario might render the solution ineffective.

This means that whilst literature often suggests that future-proofing a building is always beneficial, and is inherently ‘environmental’, in fact, future proofing against the wrong scenarios can be a significant waste of resources.

= Future proofing consideration =

Some issues that might be considered in assessing the most appropriate strategy for future proofing a building are presented below. It should be noted that many of these go well beyond simple consideration of the fabric of the building to include long-term market assessment and business planning:

== Flexibility ==

The adaptability of a building or elements of its design can allow it to continue to be used efficiently despite changes in operational requirements, whereas an inflexible building might become unusable.

Flexibility might include active flexibility, such as moveable partitions, but can also include the provision of features that are inherently flexible, such as multi-use spaces, open plan as opposed to cellular offices, large floor to ceiling heights and high capacity service voids. It might also include broader characteristics such as the room to expand or the ability to use a range of different energy sources.

However, there are many buildings throughout the world with very expensive designed-in flexibility that has never been used. The requirement for change may never emerge, building occupants can be intransigent and avoid change, or occupants may simply be unaware of the possibility to change their building.

An example of poor adaptability is many UK hospitals with spaces for equipment and plant that has since downsized, and been made portable. The government minister, Francis Maude, said hospital buildings could be built “as sheds around people and equipment that can be reconfigured very quickly in 10 or 20 years’ time when needs change. We need to build in flexibility. We need to have a shell that’s capable of being reconfigured. At the moment, we’re building in obsolescence.”

== Resource use ==

The cost of energy is likely to continue to rise, and energy security is not certain. This might put a development at risk. Reducing future energy consumption or finding alternative sources of energy can therefore help to future proof a building.

This also applies to other resources that might be required such as water or raw materials for manufacturing.

== Technology ==

Specialist consultants and suppliers often recommend the very latest, most flexible technology and the provision of building infrastructure to accommodate likely future advances in technology.

In some circumstances, this may be sensible, but for example, flood wiring a building to allow for future flexibility may become unnecessary if wireless and mobile technology advances. Similarly, whilst long-life technological solutions might appear in the first assessment to give the most future proof solution, in practice, rapid technological advances might render a solution inefficient or even redundant within its useable life, and planning for regular replacement can be more efficient.

== Resilience to climate change ==

What would happen if weather patterns were to change? Will a building still function satisfactorily if temperatures rise, or rainfall increases, or the climate becomes more extreme? Is a proposed building in an area that might be at risk from flooding in the future?

Can the building be adapted, or should resilience be built in?

== Legislation ==

There have been a great many legislative changes in recent years with much more stringent regulations being introduced and a continually changing policy landscape. Whilst on the whole, these tend to impact on new buildings, retrospective changes can affect existing buildings. For example, the requirement to make existing buildings accessible, or regulations requiring that when an existing building is changed, it must must be adapted to comply with newer standards (for example the application of Part L of the building regulations when an existing building is modified). This can make inflexible buildings unviable.

== After use ==

Businesses may need to consider what they would do with their building if it became inappropriate for their requirements. Will the building or any of its components have resale value? Can it be adapted to other uses? Is it designed for deconstruction? Does it have inherent disposal costs?

Under certain circumstances, it may be more appropriate for a client to use a short-life, temporary or re-useable building than one that is long life.

== Social attitudes ==

A building that appears fashionable today, might become unfashionable in the future. This applies particularly to rented accommodation, where if a building does not have a ‘timeless’ style, or is unable to adapt, it may become unviable.

In addition, building users tolerance can also change over time. Issues such as privacy, noise pollution, light pollution or air quality that are now considered acceptable, might in the future be perceived as a problem.

== Wider considerations ==

An analysis of the predicted development of a geographic area or an industry is likely to impact on the selection of a site for a particular use. For example, will the business be able to attract and retain appropriately qualified staff? Will the business have access to universities? What is the quality of local area, the standard of local schools, the cost of local housing, the quality of the local transport infrastructure?

Will the building be able to respond to the needs of an ageing society, or a move to home working?

More people are moving away from the country to cities. This increased urbanisation means infrastructure requirements are changing. Will the local infrastructure be able to cope?

On a fundamental level, our numbers on the planet have more than doubled since 1950. There are now estimated to be seven billion people living on the planet. Although forecasters predict the increase in numbers will tail off by 2050, the likely impact of such high numbers on the planet may need to be considered.

NB for more information see Changing Lifestyles.

Alex Gordon RIBA, proposed 3L principle: Long Life, Loose Fit and Low Energy buildings as early as the 1970's in his report on the subject. loose fit describes the buildings as being a loose fit for their purpose so easily adapted for future uses.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Changing lifestyles.
* Business plan.
* Cost plans.
* Environmental plan.
* Environmental policy.
* Managing and responding to disaster.
* Masterplanning.
* Risk assessment.
* Risk management.
* Smart cities.
* Structure relocation.
* Sustainability.
* Whole life costs.

=== External references ===

* Bill Gething: Design for Future Climate: opportunities for adaptation in the built environment.
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climate/government/risk-assessment/ UK Climate Change Risk Assessment] (CCRA).
* Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) [https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/adapting-to-climate-change National Adaptation Programme] (NAP).
* The Environment Agency: Climate Ready support service.
* 9th Brunel International Lecture by Jo da Silva, 2012: Shifting agendas: response to resilience - the role of the engineer in disaster risk reduction.
* [http://www.building.co.uk/minister-favours-%E2%80%98sheds%E2%80%99-for-hospitals/5021967.article http://www.building.co.uk/minister-favours-%E2%80%98sheds%E2%80%99-for-hospitals/5021967.article] - Francis Maude "Hospitals should be sheds"
* [http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/viewFile/186/178 http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/viewFile/186/178] - Alex Gordon 3L quote
* [http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oak-beams-new-college-oxford http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/oak-beams-new-college-oxford]

[[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Public_procedures]]

Future proofing construction

2016-11-28T12:06:31Z

JC5:

To help develop this article, click 'Edit this article' above.

= What is future proofing? =

Future proofing is a broad term that can encompass not only buildings and infrastructure but also communities, cities, countries or the whole planet. It has adopted different meanings within these different contexts, ranging from resilience to climate change to demographic change and resource security.

It is sometimes confused with sustainability issues, life-cycle costing and even well being. Whilst these may be relevant areas of consideration, here they are part of a more specific assessment process.

In relation to buildings, future proofing is an assessment process aimed at maximising whole-live value in the face of unpredictable, ongoing change.

= Historic precedent =

Future proofing is not a new phenomena. The anthropologist Gregory Bateson is credited with telling the following story about planning for the future.

New College, Oxford, founded in 1379 has a large dining hall like other Oxford colleges. This is constructed using large oak beams. In 1859 it became clear that the beams needed to be replaced – a difficult and expensive undertaking given the size of the timbers required. It was discovered however that replacement oaks had been planted in the college estates, and these were cut for use in the hall. It has been suggested that these trees were expressly planted for the hall – in effect, the hall had been future proofed against the possibility that the resources necessary to repair it would become (or remain) difficult to obtain.

= Design assessment =

Future proofing a building requires careful consideration of likely future scenarios:

* What changes are might happen in the life of the building?
* How likely are those changes?
* How serious would the impact of such a change be?
* What is the cost of future proofing against that change?

This assessment process should be a continuous exercise that involves the client, designers, suppliers contractors, end users, and is similar to the way that risk assessments are carried out.

Assessment is a very complex process, and there is a danger that a building will adopt future-proofing solutions that might fail:

* The scenario might not happen.
* The solution adopted to cope with the scenario might fail or might not be implemented.
* An unforeseen scenario might render the solution ineffective.

This means that whilst literature often suggests that future-proofing a building is always beneficial, and is inherently ‘environmental’, in fact, future proofing against the wrong scenarios can be a significant waste of resources.

= Future proofing consideration =

Some issues that might be considered in assessing the most appropriate strategy for future proofing a building are presented below. It should be noted that many of these go well beyond simple consideration of the fabric of the building to include long-term market assessment and business planning:

== Flexibility ==

The adaptability of a building or elements of its design can allow it to continue to be used efficiently despite changes in operational requirements, whereas an inflexible building might become unusable.

Flexibility might include active flexibility, such as moveable partitions, but can also include the provision of features that are inherently flexible, such as multi-use spaces, open plan as opposed to cellular offices, large floor to ceiling heights and high capacity service voids. It might also include broader characteristics such as the room to expand or the ability to use a range of different energy sources.

However, there are many buildings throughout the world with very expensive designed-in flexibility that has never been used. The requirement for change may never emerge, building occupants can be intransigent and avoid change, or occupants may simply be unaware of the possibility to change their building.

An example of poor adaptability is many UK hospitals with spaces for equipment and plant that has since downsized, and been made portable. The government minister, Francis Maude, said hospital buildings could be built “as sheds around people and equipment that can be reconfigured very quickly in 10 or 20 years’ time when needs change. We need to build in flexibility. We need to have a shell that’s capable of being reconfigured. At the moment, we’re building in obsolescence.”

== Resource use ==

The cost of energy is likely to continue to rise, and energy security is not certain. This might put a development at risk. Reducing future energy consumption or finding alternative sources of energy can therefore help to future proof a building.

This also applies to other resources that might be required such as water or raw materials for manufacturing.

== Technology ==

Specialist consultants and suppliers often recommend the very latest, most flexible technology and the provision of building infrastructure to accommodate likely future advances in technology.

In some circumstances, this may be sensible, but for example, flood wiring a building to allow for future flexibility may become unnecessary if wireless and mobile technology advances. Similarly, whilst long-life technological solutions might appear in the first assessment to give the most future proof solution, in practice, rapid technological advances might render a solution inefficient or even redundant within its useable life, and planning for regular replacement can be more efficient.

== Resilience to climate change ==

What would happen if weather patterns were to change? Will a building still function satisfactorily if temperatures rise, or rainfall increases, or the climate becomes more extreme? Is a proposed building in an area that might be at risk from flooding in the future?

Can the building be adapted, or should resilience be built in?

== Legislation ==

There have been a great many legislative changes in recent years with much more stringent regulations being introduced and a continually changing policy landscape. Whilst on the whole, these tend to impact on new buildings, retrospective changes can affect existing buildings. For example, the requirement to make existing buildings accessible, or regulations requiring that when an existing building is changed, it must must be adapted to comply with newer standards (for example the application of Part L of the building regulations when an existing building is modified). This can make inflexible buildings unviable.

== After use ==

Businesses may need to consider what they would do with their building if it became inappropriate for their requirements. Will the building or any of its components have resale value? Can it be adapted to other uses? Is it designed for deconstruction? Does it have inherent disposal costs?

Under certain circumstances, it may be more appropriate for a client to use a short-life, temporary or re-useable building than one that is long life.

== Social attitudes ==

A building that appears fashionable today, might become unfashionable in the future. This applies particularly to rented accommodation, where if a building does not have a ‘timeless’ style, or is unable to adapt, it may become unviable.

