Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Heat input rate

2023-11-08T07:03:14Z

Buro Happold: Created page with "Approved Document J, Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems, 2010 edition incorporating 2010, 2013 and 2022 amendments, defines the heat input rate as: ‘…the maximum ..."

Approved Document J, Combustion appliances and fuel storage systems, 2010 edition incorporating 2010, 2013 and 2022 amendments, defines the heat input rate as: ‘…the maximum rate of energy flow into an appliance. It is calculated as the rate of fuel flow to the appliance multiplied by either the fuel’s gross or net calorific value. Note: Traditionally, the UK has used Gross values, most European standards use Net values. Thus for gas appliances it is now the norm to express this rating as a net value (kW (net)).’

= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

* Approved document J.
* Approved documents.
* Building Regulations.
* Chimney.
* Combustion appliance.
* Draught.
* Draught diverter v draught stabiliser
* Flue.
* Fuel.
* Heat.
* Ventilation.

Flueblock chimney

2023-11-08T07:01:12Z

Buro Happold: Redirected page to Flueblock chimney system

#redirect:[[Flueblock_chimney_system|Flueblock chimney system]]

User:Buro Happold

2015-10-05T13:29:13Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air%20heat%20exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Health%20and%20productivity%20in%20sustainable%20buildings|Health and productivity in sustainable buildings]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20utilisation|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

User:Buro Happold

2015-07-10T07:46:53Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air%20heat%20exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Health_and_productivity_in_sustainable_buildings|Health and productivity in sustainable buildings]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20utilisation|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome

2015-01-28T08:07:23Z

Buro Happold:

= Introduction =

Thames Water, struggling to balance increasing demand in the densely-populated south-east, an area which receives less annual rainfall than some Mediterranean regions, approached the New Millennium Experience Company (NMEC) suggesting a collaborative effort to develop an innovative approach to water management on the site of the Millennium Dome in Greenwich. The main objectives of the project included demonstrating and researching water recycling technologies, evaluating water efficient appliances and investigating public attitudes to water recycling initiatives.

= The Parameters =

The New Millennium Experience Company anticipated a maximum attendance of 35,000 people per day, and over ten million during the course of the exhibition year. This yielded a requirement for 500m3 per day for wc and urinal flushing. Three potential sources of secondary water for recycling were identified on site:

== Rainwater ==

The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.

[[File:Dome hopper.jpg|338x506px|alt=Dome hopper.jpg]]

== Greywater ==

Greywater was collected from the handbasins and staff showers m the Dome's six core buildings. The expected visitor numbers were predicted to use on average 120m2/day of handbasin water.

== Groundwater ==

London has had a problem with rising groundwater since 1970 due to a decline in pumping rates, caused by the changing industrial and commercial base. A 11Orn borehole was drilled on the site and water pumped direct from the aquifers.

= Treatment Methodology =

A range of treatment options were available. The Dome provided the opportunity to implement a re-use scheme at full scale and demonstrate the full range of innovative treatment options.

Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.

[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg|1027x583px|alt=Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg]]

The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.

Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAF) followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.

Water from the borehole was tested to establish the groundwater quality. A problem with hydrogen sulphide gas was experienced together with a much higher than anticipated salt and iron content. A system was devised to dose the groundwater with hydrogen peroxide to oxidise any metal contaminates, then pass the water through granular activated carbon to remove the organic contaminates. Membrane filtration followed carbon exchange where ultra-filtration removed residual organics and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated the groundwater. As RO filtration was needed to remove the salt from the borehole water, it was therefore combined with the BAF treated greywater and rainwater from the reedbeds through the same membrane configuration. The treated water was then re-hardened and disinfected before being pumped back into the Dome for flushing the WC's and urinals.

= Distribution networks =

The distribution elements of the recycling systems became a significant part of the water services systems for the Dome. A dual-system of drainage was required - conventional 'foul' water from toilets and kitchen disposals, and 'greywater' from showers and wash handbasins , as well as a dual system of water supply pipework - conventional potable water and 'reclaimed' water to serve the WC's. A protocol needed to be developed for the reclaimed water pipework: purple coloured pipe used in the United States was already in use for another service, so black pipe with four longitudinal green stripes was adopted. In total , 692 WC's and 220 urinals were served with reclaimed water, with 277 wash handbasins providing greywater.

= A recycling demonstration showcase =

[[File:Watercycle.jpg|1660x526px|alt=Watercycle.jpg]]

The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.

The fast-track and constantly evolving nature of the project required a collaborative team approach, with the New Millennium Experience Company, Thames Water, various consultants, contractors and suppliers combining expertise to ensure completion of this unique facility on time.

The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.

----

This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User:Buro_Happold|Buro Happold]].

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
*Green roofs.
*Greywater.
*Millennium Dome.
*Rainwater harvesting.
*Water conservation.

