Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

User:Hafez Khalid

2012-12-07T20:14:23Z

Hafez Khalid: Created page with " Name: Mohammad Hafez Khalid E-mail Address: hafezk_@hotmail.com Place of Study: The University of Sheffield Course: MEng Civil Engineering (Programme CIVU16) Expected Year ..."

Name: Mohammad Hafez Khalid

E-mail Address: hafezk_@hotmail.com

Place of Study: The University of Sheffield

Course: MEng Civil Engineering (Programme CIVU16)

Expected Year of Graduation: 2016

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T23:22:02Z

Hafez Khalid:

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

[[File:How it Works.jpg|383x391px|alt=How it Works.jpg]]Fig.1 How the Hydraulically Assisted Bridge Works

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge. Figure 2 shows details on the roller pin support and the O-rings of the piston.

[[File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg|309x281px|alt=Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg]]Fig.2 Zoomed in Image of How the Pins and Pistons Connect

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the higher the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it. What is more is that if the load becomes to great and causes the mid-span piston to go down, then the support pistons will push inwards resulting in the arch heading upwards; hence they maintain equilibrium.

[[File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg|511x364px|alt=Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg]]Fig.3 How Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid Still Results in Equilibrium

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

[[File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg|309x281px|alt=Alternative Arrangement.jpg]]Fig.4 How arranging the pistons at an angle eliminates the need for pipes underground at mid-span

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

Indeed the hydraulic system can be applied in novel shaped bridges. Figure 5 shows why it would work on a "Y" shaped bridge because the protruding members are displaced by the same angle. However they move different lengths at different spots hence the hydraulic piston at 'x' (the closer to the centre-line) will be depressed first causing the piston at 'y' to move upwards, assisting in holding the load.

[[File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg|298x287px|alt=Y-Type Bridge.jpg]]"Fig.5 'Y' Shaped bridge utilising the hydraulically assisted system

[[File:Alternative Bridge.jpg|298x287px|alt=Alternative Bridge.jpg]]Fig.6 The Hydraulic System applied to other shaped bridges

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T20:06:16Z

Hafez Khalid:

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

[[File:How it Works.jpg|383x391px|alt=How it Works.jpg]]Fig.1 How the Hydraulically Assisted Bridge Works

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge. Figure 2 shows details on the roller pin support and the O-rings of the piston.

[[File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg|309x281px|alt=Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg]]Fig.2 Zoomed in Image of How the Pins and Pistons Connect

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the higher the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it. What is more is that if the load becomes to great and causes the mid-span piston to go down, then the support pistons will push inwards resulting in the arch heading upwards; hence they maintain equilibrium.

[[File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg|511x364px|alt=Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg]]Fig.3 How Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid Still Results in Equilibrium

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

[[File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg|309x281px|alt=Alternative Arrangement.jpg]]Fig.4 How arranging the pistons at an angle eliminates the need for pipes underground at mid-span

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

Indeed the hydraulic system can be applied in novel shaped bridges. Figure 5 shows why it would work on a "Y" shaped bridge because the protruding members is displaced by the same angle. However they move different lengths at different spots hence the hydraulic piston at 'x' (the closer to the centre-line) will be depressed first causing the piston at 'y' to move upwards, assisting in holding the load.

[[File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg|298x287px|alt=Y-Type Bridge.jpg]]"Fig.5 'Y' Shaped bridge utilising the hydraulically assisted system

[[File:Alternative Bridge.jpg|298x287px|alt=Alternative Bridge.jpg]]Fig.6 The Hydraulic System applied to other shaped bridges

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T16:02:03Z

Hafez Khalid:

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

[[File:How it Works.jpg|383x391px]]Fig.1 How the Hydraulically Assisted Bridge Works

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge. Figure 2 shows details on the roller pin support and the O-rings of the piston.