In addition, building users tolerance can also change over time. Issues such as privacy, noise pollution, light pollution or air quality that are now considered acceptable, might in the future be perceived as a problem.

== Wider considerations ==

An analysis of the predicted development of a geographic area or an industry is likely to impact on the selection of a site for a particular use. For example, will the business be able to attract and retain appropriately qualified staff? Will the business have access to universities? What is the quality of local area, the standard of local schools, the cost of local housing, the quality of the local transport infrastructure?

Will the building be able to respond to the needs of an ageing society, or a move to home working?

More people are moving away from the country to cities. This increased urbanisation means infrastructure requirements are changing. Will the local infrastructure be able to cope?

On a fundamental level, our numbers on the planet have more than doubled since 1950. There are now estimated to be seven billion people living on the planet. Although forecasters predict the increase in numbers will tail off by 2050, the likely impact of such high numbers on the planet may need to be considered.

NB for more information see Changing Lifestyles.

Alex Gordon RIBA, proposed Long Life, Loose Fit and Low Energy buildings as early as the 1970's in his report on the subject. loose fit describes the buildings as being a loose fit for their purpose so easily adapted for future uses.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Changing lifestyles.
* Business plan.
* Cost plans.
* Environmental plan.
* Environmental policy.
* Managing and responding to disaster.
* Masterplanning.
* Risk assessment.
* Risk management.
* Smart cities.
* Structure relocation.
* Sustainability.
* Whole life costs.

=== External references ===

* Bill Gething: Design for Future Climate: opportunities for adaptation in the built environment.
* [http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/climate/government/risk-assessment/ UK Climate Change Risk Assessment] (CCRA).
* Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) [https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/adapting-to-climate-change National Adaptation Programme] (NAP).
* The Environment Agency: Climate Ready support service.
* 9th Brunel International Lecture by Jo da Silva, 2012: Shifting agendas: response to resilience - the role of the engineer in disaster risk reduction.
* [http://www.building.co.uk/minister-favours-%E2%80%98sheds%E2%80%99-for-hospitals/5021967.article http://www.building.co.uk/minister-favours-%E2%80%98sheds%E2%80%99-for-hospitals/5021967.article] - Francis Maude "Hospitals should be sheds"
* [http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/viewFile/186/178 http://ojs.ecsdev.org/index.php/ejsd/article/viewFile/186/178] - Alex Gordon quote

[[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Cost_/_business_planning]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Public_procedures]]

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

2016-08-17T21:03:42Z

JC5:

[[File:Guggenheim1.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim1.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The Guggenheim Museum (Museo Guggenheim) in the Spanish port city of Bilbao, is one of the most iconic examples of modern architecture, and has been described as 'the greatest building of our time'.

Opening in September 1997, the sculpture-like titanium skinned structure that shimmers as its different angles and curves catch sunlight has been credited with changing the way architects approach the design of museums. Sited near to a road and bridge it acts as a landmark for those travelling.

As one of several owned by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, this modern and contemporary art museum features permanent and visiting exhibits by Spanish and international artists and has become one of the region's most popular tourist attractions, credited with revitalising the city of Bilbao.

The Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry was selected by the Guggenheim Foundation and challenged to design a building that would be both innovative and daring. He wanted to integrate the design within Bilbao's urban pattern, with spectacular use of flowing canopies, cliffs, promontories, maritime shapes, towers and flying fins that from above appear almost floral.

= Design and construction =

The Basque government approached the Guggenheim Foundation in 1991 with the idea of setting a new Guggenheim museum in Bilbao's then-decrepit port area. This was to be the focal point of their redevelopment plans to rejuvenate and modernise the old industrial town. The government agreed to cover the construction costs and subsidise the museum's annual budget.

Taking the port location alongside the Nervion River as inspiration, Gehry's design was intended to be modest when viewed from street level but spectacular when seen across the river. His childhood fascination with fish was said to have inspired the gleaming titanium tiles that appear like giant herring scales. The titanium, limestone and glass curves of the exterior sweep seemingly at random, with a rippling effect made possible by fixing clips that create a shallow central dent in each of the tiles. The 33,000 tiles are very thin and produce a rough and organic effect which changes colour depending on the varying weather and light conditions.

The mathematical intricacy of the twisting curves required the use of innovative 3D design software CATIA, developed predominantly for the aerospace industry. This allowed for Gehry's complex designs to be rendered as digital models that could then be honed and refined. Gerry used the CATIA engine and created his own software called Gehry Technologies.

Large glass curtain walls connect the interior and exterior and flood the central atrium with light. At the top of the 45-metre high atrium is a large skylight in the shape of a metal flower. The building's three levels are connected to the atrium by curved walkways, staircases, and titanium and glass elevators.

The building is 24,000 m2, of which 11,000 m2 is dedicated to exhibition space. Ten of the museum's nineteen galleries can be identified by the limestone finish on the exterior, while the other nine can be identified by swirling titanium-clad forms. “I was looking for a way to express feeling in three-dimensional objects,” he told Sidney Pollack during an interview. Everything he designed was directed toward the goal of encouraging the same kind of emotional engagement with architecture that people expect to have with art ([http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/09/why-frank-gehry-is-not-a-starchitect Goldberger, P. 2015])

It was constructed on time and on budget by Spanish contractors Ferrovial at a total cost of $89 million. At the time titanium was cheaper than stainless steel, Gehry's second choice should titanium prove too expensive. It is one of very few buildings clad in titanium worldwide.

[[File:Guggenheim2.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim2.jpg]]

= Post-completion =

The museum was opened in October 1997 by Juan Carlos I of Spain, and was almost universally lauded as an architectural triumph. It has since been described as a masterpiece of the 20th century and a spectacular example of the Deconstructivist style.

The museum has also inspired the term 'the Bilbao effect' to describe the socio-economic impact landmark architecture can have on the overall success of a city. During the first three years of opening, the museum welcomed almost 4 million visitors which generated around €500 million in economic activity (hotel, restaurants, shopping, local jobs to support increased tourists and payment of taxes among other items). The museum attracts about 1 million visitors every year.

The Guggenheim provoked a spate of 'statement' architecture designed buildings by 'starchitect' figures that largely failed to emulate its success. This museum was the third building in Bilbao and is part of the cities regeneration of the former port area and sits close to the university. An [https://youtu.be/hhJ62_IJKWw architecture series video is worth watching to fully understand the aesthetic experience of this building].

=== Project data ===

* Address: Abandoibarra Etorb., Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
* Construction started: October 1993
* Completed: October 1997
* Floor space: 24,000 m2
* Floors: 3
* Architect: Frank Gehry
* Main contractor: Ferrovial
* Construction cost: $89 million
* Owner: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the world.
* [[w/index.php?title=W/index.php%3Ftitle%3DW/index.php%3Ftitle%3DW/index.php%3Ftitle%3D9_of_the_world%27s_most_impressive_structures%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&action=edit&redlink=1|9 of the world's most impressive structures]].
* Building of the week series.
* Centre Pompidou.
* Dali Theatre and Museum.
* Deconstructivism.
* Frank Gehry.
* Gentle Genius.
* Kunsthaus Graz.
* Lloyds of London.
* Millennium Dome.
* Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum.
* Sage Gateshead.
* Switch House, Tate Modern.
* Tallest buildings in the world.
* The Gherkin.
* The history of fabric structures.
* Titanic Belfast.

=== External references ===

* Guggenheim - [http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/en// Official site]
* ArchDaily - [http://www.archdaily.com/422470/ad-classics-the-guggenheim-museum-bilbao-frank-gehry The Guggenheim Museum]

[[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

2016-08-17T21:01:14Z

JC5:

[[File:Guggenheim1.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim1.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The Guggenheim Museum (Museo Guggenheim) in the Spanish port city of Bilbao, is one of the most iconic examples of modern architecture, and has been described as 'the greatest building of our time'.

Opening in September 1997, the sculpture-like titanium skinned structure that shimmers as its different angles and curves catch sunlight has been credited with changing the way architects approach the design of museums. Sited near to a road and bridge it acts as a landmark for those travelling.

As one of several owned by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, this modern and contemporary art museum features permanent and visiting exhibits by Spanish and international artists and has become one of the region's most popular tourist attractions, credited with revitalising the city of Bilbao.

The Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry was selected by the Guggenheim Foundation and challenged to design a building that would be both innovative and daring. He wanted to integrate the design within Bilbao's urban pattern, with spectacular use of flowing canopies, cliffs, promontories, maritime shapes, towers and flying fins that from above appear almost floral.

= Design and construction =

The Basque government approached the Guggenheim Foundation in 1991 with the idea of setting a new Guggenheim museum in Bilbao's then-decrepit port area. This was to be the focal point of their redevelopment plans to rejuvenate and modernise the old industrial town. The government agreed to cover the construction costs and subsidise the museum's annual budget.

Taking the port location alongside the Nervion River as inspiration, Gehry's design was intended to be modest when viewed from street level but spectacular when seen across the river. His childhood fascination with fish was said to have inspired the gleaming titanium tiles that appear like giant herring scales. The titanium, limestone and glass curves of the exterior sweep seemingly at random, with a rippling effect made possible by fixing clips that create a shallow central dent in each of the tiles. The 33,000 tiles are very thin and produce a rough and organic effect which changes colour depending on the varying weather and light conditions.

The mathematical intricacy of the twisting curves required the use of innovative 3D design software CATIA, developed predominantly for the aerospace industry. This allowed for Gehry's complex designs to be rendered as digital models that could then be honed and refined. Gerry used the CATIA engine and created his own software called Gehry Technologies.

Large glass curtain walls connect the interior and exterior and flood the central atrium with light. At the top of the 45-metre high atrium is a large skylight in the shape of a metal flower. The building's three levels are connected to the atrium by curved walkways, staircases, and titanium and glass elevators.

The building is 24,000 m2, of which 11,000 m2 is dedicated to exhibition space. Ten of the museum's nineteen galleries can be identified by the limestone finish on the exterior, while the other nine can be identified by swirling titanium-clad forms. “I was looking for a way to express feeling in three-dimensional objects,” he told Sidney Pollack during an interview.

It was constructed on time and on budget by Spanish contractors Ferrovial at a total cost of $89 million. At the time titanium was cheaper than stainless steel, Gehry's second choice should titanium prove too expensive. It is one of very few buildings clad in titanium worldwide.

[[File:Guggenheim2.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim2.jpg]]

= Post-completion =

The museum was opened in October 1997 by Juan Carlos I of Spain, and was almost universally lauded as an architectural triumph. It has since been described as a masterpiece of the 20th century and a spectacular example of the Deconstructivist style.

The museum has also inspired the term 'the Bilbao effect' to describe the socio-economic impact landmark architecture can have on the overall success of a city. During the first three years of opening, the museum welcomed almost 4 million visitors which generated around €500 million in economic activity (hotel, restaurants, shopping, local jobs to support increased tourists and payment of taxes among other items). The museum attracts about 1 million visitors every year.