[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

User:Buro Happold

2015-01-28T08:05:54Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air%20heat%20exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20utilisation|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

User:Buro Happold

2015-01-27T11:23:26Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air%20heat%20exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Stakeholder%20map|Stakeholder map]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20utilisation|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

User:Buro Happold

2015-01-20T15:49:39Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air%20heat%20exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Stakeholder%20map|Stakeholder map]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water_utilisation|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

User:Buro Happold

2015-01-20T15:47:46Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth-to-air_heat_exchangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Stakeholder%20map|Stakeholder map]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20con|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

User:Buro Happold

2013-09-09T08:39:20Z

Buro Happold:

Buro Happold is an independent international practice of consulting engineers. Since 1976 we have grown in size and reach to serve public and private clients across a full range of sectors through an international network of 27 offices.

We draw on the multidisciplinary skills, knowledge and experience of our local experts to design and deliver award winning building, infrastructure and environmental projects that excel for clients, engage with communities and enrich the lives of users.

Sustainability, innovation and holistic consulting are at the heart of everything we do and we are committed to touching the earth lightly. We think harder and are dedicated to addressing the big challenges that face the planet – climate change, population growth and scarcity of natural resources.

Current and recent projects include the Grand Museum of Egypt (Cairo), the Louvre (Abu Dhabi), the Aviva Stadium (Dublin), the London 2012 Olympic Parkwide Design and Olympic Stadium, the King Abdullah Financial District (Riyadh), the Royal Shakespeare Theatre (Stratford) and the O2 Arena (London).

----

Articles created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Access%20and%20inclusion%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20policy%20and%20guidance|Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance]].

*[[Access%20Consultant|Access consultant]].

*[[Biomass|Biomass]].

*[[Aerogel|Aerogel]].

*[[Cool%20roofs|Cool roofs]].

*[[Dynamic%20thermal%20modelling%20of%20closed%20loop%20geothermal%20heat%20pump%20systems|Dynamic thermal modelling of closed loop geothermal heat pump systems]].

*[[Earth%20to%20air%20heat%20echangers|Earth-to-air heat exchangers]].

*[[Engineering%20smart%20cities|Engineering smart cities]].

*[[Green%20roofs|Green roofs]].

*[[Ground%20energy%20options|Ground energy options]].

*[[Ground%20preconditioning%20of%20supply%20air|Ground pre-conditioning of supply air]].

*[[Ground%20source%20heat%20pumps|Ground source heat pumps]].

*[[Life%20cycle%20assessment|Life cycle assessment]].

*[[Masterplanning|Masterplanning]].

*[[Phase%20change%20materials|Phase change materials]].

*[[Post%20occupancy%20evaluation|Post occupancy evaluation]].

*[[Rainwater%20harvesting|Rainwater harvesting]].

*[[Risk%20register|Risk register]].

*[[Smart%20cities|Smart cities]].

*[[Smart%20cities%20design%20timeframe|Smart cities design timeframe]].

*[[Stakeholder%20map|Stakeholder map]].

*[[Sustainable%20materials|Sustainable materials]].

*[[Thermal%20labyrinths|Thermal labyrinths]].

*[[Thermal%20storage%20for%20cooling|Thermal storage for cooling]].

*[[Transparent%20insulation|Transparent insulation]].

*[[Urban%20heat%20island|Urban Heat Island]].

*[[Water%20con|Water utilisation]].

Project pages created by Buro Happold on Designing Buildings Wiki include:

*[[Crystal%20Bridges%20Museum%20of%20American%20Art|Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art]].

*[[Greywater%20recycling%20at%20the%20Millennium%20Dome|Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome]].

*[[Khan%20Shatyr%20Entertainment%20Centre|Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre]].

*[[London%202012%20Olympic%20Stadium|London 2012 Olympic Stadium]].

*[[McLaren%20Production%20Centre|McLaren Production Centre]].

*[[Ponte%20della%20Musica|Ponte della Musica]].

*[[Scunthorpe%20Sports%20Academy|Scunthorpe Sports Academy]].

*[[Slough%20Bus%20Station|Slough Bus Station]].

*[[Stratford%20Town%20Centre%20Link|Stratford Town Centre Link]].

Patterns was an occasional, in-house technical journal published by Buro Happold between 1987 and 2011. There were 16 editions of Patterns and 2 special issues:

*[[Patterns%201|Patterns 1]]: October 1987.

*[[Patterns%202|Patterns 2]]: April 1988.

*[[Patterns%203|Patterns 3]]: August 1988.

*[[Patterns%204|Patterns 4]]: November 1988.

*[[Patterns%205|Patterns 5]]: May 1989.

*[[Patterns%206|Patterns 6]]: July 1990.

*[[Patterns%207|Patterns 7]]: December 1990.

*[[Patterns%208|Patterns 8]]: May 1991.

*[[Patterns%209|Patterns 9]]: October 1991.

*[[Patterns%2010|Patterns 10]]: December 1991.

*[[Patterns%2011|Patterns 11]]: August 1993.

*[[Patterns%2012|Patterns 12]]: July 1997.

*[[Patterns%2013|Patterns 13]]: March 2001.