[[File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg|309x281px]]Fig.2 Zoomed in Image of How the Pins and Pistons Connect

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the higher the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it. What is more is that if the load becomes to great and causes the mid-span piston to go down, then the support pistons will push inwards resulting in the arch heading upwards; hence they maintain equilibrium.

[[File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg|511x364px]]Fig.3 How Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid Still Results in Equilibrium

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

[[File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg|309x281px]]Fig.4 How arranging the pistons at an angle eliminates the need for pipes underground at mid-span

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

Indeed the hydraulic system can be applied in novel shaped bridges. Figure 5 shows why it would work on a "Y" shaped bridge because the protruding members is displaced by the same angle. However they move different lengths at different spots hence the hydraulic piston at 'x' (the closer to the centre-line) will be depressed first causing the piston at 'y' to move upwards, assisting in holding the load.

[[File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg|298x287px]]"Fig.5 'Y' Shaped bridge utilising the hydraulically assisted system

[[File:Alternative Bridge.jpg|298x287px]]Fig.6 The Hydraulic System applied to other shaped bridges

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

File:How it Works.jpg

2012-12-04T15:45:56Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:How it Works.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

Schhematic diagram of how the hydraulically assisted bridge works

File:How it Works.jpg

2012-12-04T15:45:18Z

Hafez Khalid: uploaded a new version of "File:How it Works.jpg"

Schhematic diagram of how the hydraulically assisted bridge works

File:Alternative Bridge.jpg

2012-12-04T15:37:56Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:Alternative Bridge.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

File:Alternative Bridge.jpg

2012-12-04T15:37:50Z

Hafez Khalid:

File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg

2012-12-04T15:36:34Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

File:Y-Type Bridge.jpg

2012-12-04T15:36:28Z

Hafez Khalid:

File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg

2012-12-04T15:35:25Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

File:Reversal of Hydraulic Fluid.jpg

2012-12-04T15:35:16Z

Hafez Khalid:

File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg

2012-12-04T15:33:17Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

File:Alternative Arrangement.jpg

2012-12-04T15:33:08Z

Hafez Khalid:

File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg

2012-12-04T15:30:19Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

Zoomed in image of the hydraulic components at the supports.

File:Zoom In of Support Piston.jpg

2012-12-04T15:30:06Z

Hafez Khalid: Zoomed in image of the hydraulic components at the supports.

Zoomed in image of the hydraulic components at the supports.

File:How it Works.jpg

2012-12-04T15:26:47Z

Hafez Khalid: Schhematic diagram of how the hydraulically assisted bridge works

Schhematic diagram of how the hydraulically assisted bridge works

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T14:06:37Z

Hafez Khalid: Protected "Hydraulic Assisted Bridges" ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge.

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the higher the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T02:45:41Z

Hafez Khalid:

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge.

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the higher the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T02:33:48Z

Hafez Khalid:

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge.

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the high the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]

Hydraulic Assisted Bridges

2012-12-04T02:32:22Z

Hafez Khalid: Created page with " '''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order..."

'''Hydraulically Assisted Bridges '''also abbreviated to '''HAB '''is a new concept into bridge design which incorporates an integrated hydraulic system into the bridge in order to carry more weight. The system is most suitable for arch based bridges in which the main forces are directed in a horizontal sideways direction. The hydraulic system is integrated into the main load bearing members of the bridge can be minimally controlled by computers; however if calibrated and constructed accurately, the system has the possibility for non-electronic autonomic self-adjustment which entails low maintenance cost and a reduced safety risk in an event of an electrical malfunction.

= '''Contents''' =

1 How it works

1.1 Supports

1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge

2 Advantages

3 Disadvantages

3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages

4 Potential Applications

 

= 1. How it works =

The bridge is chiefly appropriate for bridges which inherently distributes their forces in a lateral/horizontal direction at the supports at the reactions. This includes bridges based on the arch, such as bowstring arch bridges. At the midpoint of the arch there is a pinned connection, essentially making it a three hinged arch (two at the supports). This implies any loading will cause the arch to spread out and this is taken advantage by the hydraulic system.