The Guggenheim provoked a spate of 'statement' architecture designed buildings by 'starchitect' figures that largely failed to emulate its success. This museum was the third building in Bilbao and is part of the cities regeneration of the former port area and sits close to the university. An [https://youtu.be/hhJ62_IJKWw architecture series video is worth watching to fully understand the aesthetic experience of this building].

=== Project data ===

* Address: Abandoibarra Etorb., Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
* Construction started: October 1993
* Completed: October 1997
* Floor space: 24,000 m2
* Floors: 3
* Architect: Frank Gehry
* Main contractor: Ferrovial
* Construction cost: $89 million
* Owner: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the world.
* [[w/index.php?title=W/index.php%3Ftitle%3DW/index.php%3Ftitle%3D9_of_the_world%27s_most_impressive_structures%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&action=edit&redlink=1|9 of the world's most impressive structures]].
* Building of the week series.
* Centre Pompidou.
* Dali Theatre and Museum.
* Deconstructivism.
* Frank Gehry.
* Gentle Genius.
* Kunsthaus Graz.
* Lloyds of London.
* Millennium Dome.
* Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum.
* Sage Gateshead.
* Switch House, Tate Modern.
* Tallest buildings in the world.
* The Gherkin.
* The history of fabric structures.
* Titanic Belfast.

=== External references ===

* Guggenheim - [http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/en// Official site]
* ArchDaily - [http://www.archdaily.com/422470/ad-classics-the-guggenheim-museum-bilbao-frank-gehry The Guggenheim Museum]

[[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao

2016-08-17T20:47:11Z

JC5:

[[File:Guggenheim1.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim1.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The Guggenheim Museum (Museo Guggenheim) in the Spanish port city of Bilbao, is one of the most iconic examples of modern architecture, and has been described as 'the greatest building of our time'.

Opening in September 1997, the sculpture-like titanium skinned structure that shimmers as its different angles and curves catch sunlight has been credited with changing the way architects approach the design of museums. Sited near to a road and bridge it acts as a landmark for those travelling.

As one of several owned by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, this modern and contemporary art museum features permanent and visiting exhibits by Spanish and international artists and has become one of the region's most popular tourist attractions, credited with revitalising the city of Bilbao.

The Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry was selected by the Guggenheim Foundation and challenged to design a building that would be both innovative and daring. He wanted to integrate the design within Bilbao's urban pattern, with spectacular use of flowing canopies, cliffs, promontories, maritime shapes, towers and flying fins that from above appear almost floral.

= Design and construction =

The Basque government approached the Guggenheim Foundation in 1991 with the idea of setting a new Guggenheim museum in Bilbao's then-decrepit port area. This was to be the focal point of their redevelopment plans to rejuvenate and modernise the old industrial town. The government agreed to cover the construction costs and subsidise the museum's annual budget.

Taking the port location alongside the Nervion River as inspiration, Gehry's design was intended to be modest when viewed from street level but spectacular when seen across the river. His childhood fascination with fish was said to have inspired the gleaming titanium tiles that appear like giant herring scales. The titanium, limestone and glass curves of the exterior sweep seemingly at random, with a rippling effect made possible by fixing clips that create a shallow central dent in each of the tiles. The 33,000 tiles are very thin and produce a rough and organic effect which changes colour depending on the varying weather and light conditions.

The mathematical intricacy of the twisting curves required the use of innovative 3D design software CATIA, developed predominantly for the aerospace industry. This allowed for Gehry's complex designs to be rendered as digital models that could then be honed and refined. Gerry used the CATIA engine and created his own software called Gehry Technologies.

Large glass curtain walls connect the interior and exterior and flood the central atrium with light. At the top of the 45-metre high atrium is a large skylight in the shape of a metal flower. The building's three levels are connected to the atrium by curved walkways, staircases, and titanium and glass elevators.

The building is 24,000 m2, of which 11,000 m2 is dedicated to exhibition space. Ten of the museum's nineteen galleries can be identified by the limestone finish on the exterior, while the other nine can be identified by swirling titanium-clad forms.

It was constructed on time and on budget by Spanish contractors Ferrovial at a total cost of $89 million. At the time titanium was cheaper than stainless steel, Gehry's second choice should titanium prove too expensive. It is one of very few buildings clad in titanium worldwide.

[[File:Guggenheim2.jpg|link=File:Guggenheim2.jpg]]

= Post-completion =

The museum was opened in October 1997 by Juan Carlos I of Spain, and was almost universally lauded as an architectural triumph. It has since been described as a masterpiece of the 20th century and a spectacular example of the Deconstructivist style.

The museum has also inspired the term 'the Bilbao effect' to describe the socio-economic impact landmark architecture can have on the overall success of a city. During the first three years of opening, the museum welcomed almost 4 million visitors which generated around €500 million in economic activity (hotel, restaurants, shopping, local jobs to support increased tourists and payment of taxes among other items). The museum attracts about 1 million visitors every year.

The Guggenheim provoked a spate of 'statement' architecture designed buildings by 'starchitect' figures that largely failed to emulate its success. This museum was the third building in Bilbao and is part of the cities regeneration of the former port area and sits close to the university. An [https://youtu.be/hhJ62_IJKWw architecture series video is worth watching to fully understand the aesthetic experience of this building].

=== Project data ===

* Address: Abandoibarra Etorb., Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
* Construction started: October 1993
* Completed: October 1997
* Floor space: 24,000 m2
* Floors: 3
* Architect: Frank Gehry
* Main contractor: Ferrovial
* Construction cost: $89 million
* Owner: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* 7 Engineering Wonders of the world.
* [[w/index.php?title=W/index.php%3Ftitle%3D9_of_the_world%27s_most_impressive_structures%26action%3Dedit%26redlink%3D1&action=edit&redlink=1|9 of the world's most impressive structures]].
* Building of the week series.
* Centre Pompidou.
* Dali Theatre and Museum.
* Deconstructivism.
* Frank Gehry.
* Gentle Genius.
* Kunsthaus Graz.
* Lloyds of London.
* Millennium Dome.
* Niteroi Contemporary Art Museum.
* Sage Gateshead.
* Switch House, Tate Modern.
* Tallest buildings in the world.
* The Gherkin.
* The history of fabric structures.
* Titanic Belfast.

=== External references ===

* Guggenheim - [http://www.guggenheim-bilbao.es/en// Official site]
* ArchDaily - [http://www.archdaily.com/422470/ad-classics-the-guggenheim-museum-bilbao-frank-gehry The Guggenheim Museum]

[[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Method statement for construction

2016-08-13T10:31:47Z

JC5:

Method statements are widely used in construction as a means of controlling specific health and safety risks that have been identified (perhaps following the preparation of a risk assessment) such as; lifting operations, demolition or dismantling, working at height, installing equipment, the use of plant and so on. George Forster in his book Construction Site Studies details method statements used for management purposes showing personnel needed, time, and work output among other factors.

A method statement helps manage the work and ensures that the necessary precautions have been communicated to those involved.

The process of preparing a written method statement provides evidence that:

# Significant health and safety risks have been identified.
# The co-operation of workers has been ensured.
# Safe, co-ordinated systems of work have been put in place.
# Workers have been involved in the process.

Method statements are not a requirement of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations, however they are identified by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) as being one way of satisfying the requirements of the regulations and as an effective means of assessing risks, managing risks, collecting workers’ views and briefing workers.

The fact that method statements are not a requirement of the CDM Regulations is evidence of the HSE's intention that implementation of the requirements of the CDM Regulations should not be a paper exercise, where the filling out of a standard template is sufficient, but that it should be an integral and fundamental part of the construction process.

The format in which method statements are prepared, reviewed and used should be set out at the outset of a project, perhaps within the Project Execution Plan (PEP), ensuring not only that the method statement is produced by a competent person, but that it is peer-reviewed as part of the Quality Assurance (QA) system prior to it's use.

Where they are prepared, method statements need be no longer than is necessary for them to be effective. They are for the benefit of those carrying out the work and so should be clear, should not be overcomplicated and should be illustrated where necessary.

Method statements should be written by a competent person who is familiar with the process being described and may need to be agreed between the client, principal contractor and contractor. The HSE suggests that those preparing method statements should consider:

* Is there a safer way of doing this task?
* Will workers actually implement the controls as planned?
* Do controls make the job difficult or inconvenient?
* Are there small changes that will improve the intended method?
* How will controls work in adverse conditions?
* Will workers require additional briefing or instructions?

The contents of a method statement will vary with the work process being described however, it may contain:

* Details of the organisation in control of the activity.
* Details of the individual responsible for the activity.
* A description of the activity.
* A description of how the work will be managed.
* The location of the activity, its boundaries, means of access and how it is segregated from other activities.
* Plant and equipment required.
* The procedure for changing the proposed method of work if necessary.
* A step by step description of the activities to be undertaken.
* Precautions necessary to protect workers, and other people that could be affected, including personal protective equipment and ventilation requirements.
* Training procedures.
* The need for specially-trained operators for certain activities.
* Emergency procedures, including the location of emergency equipment.
* The handling and storage of materials and pollution prevention procedures.
* Temporary works designs.
* The method for safeguarding existing structures.

Together, risk assessments and method statements are sometimes described as 'RAMS'. RAMS may be required by third parties to demonstrate that health and safety has been properly considered and that the requirements of the CDM regulations have been satisfied. For example, a contractor may require submission of RAMS form sub-contractors, a landlord may require submission of RAMS from tenants proposing to carry out works to a property, or a client may require submission of RAMS from contractors operating on their premises.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* CDM.
* Contractor.
* Deleterious materials.
* Demolition.
* Health and safety.
* Permit to work.
* Principal contractor.
* Project execution plan.
* Project risk.
* Reporting accidents and injuries on construction sites.
* Risk assessment.
* Risk assessments and method statements.
* Risk management.
* Temporary works.

=== External references ===

* HSE: Managing health and safety in construction.
* HSE: [http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/safetytopics/admin.htm#method Administration]
* HSE: [http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/safetytopics/assess.htm Assessing all work at height].
* [http://host.safetyservicesdirect.com/what%20is%20a%20method%20statement.pdf Safety Services Direct: Method statements]
* [http://www.hse.gov.uk/construction/lwit/assets/downloads/engaging-workers-in-risk-assessment.pdf HSE Engaging your workers in risk management].

[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Construction_management]]

Structural vibration

2016-08-05T10:47:29Z

JC5:

[[File:Engineering-out-bad-vibes.jpg|link=File:Engineering-out-bad-vibes.jpg]]

= Introduction =

The design of modern lightweight structures and buildings in busy and congested cities requires careful consideration of the effects of vibration due to people, traffic and wind.

More than ever before, it is important for civil and structural engineers to manage structural vibration such that occupant comfort, structural durability and performance of specialist equipment can be maintained. Indeed, vibration-related criteria are increasingly found to govern structural design.

In August 2016, the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) has therefore published a themed issue ([http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/toc/jstbu/169/8 169 SB8]) of its Structures and Buildings journal on the latest research and practice related to reducing unwanted structural vibrations.

= Bouncy people =

Footfall-induced floor vibration is one of the more commonly encountered sources of structural vibration, particularly where modern lightweight floor structures are used. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.14.00130 Zhang et al] present the result of an extensive experimental study of lightweight floors constructed using metal-web timber joists to improve vibration performance.

In the design of stadia and public assembly buildings, engineers need to make a robust assessment of the dynamic performance of the structure under crowd loading. With reference to a series of experimental studies conducted at the University of Bath, UK, [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00033 Browning] challenges the Institution of Structural Engineers' 2008 dynamic design criteria and proposes a new approach to specifying stadium vibration requirements. These YouTube videos show Frankfurt stadium [https://youtube.com/watch?v=ocOGKxy7onU here], and [https://youtube.com/watch?v=OS1JZQ6yg5I here]. Concrete can flex and bend quite a bit before cracking.

The design of lightweight pedestrian bridges is also often governed by the performance under crowd loading. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00013 Brownjohn et al] experimentally investigate the dynamic performance of The Helix bridge in Singapore (pictured top), which unusually also serves as a viewing platform. The [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/uk/2000/millennium_bridge/default.stm London Millenium bridge] in aluminium famously vibrated due to resonance wave produced by people walking, it was closed for 2 years from its opening day for [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London#Resonance repairs].

= Shaky ground =

As cities densify and transport networks expand, the problem of rail-induced ground-borne vibration is becoming increasingly significant for new and existing developments. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00010 Gjelstrup et al]. have developed a novel probabilistic approach to the assessment of structural vibration and structure-borne noise in buildings close to railways.

The provision of base isolation may be used to mitigate the effect of ground-born vibration and re-radiated noise on building occupants. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00057 Talbot] has undertaken a review of current practice in the design of base isolation and highlights challenges that need to be addressed to move towards a performance-based design approach.

Medical and research facilities containing precision equipment are particularly sensitive to the effects of ground-borne vibration. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.14.00133 Brownjohn et al] present a case study of the Orion laser facility at the UK Atomic Weapon Establishment, detailing the experimental and numerical studies undertaken to guide its design and to assess performance prior to and during construction.

Damping and base isolation can also be used to mitigate the effects of seismic events on buildings. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00032 Kasinos et al] investigate the response of building subsystems subject to seismic vibration events and present a new methodology giving improved predictions for irregular structures.

Jonathan Glancy's book [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/dec/20/lost-buildings-review Lost building]s talks of the old Baltic Exchange, shaking due to an IRA terrorist bomb outside, which made the traders scared so they had to move to a new building. Fosters Gherkin was build in its place following demolition.

= Buffeting breeze =

In taller buildings, wind-induced lateral vibration frequently governs the serviceability performance of the structure. Criteria used to set lateral acceleration limits are typically based on the concept of avoiding occupant complaint.

However, [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.15.00017 Lamb et al] present new multidisciplinary research that suggests significant vibration serviceability issues can arise at a level of vibration well below that which might give rise to complaint, and indeed at a level that may not even be perceptible to occupants.

Where the level of lateral vibration in a tall building has been identified as excessive, there is often scope for designers to control acceleration levels by introducing additional structural damping.

For many buildings, the use of a tuned liquid column damper is an efficient solution. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/full/10.1680/jstbu.14.00129 Cammelli and Li] present a case study demonstrating the use of experimental and numerical studies to guide design of a large liquid damper in a high-rise structure on the US east coast.

In conclusion, the breadth of papers on the issue shows the level of interest in the dynamic performance of structures and its relevance to civil and structural engineers. As buildings and structures become lighter, urban transport networks expand and brownfield development is pursued, the ability of practising engineers to design out unwanted vibration will become ever more important to satisfy the needs and expectations of society.

-----
This article was originally published by ICE as [https://www.ice.org.uk/news/knowledge/august-2016/engineering-out-bad-vibes 'Engineering out bad vibes'] on 1 Aug 2016. It was written by John Ward.

--[[User:The_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers|The Institution of Civil Engineers]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* [[User:The_Institution_of_Civil_Engineers|Articles by ICE on Designing Buildings Wiki]].
* Concept structural design of buildings.
* Elements of structure in buildings.
* Structural engineer.
* Structural steelwork.
* Structure definition.
* Structures at the end of their design life.

[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Unfinished buildings

2016-07-01T08:29:07Z

JC5: Created page with "List of unfinished buildings ( taken from [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/index.html http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/] by Rick Edmondson) * [http://www.unfinishedbuildi..."

List of unfinished buildings ( taken from [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/index.html http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/] by Rick Edmondson)

* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/siena.html Siena Cathedral], Italy, where it all started
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/bangkok.html Bangkok], Thailand
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/bay.html Bay-Adelaide Centre], Toronto, Canada
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/beauvais.html Beauvais Cathedral], Beauvais, France
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/bolton.html Bolton Priory tower], Bolton Abbey, West Yorkshire, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/divine.html Cathedral of Saint John the Divine], New York, USA
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/bruges.html Ministerie van Tewerkskelling en Arbeid], Bruges, Belgium
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/duomo.html The Duomo], Florence, Italy
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/masonic.html Freemasons Hall], Central London, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/liverpool.html Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral], Liverpool, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/longwood.html Longwood antebellum house], Natchez, Mississippi, USA
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/maidavale.html Maida Vale Underground Station], London, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/navrongo.html Navrongo city centre], Ghana
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/norwich.html Norwich City Hall], Norfolk, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/greenwich.html Old Royal Naval College], Greenwich, London, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/olimpijka.html Olimpijka unfinished bridge] near Baranow, Masovia, Poland
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/mexico.html Palacio Legislativo Federal], Mexico City, Mexico
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/regatta.html Regatta Quays], Ipswich, Suffolk, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/ryugyong.html Ryugyong Hotel], Pyongyang, North Korea
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/sagrada.html Sagrada Familia], Barcelona, Spain
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/szkieletor.html Szkieletor], Kraków, Poland
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/wickhams.html Wickham's Department Store], Mile End Road, London's East End, UK
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/wonderland.html Wonderland Theme Park], Beijing, China
* [http://www.unfinishedbuildings.org/woodchester.html Woodchester Park Mansion], Stroud, Gloucester, UK

A further unfinished builidng is the Tower of David, Venezezula. Featured in the Homeland TV Series, USA version. - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Financiero_Confinanzas]

[[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Procurement]]

User:JC5

2016-05-01T21:04:33Z

JC5:

Buildings should have captains. Like ships have captains. Need for a new word to describe them

Every community should have its own architect ensuring that their communities are beautiful.

Design methodology for building projects

2015-04-04T14:51:22Z

JC5:

To help develop this article click 'Edit this article' above.

= Introduction =

Buildings first evolved from the basic human need for shelter, security, worship, protection from animals and other tribes and so on. The way that these needs were satisfied, using the available materials, space and skills gave rise to a wide range of building techniques. Through the maintenance, improvement and personalisation of these early structures, that decoration was first introduced, and buildings gradually became more than just functional shelters. This gave delight, showed power and exhibited wealth. Building design became more than a simple problem-solving exercise.

To this day however, it is remarkably difficult to describe what the building design process actually is. Gavin Tunstall's 2006 book "Managing the building design process" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B3IJcP4CQ30C (Google preview)] describes in detail a design processes for the design and construction of a car showroom. Whilst it is relatively easy to explain it from a contractual and technical perspective, as a series of stages through which the level of detail increases, and it is comparatively straight forward to describe the output of design in terms of drawings, styles, typologies, or components, the creative process itself remains elusive.
*How does the design itself emerge?
*What are the inspirations?
*What are the thought processes that move the design from a blank piece of paper or an empty a computer screen to a completed design that a contractor can build?
*To what extent is the process creative?

There is an underlying mistrust of theories that attempt to describe the creative process and practice rarely seems to reflect academic descriptions, which tend to explain what academics think should be happening rather than what designers are actually doing. Indeed the approach that designers say they take to design, is often very different from what they actually do. Philosophical or thinking theories describes background process that Architects follow. Current thinking follows closely with Martin Heidegger’s theories. Others are aesthetic theories such as David Hume's (1711-1776) "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" and there is a "catholic and universal beauty".

Architects will follow the [[2013%20plan%20of%20work|RIBA Plan of Work]] as a system for payment, to ensure key tasks are completed and to ensure everyone knows what stage the process is at and what needs completing at this stage.

Learning and developing the design is largely through crit-based (critical friend) studio practice and similarly on projects, the focus tends to be on the product of design rather than the design process itself. Even where designs are complex and involve large numbers of consultants, specialists, suppliers and contractors, developing ideas collaboratively, meetings will still tend to focus on framing problems and assessing solutions, rather than the actual creative process.

= Art v science =

Building design is pluralistic, a combination of practicality and aesthetic, of art and science.

Some aspects of the design process might be seen as being more creative than others. Whilst the early stages of design, when constraints are considered, options assessed and concepts developed might be considered creative, this can be a relatively small part of a project which is preceded by business planning and justification, brief development and feasibility studies and is followed by detailed and technical design, production information, procurement and construction.

Design is also a multi-disciplinary, with some roles being more creative than others:
*Architect - Overall aesthetics, project control and management
*Structural engineer - design that will stand up, strength and buildability
*Services engineer - interior comfort and efficient design
*Civil engineer - structures that have a civic aspect
*Landscape architect - around the building
*Specialist designers such a; lighting designer, acoustic consultant and so on (See Design team for more information)
*[[Architectural_technologist|Architectural Technologist]] - detail drawings and specification
*Quantity surveyor - how the design is influencing costs and budget control
*Suppliers and manufacturers

There may also be a lead designer a design manager, design co-ordinator, lead consultant, project manager, client advisers and so on.

= Stakeholders =

The designer or even to the whole design team are rarely in absolute creative control of the direction that is taken for the design of a building. Projects will usually involve multiple stakeholders, often with their own, often conflicting, and sometimes contradictory views about design and clients impose constraints such as budget, programme, brand and so on.

The client’s understandable attempts to defines what they expect from the design team can actually stifle the creative process. It is natural for clients to try to express their requirements to a great level of detail in order to maximise the likelihood that designers will satisfy their needs. However, this can prejudice the outcome before the constraints and opportunities have been properly assessed, limiting creativity and preventing innovation. Defining the problem and developing the solution should go hand in hand.

For this reason, procurement processes have been developed, such as those recommended by government, that focus on defining required outputs, rather than required facilities. For example, a school might be procured in terms of a requirement to educate pupils, rather than a requirement to build classrooms.

Specialist stakeholder teams can be composed by the designers to ensure that everyone gives their opinions and that all voices and thoughts are heard and give input in the design process.

= An iterative process =

At its most basic level, design can be seen as an repetitive or iterative process, where, at each iteration, there are inputs, there is a design process and then there are outputs. At the end of each iteration, the outputs are reviewed and then the process begins again.