== 1.1 Supports ==

As the load causes the three hinged arch to spread out, the end of the members house a hydraulic piston. This piston is held in place via a pined connection so it can slide into the shaft easily. As the hydraulic fluid is pushed under pressure, the fluid travels through pipes eventually leading to a vertical shaft leading to the mid-span of the bridge.

== 1.2 Mid-Span of Bridge ==

At the mid-span, the high pressure hydraulic fluid causes another piston to become raised. And this causes it to push with a vertical force, hence counteracting the load that was initially implied. This is where calibration and calculation is required. The pressure provided by the hydraulic fluid related to the formula: P=F/A or pressure = force per unit area. Hence the system can be calibrated to provide a certain amount of vertical force provided by the vertical hydraulic by changing the diameter of the piston and shafts. The correlation is, the smaller the diameter of the piston/shaft assembly, the high the pressure. The piston and shaft assembly of the vertical column can also be altered and need not be equivalent to the pistons at the supports.

Importantly, you can cause the vertical piston to displace too much than required or displace by too little, hence detailed calculation is required.

= 2. Advantages =

If accurately calibrated there is no need for computers to control the hydraulic actuators. The hydraulic rams can be in motion only by the loading applied to it. That is to say if a certain load is applied on the bridge, the hydraulic ram applies an appropriate force upwards to counteract any deflections. This implies that there is very little maintenance concerning automated systems and in situations such as blackouts or malfunctions, the bridge will not be in any immediate concern for failure.

As a result of applying a force upwards that is dependent on the load and displacement of the bridge, the quantity of material required to construct the bridge is reduced. The material alone does not have to handle all imposed loading; the load is distributed onto the hydraulic rams. Consequently less money can be used in purchasing materials and the project cost is reduced (arguably, the money may be spent on the hydraulic systems).

Certainly, elegant bridges may be constructed with thinner structural members, which can increase its aesthetic and social impact on the community around it.

= 3. Disadvantages =

As a consequence of the vertical hydraulic column being required to be located in the centre of the arch, there are intrinsic complications. For example, to install the hydraulic pipe connections would require tunnelling either underground or to lay the pipes over ground; this entails placing construction workers in hostile environments and they have to be specialised workers. This requires extensive training which can affect the building project economically.

Vertical column type hydraulic bridges may never be used in arch bridges required to span gaps which are very high in the context of the altitude of the locale. Without solid ground for the column to rest on, the action of the hydraulic will cause deflection and eventual failure. However there are methods to overcome this problem.

Possible hydraulic failure at the three main points can be caused by very high forces and pressures due to excessive loading on the main bridge. The high pressure of hydraulic fluid can cause failure at any O-ring and gasket seals rendering it useless.

== 3.1 Overcoming the Disadvantages ==

The disadvantages of having to lay hydraulic pipes underground in hostile conditions and also having no possible use in arches in high altitude applications can be resolved by eliminating the single vertical hydraulic column. Rather it can be replaced by utilising hydraulic components placed at an angle, thus connecting the supports to mid-span. However this would require calibration of the diameter of the hydraulic face in order to provide additional forces with a higher vertical component. Otherwise, angling the hydraulic components nearer to vertical will provide a greater vertical force.

As a result, with this method, the hydraulic assisted bridges can be built over hostile gaps and at higher altitudes which is very beneficial.

The problems with seal failure can be resolved by adding several, thicker O-rings and gaskets and increasing the area of the hydraulic face, reducing pressure which reduces the possibility leaks and failures.

= 4. Potential Applications =

As stated before, this innovation is appropriate for, but not wholly restricted to, arch bridges. Hence it could be applied to almost all current applications of arch bridges which include:
*Pedestrian Footbridges
*Water Transportation
*Vehicular Transportation
*Light Vehicles
*Freight Vehicles
*Railway Transportation

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Student_architect_essay_competition]]
[[Category:Student_engineer_essay_competition]]