Iterations take place at a number of different levels:
*As a personal process at the level of the individual designer.
*At a practice level.
*Amongst the full design team (or a sub group of it).
*Amongst the wider project team, including consideration of programme, cost, safety, risk, buildability and so on.
*At the level of the client (or a sub group of the client organisation).

At the client level, a series of gateways, or formal stages might be introduced, at each one of which, the design is issued to them by the design team, it is reviewed by the client, comments made, and a decision taken about whether to proceed to the next stage. At some stages, certain aspects of the design might be frozen and change control procedures introduced. These stages have been formalised in a number of different ways, see Comparison of work stages for more information.

Wider reviews might also take place, for example during public consultations, as part of the planning process, or as an independent review commissioned by the client to give reassurance that the design is developing satisfactorily.

Finally, a post project review might be undertaken so that lessons can be learned and taken forward to future projects.

= Inputs =

Inputs to the design process are many, varied, often competing and sometimes conflicting, extending well beyond the requirements set out in the client brief. They can and range from fundamental constraints, such as the availability of materials, to more abstract philosophical considerations such as local fashion. They may also develop or change as the project develops.

Constraints and opportunities might include:
*Client brief and existing brand.
*Building type.
*Budget.
*Time.
*Location.
*Climate.
*Landscape, topology, ground conditions, ecology and access.
*Context, history and urban fabric.
*Existing accommodation.
*Adjacent land uses.
*Statutory requirements.
*Accessibility.
*Safety.
*Sustainability.
*Comfort.
*Durability.
*Flexibility.
*Availability of resources such as labour, utilities, materials, plant, technology and so on.
*Buildability, and construction techniques.
*Manufacturing and prefabrication.
*The client’s criteria for success.

Wider considerations might include:
*Personal preferences of the client and other stakeholders.
*Personal preferences and experiences of designers.
*Social and economic influences
*Religion.
*Politics.
*Art and culture.
*Social concerns.
*Fashion.
*Precedent.
*Philosophical approach.
*Research.
*Tradition.
*Symbolism and meaning.
*Other inspirations.

= Design methodology =

In the past, building design tended to be a more stable practice that evolved slowly, with each new building slightly modifying previous versions. The actual ‘creative’ element of the design process was considered by some to be one without methodology, but an intuitive process of 'learning by doing’ that could not be described.

However, this can be seen as an unsatisfactorily vague, particularly as buildings have become more complex, building types are evolving faster, larger numbers of people are involved, design managers have emerged and there is a requirement for greater accountability.

As a consequence, various attempts have been made to formally describe the process. Early suggestions proposed that the design methodology was one of decomposing a problem, solving the components of the problem and then composing these solutions back into a whole. More recently, the same essential analytical standpoint has described design as a process of; analysis, synthesis and evaluation.

A more detailed description might propose a process of:

Definition → Preparation → Incubation → Creation → Evaluation → Implementation

However, design is rarely carried out in such a conscious, systematic, discrete, linear way, and not all ideas emerge as a result of analysis. Design might be better described as a process of simultaneous assessment and interaction, where increasingly clear associations are formed as the designer moves continuously from one part of the process to another and back again.

= Thought process =

Beyond this very simple analysis, design methodologies become more complex to rationalise and common patterns become more difficult to identify or follow.

Not all design problems are the same:
*They may be well defined problems or poorly defined.
*The design may be directed by the client or undirected.
*It may need to tackle a whole problem or a single component.
*It may require creativity, or it may not.

The method of assessment will also influence the approach. For example a design competition may produce a different result than a traditional appointment for the same brief. A client that will adopt a quantitative approach to assessing design proposals may elicit a different solution from one that adopts a qualitative approach. Similarly, the level of detail required and the method of presentation adopted may influence the strategy that is followed.

Not all designs will be approached in the same way:
*From the inside out or the outside in.
*Holistic or serialistic.
*Collaborative or independent.
*Lateral or logical
*Rule / principle based
*Theory based.
*Style based.
*Form based.
*Spatial / zone based.
*Pattern based.
*Function based.

In addition, the cognitive approach of the designer will affect the approach:
*Original thinker or conformist.
*Analytical or free thinking.
*Single minded or anarchic.
*Rational or intuitive.
*Visual or linguistic.
*Literal or abstract.
*Autocratic or consensus building.

In addition, the level of pre-existing knowledge the designer brings to bear can greatly impact on the approach they take.

The tools used will also influence the process:
*Paper or computer.
*2d or 3d.
*Building information modelling.
*Physical modelling.
*Sketching or writing.

As a consequence, the design methodology will emerge not only from the design problem itself and the way it is expressed, but also from the personal choices, characteristics and experiences of the individuals involved. It will be complex, uncertain, and unique to each combination of circumstances.

As Mike Davies from Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners says ‘It is one of life’s rewarding activities, bringing together a wide range of personalities, skills and expertise. It is an adventure for the client, the architect and their team.’ Ref Concept architectural design.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Architect.
*Comparison of work stages.
*Concept architectural design.
*Concept design.
*Design team.
*Detailed design
*Engineer.

=== External references ===
*The design process in architecture a pedagogic approach using interactive thinking. Amir Saeid M. Mahmoodi, The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering. 2001.
*Cross, N. Developments in Design Methodology, Chichester, 1984.
*Dorst, C.H. Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms, PhD thesis, Delft: Delft University of Technology 1997.

[[Category:Theory]]

Design methodology for building projects

2015-04-04T14:40:30Z

JC5:

To help develop this article click 'Edit this article' above.

= Introduction =

Buildings first evolved from the basic human need for shelter, security, worship, protection from animals and other tribes and so on. The way that these needs were satisfied, using the available materials, space and skills gave rise to a wide range of building techniques. Through the maintenance, improvement and personalisation of these early structures, that decoration was first introduced, and buildings gradually became more than just functional shelters. This gave delight, showed power and exhibited wealth. Building design became more than a simple problem-solving exercise

To this day however, it is remarkably difficult to describe what the building design process actually is. Gavin Tunstall's 2006 book "Managing the building design process" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B3IJcP4CQ30C (Google preview)] describes in detail a design processes for the design and construction of a car showroom. Whilst it is relatively easy to explain it from a contractual and technical perspective, as a series of stages through which the level of detail increases, and it is comparatively straight forward to describe the output of design in terms of drawings, styles, typologies, or components, the creative process itself remains elusive.
*How does the design itself emerge?
*What are the inspirations?
*What are the thought processes that move the design from a blank piece of paper or an empty a computer screen to a completed design that a contractor can build?
*To what extent is the process creative?

There is an underlying mistrust of theories that attempt to describe the creative process and practice rarely seems to reflect academic descriptions, which tend to explain what academics think should be happening rather than what designers are actually doing. Indeed the approach that designers say they take to design, is often very different from what they actually do. Philosophical or thinking theories describes background process that Architects follow. Current thinking follows closely with Martin Heidegger’s theories. Others are aesthetic theories such as David Hume's (1711-1776) "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" and there is a "catholic and universal beauty".

Architects will follow the [[2013%20plan%20of%20work|RIBA Plan of Work]] as a system for payment, to ensure key tasks are completed and to ensure everyone knows what stage the process is at and what needs completing at this stage.

Learning and developing the design is largely through crit-based (critical friend) studio practice and similarly on projects, the focus tends to be on the product of design rather than the design process itself. Even where designs are complex and involve large numbers of consultants, specialists, suppliers and contractors, developing ideas collaboratively, meetings will still tend to focus on framing problems and assessing solutions, rather than the actual creative process.

= Art v science =

Building design is pluralistic, a combination of practicality and aesthetic, of art and science.

Some aspects of the design process might be seen as being more creative than others. Whilst the early stages of design, when constraints are considered, options assessed and concepts developed might be considered creative, this can be a relatively small part of a project which is preceded by business planning and justification, brief development and feasibility studies and is followed by detailed and technical design, production information, procurement and construction.

Design is also a multi-disciplinary, with some roles being more creative than others:
*Architect
*Structural engineer.
*Services engineer.
*Civil engineer.
*Landscape architect.
*Specialist designers such a; lighting designer, acoustic consultant and so on (See Design team for more information)

There may also be a lead designer a design manager, design co-ordinator, lead consultant, project manager, client advisers and so on.

= Stakeholders =

The designer or even to the whole design team are rarely in absolute creative control of the direction that is taken for the design of a building. Projects will usually involve multiple stakeholders, often with their own, often conflicting, and sometimes contradictory views about design and clients impose constraints such as budget, programme, brand and so on.

The client’s understandable attempts to defines what they expect from the design team can actually stifle the creative process. It is natural for clients to try to express their requirements to a great level of detail in order to maximise the likelihood that designers will satisfy their needs. However, this can prejudice the outcome before the constraints and opportunities have been properly assessed, limiting creativity and preventing innovation. Defining the problem and developing the solution should go hand in hand.

For this reason, procurement processes have been developed, such as those recommended by government, that focus on defining required outputs, rather than required facilities. For example, a school might be procured in terms of a requirement to educate pupils, rather than a requirement to build classrooms.

Specialist stakeholder teams can be composed by the designers to ensure that everyone gives their opinions and that all voices and thoughts are heard and give input in the design process.

= An iterative process =

At its most basic level, design can be seen as an repetitive or iterative process, where, at each iteration, there are inputs, there is a design process and then there are outputs. At the end of each iteration, the outputs are reviewed and then the process begins again.

Iterations take place at a number of different levels:
*As a personal process at the level of the individual designer.
*At a practice level.
*Amongst the full design team (or a sub group of it).
*Amongst the wider project team, including consideration of programme, cost, safety, risk, buildability and so on.
*At the level of the client (or a sub group of the client organisation).

At the client level, a series of gateways, or formal stages might be introduced, at each one of which, the design is issued to them by the design team, it is reviewed by the client, comments made, and a decision taken about whether to proceed to the next stage. At some stages, certain aspects of the design might be frozen and change control procedures introduced. These stages have been formalised in a number of different ways, see Comparison of work stages for more information.

Wider reviews might also take place, for example during public consultations, as part of the planning process, or as an independent review commissioned by the client to give reassurance that the design is developing satisfactorily.

Finally, a post project review might be undertaken so that lessons can be learned and taken forward to future projects.

= Inputs =

Inputs to the design process are many, varied, often competing and sometimes conflicting, extending well beyond the requirements set out in the client brief. They can and range from fundamental constraints, such as the availability of materials, to more abstract philosophical considerations such as local fashion. They may also develop or change as the project develops.

Constraints and opportunities might include:
*Client brief and existing brand.
*Building type.
*Budget.
*Time.
*Location.
*Climate.
*Landscape, topology, ground conditions, ecology and access.
*Context, history and urban fabric.
*Existing accommodation.
*Adjacent land uses.
*Statutory requirements.
*Accessibility.
*Safety.
*Sustainability.
*Comfort.
*Durability.
*Flexibility.
*Availability of resources such as labour, utilities, materials, plant, technology and so on.
*Buildability, and construction techniques.
*Manufacturing and prefabrication.
*The client’s criteria for success.

Wider considerations might include:
*Personal preferences of the client and other stakeholders.
*Personal preferences and experiences of designers.
*Social and economic influences
*Religion.
*Politics.
*Art and culture.
*Social concerns.
*Fashion.
*Precedent.
*Philosophical approach.
*Research.
*Tradition.
*Symbolism and meaning.
*Other inspirations.

= Design methodology =

In the past, building design tended to be a more stable practice that evolved slowly, with each new building slightly modifying previous versions. The actual ‘creative’ element of the design process was considered by some to be one without methodology, but an intuitive process of 'learning by doing’ that could not be described.

However, this can be seen as an unsatisfactorily vague, particularly as buildings have become more complex, building types are evolving faster, larger numbers of people are involved, design managers have emerged and there is a requirement for greater accountability.

As a consequence, various attempts have been made to formally describe the process. Early suggestions proposed that the design methodology was one of decomposing a problem, solving the components of the problem and then composing these solutions back into a whole. More recently, the same essential analytical standpoint has described design as a process of; analysis, synthesis and evaluation.

A more detailed description might propose a process of:

Definition → Preparation → Incubation → Creation → Evaluation → Implementation

However, design is rarely carried out in such a conscious, systematic, discrete, linear way, and not all ideas emerge as a result of analysis. Design might be better described as a process of simultaneous assessment and interaction, where increasingly clear associations are formed as the designer moves continuously from one part of the process to another and back again.

= Thought process =

Beyond this very simple analysis, design methodologies become more complex to rationalise and common patterns become more difficult to identify or follow.

Not all design problems are the same:
*They may be well defined problems or poorly defined.
*The design may be directed by the client or undirected.
*It may need to tackle a whole problem or a single component.
*It may require creativity, or it may not.

The method of assessment will also influence the approach. For example a design competition may produce a different result than a traditional appointment for the same brief. A client that will adopt a quantitative approach to assessing design proposals may elicit a different solution from one that adopts a qualitative approach. Similarly, the level of detail required and the method of presentation adopted may influence the strategy that is followed.

Not all designs will be approached in the same way:
*From the inside out or the outside in.
*Holistic or serialistic.
*Collaborative or independent.
*Lateral or logical
*Rule / principle based
*Theory based.
*Style based.
*Form based.
*Spatial / zone based.
*Pattern based.
*Function based.

In addition, the cognitive approach of the designer will affect the approach:
*Original thinker or conformist.
*Analytical or free thinking.
*Single minded or anarchic.
*Rational or intuitive.
*Visual or linguistic.
*Literal or abstract.
*Autocratic or consensus building.

In addition, the level of pre-existing knowledge the designer brings to bear can greatly impact on the approach they take.

The tools used will also influence the process:
*Paper or computer.
*2d or 3d.
*Building information modelling.
*Physical modelling.
*Sketching or writing.

As a consequence, the design methodology will emerge not only from the design problem itself and the way it is expressed, but also from the personal choices, characteristics and experiences of the individuals involved. It will be complex, uncertain, and unique to each combination of circumstances.

As Mike Davies from Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners says ‘It is one of life’s rewarding activities, bringing together a wide range of personalities, skills and expertise. It is an adventure for the client, the architect and their team.’ Ref Concept architectural design.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Architect.
*Comparison of work stages.
*Concept architectural design.
*Concept design.
*Design team.
*Detailed design
*Engineer.

=== External references ===
*The design process in architecture a pedagogic approach using interactive thinking. Amir Saeid M. Mahmoodi, The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering. 2001.
*Cross, N. Developments in Design Methodology, Chichester, 1984.
*Dorst, C.H. Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms, PhD thesis, Delft: Delft University of Technology 1997.

[[Category:Theory]]

Design methodology for building projects

2015-04-04T14:26:35Z

JC5:

To help develop this article click 'Edit this article' above.

= Introduction =

Buildings first evolved from the basic human need for shelter, security, worship, and so on. The way that these needs were satisfied, using the available materials, space and skills gave rise to a wide range of building techniques. But it was through the maintenance and personalisation of these early structures, that decoration was first introduced, and buildings gradually became more than just functional shelters. Building design became more than a simple problem-solving exercise

To this day however, it is remarkably difficult to describe what the building design process actually is. Gavin Tunstall's 2006 book "Managing the building design process" [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B3IJcP4CQ30C (Google preview)] describes in detail a design processes for the design and construction of a car showroom. Whilst it is relatively easy to explain it from a contractual perspective, as a series of stages through which the level of detail increases, and it is comparatively straight forward to describe the output of design in terms of drawings, styles, typologies, or components, the creative process itself remains elusive.
*How does the design itself emerge?
*What are the inspirations?
*What are the thought processes that move the design from a blank piece of paper or an empty a computer screen to a completed design that a contractor can build?
*To what extent is the process creative?

There is an underlying mistrust of theories that attempt to describe the creative process and practice rarely seems to reflect academic descriptions, which tend to explain what academics think should be happening rather than what designers are actually doing. Indeed the approach that designers say they take to design, is often very different from what they actually do. Philosophical or thinking theories describes background process that Architects follow. Current thinking follows closely with Martin Heidegger’s theories. Others are aesthetic theories such as David Hume's (1711-1776) "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder" and there is a "catholic and universal beauty".

Architects will follow the [[2013_plan_of_work|RIBA Plan of Work]] as a system for payment, to ensure key tasks are completed and to ensure everyone knows what stage the process is at and what needs completing at this stage.

Learning and developing the design is largely through crit-based (critical friend) studio practice and similarly on projects, the focus tends to be on the product of design rather than the design process itself. Even where designs are complex and involve large numbers of consultants, specialists, suppliers and contractors, developing ideas collaboratively, meetings will still tend to focus on framing problems and assessing solutions, rather than the actual creative process.

= Art v science =

Building design is pluralistic, a combination of practicality and aesthetic, of art and science.

Some aspects of the design process might be seen as being more creative than others. Whilst the early stages of design, when constraints are considered, options assessed and concepts developed might be considered creative, this can be a relatively small part of a project which is preceded by business planning and justification, brief development and feasibility studies and is followed by detailed and technical design, production information, procurement and construction.

Design is also a multi-disciplinary, with some roles being more creative than others:
*Architect
*Structural engineer.
*Services engineer.
*Civil engineer.
*Landscape architect.
*Specialist designers such a; lighting designer, acoustic consultant and so on (See Design team for more information)

There may also be a lead designer a design manager, design co-ordinator, lead consultant, project manager, client advisers and so on.

= Stakeholders =

The designer or even to the whole design team are rarely in absolute creative control of the direction that is taken for the design of a building. Projects will usually involve multiple stakeholders, often with their own, often conflicting, and sometimes contradictory views about design and clients impose constraints such as budget, programme, brand and so on.

The client’s understandable attempts to defines what they expect from the design team can actually stifle the creative process. It is natural for clients to try to express their requirements to a great level of detail in order to maximise the likelihood that designers will satisfy their needs. However, this can prejudice the outcome before the constraints and opportunities have been properly assessed, limiting creativity and preventing innovation. Defining the problem and developing the solution should go hand in hand.

For this reason, procurement processes have been developed, such as those recommended by government, that focus on defining required outputs, rather than required facilities. For example, a school might be procured in terms of a requirement to educate pupils, rather than a requirement to build classrooms.

Specialist stakeholder teams can be composed by the designers to ensure that everyone gives their opinions and that all voices and thoughts are heard and give input in the design process.

= An iterative process =

At its most basic level, design can be seen as an repetitive or iterative process, where, at each iteration, there are inputs, there is a design process and then there are outputs. At the end of each iteration, the outputs are reviewed and then the process begins again.

Iterations take place at a number of different levels:
*As a personal process at the level of the individual designer.
*At a practice level.
*Amongst the full design team (or a sub group of it).
*Amongst the wider project team, including consideration of programme, cost, safety, risk, buildability and so on.
*At the level of the client (or a sub group of the client organisation).

At the client level, a series of gateways, or formal stages might be introduced, at each one of which, the design is issued to them by the design team, it is reviewed by the client, comments made, and a decision taken about whether to proceed to the next stage. At some stages, certain aspects of the design might be frozen and change control procedures introduced. These stages have been formalised in a number of different ways, see Comparison of work stages for more information.

Wider reviews might also take place, for example during public consultations, as part of the planning process, or as an independent review commissioned by the client to give reassurance that the design is developing satisfactorily.

Finally, a post project review might be undertaken so that lessons can be learned and taken forward to future projects.

= Inputs =

Inputs to the design process are many, varied, often competing and sometimes conflicting, extending well beyond the requirements set out in the client brief. They can and range from fundamental constraints, such as the availability of materials, to more abstract philosophical considerations such as local fashion. They may also develop or change as the project develops.

Constraints and opportunities might include:
*Client brief and existing brand.
*Building type.
*Budget.
*Time.
*Location.
*Climate.
*Landscape, topology, ground conditions, ecology and access.
*Context, history and urban fabric.
*Existing accommodation.
*Adjacent land uses.
*Statutory requirements.
*Accessibility.
*Safety.
*Sustainability.
*Comfort.
*Durability.
*Flexibility.
*Availability of resources such as labour, utilities, materials, plant, technology and so on.
*Buildability, and construction techniques.
*Manufacturing and prefabrication.
*The client’s criteria for success.

Wider considerations might include:
*Personal preferences of the client and other stakeholders.
*Personal preferences and experiences of designers.
*Social and economic influences
*Religion.
*Politics.
*Art and culture.
*Social concerns.
*Fashion.
*Precedent.
*Philosophical approach.
*Research.
*Tradition.
*Symbolism and meaning.
*Other inspirations.

= Design methodology =

In the past, building design tended to be a more stable practice that evolved slowly, with each new building slightly modifying previous versions. The actual ‘creative’ element of the design process was considered by some to be one without methodology, but an intuitive process of 'learning by doing’ that could not be described.

However, this can be seen as an unsatisfactorily vague, particularly as buildings have become more complex, building types are evolving faster, larger numbers of people are involved, design managers have emerged and there is a requirement for greater accountability.

As a consequence, various attempts have been made to formally describe the process. Early suggestions proposed that the design methodology was one of decomposing a problem, solving the components of the problem and then composing these solutions back into a whole. More recently, the same essential analytical standpoint has described design as a process of; analysis, synthesis and evaluation.

A more detailed description might propose a process of:

Definition → Preparation → Incubation → Creation → Evaluation → Implementation

However, design is rarely carried out in such a conscious, systematic, discrete, linear way, and not all ideas emerge as a result of analysis. Design might be better described as a process of simultaneous assessment and interaction, where increasingly clear associations are formed as the designer moves continuously from one part of the process to another and back again.

= Thought process =

Beyond this very simple analysis, design methodologies become more complex to rationalise and common patterns become more difficult to identify or follow.

Not all design problems are the same:
*They may be well defined problems or poorly defined.
*The design may be directed by the client or undirected.
*It may need to tackle a whole problem or a single component.
*It may require creativity, or it may not.

The method of assessment will also influence the approach. For example a design competition may produce a different result than a traditional appointment for the same brief. A client that will adopt a quantitative approach to assessing design proposals may elicit a different solution from one that adopts a qualitative approach. Similarly, the level of detail required and the method of presentation adopted may influence the strategy that is followed.

Not all designs will be approached in the same way:
*From the inside out or the outside in.
*Holistic or serialistic.
*Collaborative or independent.
*Lateral or logical
*Rule / principle based
*Theory based.
*Style based.
*Form based.
*Spatial / zone based.
*Pattern based.
*Function based.

In addition, the cognitive approach of the designer will affect the approach:
*Original thinker or conformist.
*Analytical or free thinking.
*Single minded or anarchic.
*Rational or intuitive.
*Visual or linguistic.
*Literal or abstract.
*Autocratic or consensus building.

In addition, the level of pre-existing knowledge the designer brings to bear can greatly impact on the approach they take.

The tools used will also influence the process:
*Paper or computer.
*2d or 3d.
*Building information modelling.
*Physical modelling.
*Sketching or writing.

As a consequence, the design methodology will emerge not only from the design problem itself and the way it is expressed, but also from the personal choices, characteristics and experiences of the individuals involved. It will be complex, uncertain, and unique to each combination of circumstances.

As Mike Davies from Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners says ‘It is one of life’s rewarding activities, bringing together a wide range of personalities, skills and expertise. It is an adventure for the client, the architect and their team.’ Ref Concept architectural design.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Architect.
*Comparison of work stages.
*Concept architectural design.
*Concept design.
*Design team.
*Detailed design
*Engineer.

=== External references ===
*The design process in architecture a pedagogic approach using interactive thinking. Amir Saeid M. Mahmoodi, The University of Leeds School of Civil Engineering. 2001.
*Cross, N. Developments in Design Methodology, Chichester, 1984.
*Dorst, C.H. Describing Design: A Comparison of Paradigms, PhD thesis, Delft: Delft University of Technology 1997.

[[Category:Theory]]

Tidal lagoon power

2014-08-27T21:55:56Z

JC5:

The UK has some of the highest tidal ranges in the world, in areas of shallow water around a number of its coastal areas.

West coast:
*Solway Firth
*Morecombe Bay
*Blackpool
*Mersey
*Colwyn Bay
*Severn Estuary
*Welsh Grounds
*Swansea Bay
*Bridgewater Bay

East coast:
*East Lincs Coast
*The Wash
*Thames Estuary
*Sheerness

South coast.
*Sussex Coast

These places present an opportunity to create artificial lagoons by constructing perimeter breakwater walls to enclose a tidal area. The bunded area is then dredged. Two way hydro turbines are installed in a single section at the base of the perimeter wall through which estuarine water flows in one direction or the other four times daily. For fifteen out of twenty four hours enough tidal flow is generated to operate the turbines and generate electrical power.

One company has been formed to design and construct such a scheme in Swansea Bay where the tidal range can reach up to 12m, second highest in the world. The company is currently at the stage of submitting a planning application by means of a Development Consent Order and applying for a marine licence from the Welsh government. Meanwhile it is raising funds and negotiating with land owners and offshore rights owned by the Crown Estates. This 240 MW pilot scheme is estimated to cost £650m and is designed to have the capability of generating predictable renewable energy for 120,000 homes for 120 years. The centrepiece will be an educational, cultural and leisure building on the 6-mile tidal lagoon wall. Some issues to overcome are the environmental damage (both plants and animals) and the high strike price needed to make the project viable.

As tides are more reliable than wind, its energy might be considered a better bet than the rush to erect wind turbines across Britain’s countryside. The Swansea Bay scheme is calculated to save 216,000 tonnes of CO2 annually which is equivalent to taking 81,000 cars off the road. Turbine blades are of a size and speed that allow large fish to freely enter and exit the lagoon without harm. Additionally the perimeter walls provide leisure access for pedestrians and cyclists and the lagoon will attract dinghy sailing and other activities.

[[File:Shutterstock 95028595 cropped.jpg|1000x344px|alt=Shutterstock 95028595 cropped.jpg]]

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Development Consent Order.
*Water engineering.

=== External references. ===
*Daedalus Partners LLP (Daedalus) [http://www.tidallagoonswanseabay.com prospectus].
*Technology4Change, [http://www.technology4change.com/page.jsp?id=380 Oyster building centrepiece for new £850m tidal project]. 14/2/2014.

[[Category:Sustainability]]

AutoCAD

2014-08-27T21:48:42Z

JC5: Created page with " = Autodesk AutoCAD = AutoCAD is the defacto standard software tool for technical drawing. Used in the construction industry for scale drawings required for design, subsequent c..."

= Autodesk AutoCAD =

AutoCAD is the defacto standard software tool for technical drawing. Used in the construction industry for scale drawings required for design, subsequent construction, maintenance and future work to the structure. You draw full size and then scale down to fit it onto paper or other media in mainly 2D, there is also a 3D feature.

AutoCAD works by using a limited number of tools to draw lines, circles, arc's, and others which are saved into the computer as a series of points or coordinates - this means the drawing files are small in size. As the drawing progresses the other tools become more useful, and allow the drawing to become more complex and contain more information. This full size drawing is drawn in model space mode which is virtually unlimited (in reality limited by the computer hardware specification), and then scaled down on paper [space] mode.

Autodesk have a adopted the annual release now popular for most software as it allows a revenue stream for the programmers and ensures development of the software.

In AutoCAD 2010 it adopted the new visual style developed by Microsoft to allow use by all devices such as touchscreens, mouse, pens and digitizers.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Weetman Pearson

2014-08-27T07:34:55Z

JC5: Created page with " = Weetman Pearson = Pearson was a civil engineering contractor that started the company that is now Pearson Learning. "

= Weetman Pearson =

Pearson was a civil engineering contractor that started the company that is now Pearson Learning.

Biodiversity in building design and construction

2014-06-01T15:06:11Z

JC5: Created page with " Biodiversity describes the sum total of all life on Earth. Life on Earth includes the following: *Fauna - All the animal life, from the biggest elephant and Alligator, to the sm..."

Biodiversity describes the sum total of all life on Earth. Life on Earth includes the following:
*Fauna - All the animal life, from the biggest elephant and Alligator, to the smallest Amoeba and Water Bears 
*Flora - all the plants, trees, bushes, weeds, grasses
*Animals that live in hot environments like volcanoes

 

== Importance of biodiversity ==

Biodiversity is what sustains all life on Earth. In Sustaining Life, edited by Chivian and Bernstein they detail the life available and the impacts on humans and the loss to humans and the environment from extinctions. It is expected with climate change we are moving into the Sixth Great Extinction Event over the next 50-100 years.

--[[User:JC5|JC5]] 16:06, 1 June 2014 (BST)

Thermal comfort in buildings

2014-06-01T14:57:49Z

JC5:

= Introduction =

When people are dissatisfied with their thermal environment, not only is it a potential health hazard, it also impacts on their ability to function effectively, their satisfaction at work, the likelihood they will remain a customer and so on.

BS EN ISO 7730 defines thermal comfort as ‘…that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment.’, ie the condition when someone is not feeling either too hot or too cold.

The human thermal environment is not straight forward and cannot be expressed in degrees. Nor can it be satisfactorily defined by acceptable temperature ranges. It is a personal experience dependent on a great number of criteria and can be different from one person to another within the same space. For example, a person walking up stairs in a cold environment whilst wearing a coat might feel too hot, whilst someone sat still in a shirt in the same environment might feel too cold.

The Health and Safety Executive suggest that an environment can be said to achieve ‘reasonable comfort’ when at least 80% of its occupants are thermally comfortable. This means that thermal comfort can be assessed simply by surveying occupants to find out whether they are dissatisfied with their thermal environment.

[[File:Thermal comfort.jpg|220x379px|alt=Thermal comfort.jpg]]

= Factors influencing human comfort =

Thermal comfort results from a combination of environmental factors and personal factors:

Environmental factors:
*Air temperature. The temperature of the air that a person is in contact with, measured by the dry bulb temperature (DBT).
*Air velocity. The velocity of the air that a person is in contact with (measured in m/s). The faster the air is moving, the greater the exchange of heat between the person and the air (for example, draughts generally make us feel colder).
*Radiant temperature. The temperature of a persons surroundings (including surfaces, heat generating equipment, the sun and the sky). This is generally expressed as mean radiant temperature (MRT, a weighted average of the temperature of the surfaces surrounding a person, which can be approximated by globe thermometer) and any strong mono-directional radiation such as radiation from the sun.
*Relative humidity (RH). The ratio between the actual amount of water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that the air can hold at that air temperature, expressed as a percentage. The higher the relative humidity, the more difficult it is to lose heat through the evaporation of sweat.
*Sound and noise levels to suit the type of building we are in, eg home should be under 45 decibels (dB) offices under 60dB.
*Light or illumination levels which have a direct effect on how well we can see, make out colours and reduce glare.

Personal factors:
*Clothing. Clothes insulate a person from exchanging heat with the surrounding air and surfaces as well as affecting the loss of heat through the evaporation of sweat. Clothing can be directly controlled by a person (ie they can take off or put on a jacket) whereas environmental factors may be beyond their control.
*Metabolic heat. The heat we produce through physical activity. A stationary person will tend to feel cooler than a person that is exercising.
*Well being generally and sickness, such as the common cold or flu which affect our ability to maintain body temperature, 37C at the core.

Other contributing factors can include; access to food and drink, acclimatisation (this can be more difficult where there is a high outdoor-indoor temperature gradient) and state of health. In addition, thermal comfort will be affected by whether a thermal environment is uniform or not. For example, draughts and heaters can create a scorched face / frozen back effect and hot feet cold head and hands effect.

= Controlling thermal comfort =

Thermal comfort can be controlled or adjusted by a number of different measures:
*Environmental monitoring and control (automated or user-controlled systems, active systems such as heating and cooling and passive systems such as shading). NB User-controlled systems require that users are properly trained.
*Adapting or changing clothing. Businesses can allow people to wear different clothing depending on conditions. They can also provide things like cloak rooms or lockers so that people can change clothes or take off and put down coats. The golden rule is layering, generally 3 layers, and use zips and buttons to regulate temperature.
*Allowing flexible working hours, such as change start and finish times.
*Adjusting tasks. For example, allowing breaks or reducing the length of time people are exposed to particular conditions.
*Providing information telling people what sort of conditions to expect so that they can dress and behave appropriately.
*Providing or allowing personal equipment such as desk fans.
*Separating people from sources of discomfort. For example putting heat generating equipment such as ICT equipment in separate rooms, insulating pipes, preventing draughts and so on. NB draughts can be caused by high local surface temperature differences even in a space where there is no air infiltration – for example a cold down-draught near a window.
*Providing protective clothing (PPE Personal Protective Equipment). This should be a last resort option.

= Predicting thermal comfort =

There are a great number of techniques for estimating likely thermal comfort, including; effective temperature, equivalent temperature, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), resultant temperature and so on, and charts exist showing predicted comfort zones within ranges of conditions. However, BS EN ISO 7730 and BS EN ISO 10551 suggest thermal comfort can be expressed in terms of Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Percentage People Dissatisfied (PPD).

PMV and PPD were developed by Professor Ole Fanger based on research undertaken at Kansas State University and the Technical University of Denmark. Research was carried out to find out if people felt comfortable in different conditions and this was used to develop equations that would predict comfort. The equations take into account; air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air movement, humidity, clothing and activity level.

PMV is an index that predicts the mean vote of a group of people voting on how comfortable they are in an environment. PPD is a function of PMV.

Where non-uniform conditions exist, multiple assessments may be necessary, and in complex environments, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis may be necessary to accurately assess thermal comfort.

= Regulation =

Temperatures in the workplace are governed by the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, which oblige employers to provide a reasonable temperature in the workplace. 

The Approved Code of Practice (Workplace health, safety and welfare. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992. Approved Code of Practice ) suggests a minimum temperature of 16 degrees Celsius, or 13 degrees Celsius if work involves severe physical effort. However, these are only guidelines. 

The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) previously defined thermal comfort in the workplace, as: ‘…roughly between 13°C (56°F) and 30°C (86°F), with acceptable temperatures for more strenuous work activities concentrated towards the bottom end of the range, and more sedentary activities towards the higher end.' However, the complexity of thermal comfort means that there is really no meaningful maximum guideline temperature, particularly at higher temperatures.

The Workplace Regulations, the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 require that employers assess the risks to the health and safety of their workers, and take action where necessary and reasonably practicable. 

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Comfort in low energy buildings.
*Computational fluid dynamics.
*Dry-bulb temperature.
*Energy targets.
*Globe temperature.
*Heat stress.
*Mean radiant temperature.
*Operative temperature.
*Predicted mean vote.
*Post occupancy evaluation.
*Psychometric charts.
*Sling psychrometer.
*Temperature.
*Thermal indices.
*Wet-bulb temperature.
*Wet-bulb globe temperature.

=== External references ===
*BS EN ISO 9888:2001 Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements
*BS EN ISO 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria)
*BS EN ISO 10551 Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Assessment of the influence of the thermal environment using subjective judgement scales
*[http://plea-arch.org/wp-content/uploads/PLEA-NOTE-3-THERMAL-COMFORT.pdf Thermal comfort], Andris Auliciems and Steven V. Szokolay, 2007.
*Design Builder: [http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/helpv2/Content/Thermal_Comfort.htm Thermal comfort].

[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Theory]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]

Architects / Civil Engineers prevent illnesses, diseases and death

2014-06-01T14:47:24Z

JC5:

Goldberger, in his book Why Architecture Matters, discusses the fact that Architects and Civil Engineers have saved more lives than any Doctor, medicine or cure.

This is achieved by the building of water treatment plants, separating sewage effluent from entering any water courses and rivers, and subsequently polluting fresh wholesome water supplies. People then drink this water supply and become sick and possibly die.

In London in the 17 century, it was noted that people living in one area drinking water from a well (coming form an underground aquifer) became sick and others living near to a brewery did not become sick at all. These people drank the ale, coming from the brewery own water supply which was not contaminated with sewage. It was found that the sewage was contaminating the water supply, leading to the building of a sewage network and prevention of diseases and illnesses.

--[[User:JC5|JC5]] 15:47, 1 June 2014 (BST)

Empire State Building, New York

2014-06-01T14:46:55Z

JC5: Created page with " The Empire State Building is unique among skyscrapers, for a variety of reasons such as: *Upgraded to modern green building standards *Built by companies, made up of former US A..."

The Empire State Building is unique among skyscrapers, for a variety of reasons such as:
*Upgraded to modern green building standards
*Built by companies, made up of former US Army officers (and probably soldiers) who controlled the building and planning of the works with military precision.
*Finished many months early (about 6 months).
*Was the tallest building for the longest time.
*Used Gantt Charts for planning and controlling the works (conversely the World Trade Towers used Critical Path Networks).
*Uses a sandstone cladding, which went out of fashion with modernism (who used glass) will come back into fashion again as towers and skyscrapers need to become more eco-friendly (glass is a poor insulator so allows heat to escape, and sunlight in causing overheating).
*Survived an airplane crashing into it, in 1947. A military bomber was flying through thick fog and hit the tower, it was not fully loaded with fuel at the time. Damage was minimal due to the way the building was built.
*It was built using a hot riveted steel frame. This means the joints are stronger than any weld or bolt, as the hot rivets apply pressure between the two surfaces.

--[[User:JC5|JC5]] 15:46, 1 June 2014 (BST)

Architects / Civil Engineers prevent illnesses, diseases and death

2014-06-01T14:35:26Z

JC5: Created page with " Goldberger, in his book Why Architecture Matters, discusses the fact that Architects and Civil Engineers have saved more lives than any Doctor, medicine or cure. This is achiev..."

Structural engineer

2014-05-24T08:36:03Z

JC5:

Structural engineers design, assess and inspect structures to ensure that they are efficient and stable. Structural engineering was traditionally considered a sub-discipline of civil engineering, however as it has developed as an important and complex specialism it may now be considered an engineering discipline in its own right. "Structural Engineers do for £100 what any fool could do for £1million" is often quoted to describe their work.

Structural engineers work on a very wide range of structures, including; buildings, bridges, oil rigs, ships and aircraft. It is both a technical and creative role that involves close collaboration with professionals from other disciplines.

The scope of services provided by a structural engineer might include:
*Site appraisals - strength of subsoil / ground.
*Geotechnical and geological investigations - loading and foundation design.
*Supervision of surveys.
*Flood analysis.
*Contributing to the preparation of briefing documents, feasibility studies and options appraisals.
*Contributing to tender documentation and assessment of tenders.
*Assessment and integration of work by specialists.
*Environmental studies.
*Investigating materials.
*Ground improvement.
*Drainage.
*Roads.
*Retaining walls.
*Foundation design.
*Structural design and detailing.
*Special loads.
*Fire protection to the structure.
*Demolition.
*Building regulations submissions.
*Risk assessment.
*Value management.
*Site inspection.
*Witnessing tests.
*Developing remediation solutions.
*Expert witness testimony for courts, and insurance purposes.
*Aesthetics and beauty (see [http://www.eckersleyocallaghan.com/ James O’Callaghan] stair designs for Apple [http://www.ifoapplestore.com/apple-store-glass-staircases/ here]).

A number for search engines are available to help clients find an appropriate structural engineer:
*[http://www.findanengineer.com/ Find a structural engineer - searchable database].
*[http://www.istructe.org/ The Institution of Structural Engineers].

Structural failure can be devastating. It is therefore important to select an individual or company that has a good track record and experience in structurally similar projects. Suitably qualified people include Chartered and Incorporated Engineers who are members of the [http://www.ice.org.uk/homepage/index.asp Institution of Civil Engineers] and/or the [http://www.istructe.org/ Institution of Structural Engineers]. The amount of professional indemnity insurance cover held by a consultancy must match the size and value of the undertaking.

NB Now that clients are able to appoint approved inspectors to assess building regulations applications, they have an opportunity to double check engineering calculations and design.

----

For detailed descriptions of the sequence of activities necessary to appoint a structural engineer, see the work plan stages:
*Traditional contract: appointment.
*Design and build: appointment.
*Public project: appointment.
*Construction management: appointment.
*Management contract: appointment.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Appointment.
*Architect.
*Building information modelling.
*Civil engineer.
*Collaborative practices.
*Consultant team.
*Consultant team start-up meeting.
*Designers.
*Detailed design.
*Engineer.
*Lead consultant.
*Lead designer.
*Professional indemnity insurance.
*Services engineer.
*Specialist designers.
*The Institution of Structural Engineers.

=== External references. ===
*[http://www.ice.org.uk/homepage/index.asp Institution of Civil Engineers].
*[http://www.istructe.org/ Institution of Structural Engineers].

[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]

Structural engineer

2014-05-24T08:30:35Z

JC5:

Structural engineers design, assess and inspect structures to ensure that they are efficient and stable. Structural engineering was traditionally considered a sub-discipline of civil engineering, however as it has developed as an important and complex specialism it may now be considered an engineering discipline in its own right. "Structural Engineers do for £100 what any fool could do for £1million" is often quoted to describe their work.

Structural engineers work on a very wide range of structures, including; buildings, bridges, oil rigs, ships and aircraft. It is both a technical and creative role that involves close collaboration with professionals from other disciplines.

The scope of services provided by a structural engineer might include:
*Site appraisals.
*Geotechnical and geological investigations.
*Supervision of surveys.
*Flood analysis.
*Contributing to the preparation of briefing documents, feasibility studies and options appraisals.
*Contributing to tender documentation and assessment of tenders.
*Assessment and integration of work by specialists.
*Environmental studies.
*Investigating materials.
*Ground improvement.
*Drainage.
*Roads.
*Retaining walls.
*Foundation design.
*Structural design and detailing.
*Special loads.
*Fire protection to the structure.
*Demolition.
*Building regulations submissions.
*Risk assessment.
*Value management.
*Site inspection.
*Witnessing tests.
*Developing remediation solutions.
*Expert witness testimony for courts, and insurance purposes.

A number for search engines are available to help clients find an appropriate structural engineer:
*[http://www.findanengineer.com/ Find a structural engineer - searchable database].
*[http://www.istructe.org/ The Institution of Structural Engineers].

Structural failure can be devastating. It is therefore important to select an individual or company that has a good track record and experience in structurally similar projects. Suitably qualified people include Chartered and Incorporated Engineers who are members of the [http://www.ice.org.uk/homepage/index.asp Institution of Civil Engineers] and/or the [http://www.istructe.org/ Institution of Structural Engineers]. The amount of professional indemnity insurance cover held by a consultancy must match the size and value of the undertaking.

NB Now that clients are able to appoint approved inspectors to assess building regulations applications, they have an opportunity to double check engineering calculations and design.

----

For detailed descriptions of the sequence of activities necessary to appoint a structural engineer, see the work plan stages:
*Traditional contract: appointment.
*Design and build: appointment.
*Public project: appointment.
*Construction management: appointment.
*Management contract: appointment.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Appointment.
*Architect.
*Building information modelling.
*Civil engineer.
*Collaborative practices.
*Consultant team.
*Consultant team start-up meeting.
*Designers.
*Detailed design.
*Engineer.
*Lead consultant.
*Lead designer.
*Professional indemnity insurance.
*Services engineer.
*Specialist designers.
*The Institution of Structural Engineers.

=== External references. ===
*[http://www.ice.org.uk/homepage/index.asp Institution of Civil Engineers].
*[http://www.istructe.org/ Institution of Structural Engineers].

[[Category:Roles_/_services]]
[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Roles_/_services]]