*[[Patterns%2014|Patterns 14]]: March 2005.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Ground%20Source%20Energy|Patterns: Ground Source Energy]]. 2008.

*[[Patterns%3A%20Specialist%20Consulting|Patterns: Specialist Consulting]], 2007.

*[[Patterns%2015|Patterns 15]]: Autumn / Winter 2010.

*[[Patterns%2016|Patterns 16]]: Autumn / Winter 2011.

See also [[User%3ABuro%20Happold%20Inclusive%20Design|Buro Happold Inclusive Design]].

Risk register for building design and construction

2012-08-13T09:58:11Z

Buro Happold: Protected "Risk register" ([edit=author] (indefinite))

= Definitions =

A risk is an uncertain event that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on a project’s objectives or outcome. A risk is defined by having both an impact and a probability, and should not be confused with uncertainty.

Risk management is the process by which project managers address risk by, at its most simple level, considering an events probability and impact, and by combining these two considerations, gain an appreciation of its importance. Then, by understanding the importance of a risk, a project manager is able to prioritise time and resources to addressing those risks with the greatest potential for loss.

There are a range of risk management tools that allow project managers to explicitly undertake this process, with the risk register (also often called the risk log) being one of the more common tools adopted on construction projects.

There are a number of tasks to be followed in order to develop a risk register.

= Risk identification =

The first step in developing a risk register is to identify all possible project risks. This can be done from reports and project documents, but bringing all the project team together at a risk workshop is usually considered to be the best approach. Risk workshops are held to identify all the risks associated with a project that could have an impact on cost, time or performance of the project. In addition, where possible, information from the team should be obtained on the impact of the risk and the probability of its occurrence as this will be required later.

It is also worth remembering that risks, both in terms of impact and probability can change over the life of the project. Finally, it is worth considering whether there is any correlation between risks. This allows the first element in the risk register, a description of the risk, to be prepared.

= Risk analysis =

The risks that have been identified then need to be analysed for their probability and impact on the project (such as cost, time and resource).

There are two basic approaches, 'qualitative' and 'quantitative' risk analysis:

*In a qualitative analysis, descriptive terms are used such as 'low Impact' and 'high probability'.
*In a quantitative analysis, risks will have values attributed to them, such as 'an impact of £10m' or 'a probability of 65%'.

The approach adopted will be influenced by the information available. It is possible to mix qualitative and quantitative analysis, although care must be taken if doing this to ensure there is not an unintentional over focus on the quantitatively defined risks.

Finally, the analysis of probability and impact are combined into a single risk score. Again, this risk score can be presented quantitatively or qualitatively, with quantitative methods often using colours (green, amber and red) as well as words. Once again, this analysis is then entered into the risk register. Risks are often listed from highest to lowest score so as to more clearly highlight the priority risks.

= Highlight warnings and identify risk resolutions =

The next task initially requires the highlighting of warning signs for each risk. Often this focuses on the priority risks. It is then necessary to identify a plan of action to bring about risk resolution. While there is an inevitable tendency to focus on negative threats, thought should also be given to more positive opportunities.

Those with a high risk score value will need action plans that respond with utmost urgency while those with a low risk score can simply be monitored without having a detailed action plan identified.

Risk resolution can be achieved in a number of ways:

*'''Risk mitigation''' seeks to reduce the probability of occurrence or impact of a risk to below an acceptable threshold through a proactive parallel management action taken in advance of a negative impact arising.
*'''Risk transfer''' seeks to shift the impact of a threat to a third party, together with ownership of the response. However, care must be taken with this approach to ensure that there are no residual unaddressed risks left within the project from a retained correlated risk.
*'''Risk avoidance''' is achieved by making changes to the actual project, to either eliminate the risk or to protect the project objectives from its impact. Generally, risk avoidance involves relaxing the time, cost, scope, or quality objectives.
*'''Risk acceptance''' means there is no change to the project to deal with a risk, and is often a reflection that it has not been possible to identify an appropriate risk resolution strategy.

When developing risk resolution strategies, especially for the most critical risks, it is important to avoid reliance on a single control or counter measure.

As before, all the above information needs to be recorded within the risk register.

= Allocating responsibility =

The last step in developing a Risk Register is the allocation of an owner for each risk, and its associated monitoring and risk resolution plan.

While it is essential that all the above information is recorded in the risk register at the start of the project, it is equally important that the risk register is treated as a living document, being reviewed and updated on a regular basis.

= Ensuring your risk register is of genuine value =

Finally, while risk registers are an essential project management tool for large construction projects the following issues need to be kept in mind if they are to be of genuine value:

*Encourage openness and avoid blame to ensure all involved are open and honest about identifying and quantifying risks.
*If risks are incorrectly assessed and therefore prioritised, they can divert resources away from more profitably activities.
*If information is not presented logically and in an unbiased form it can unintentionally mislead.
*Unless it is regularly updated the risk register might create a false sense of security with important risks going unrecognised.

Finally, no matter how good your risk register is, do not make the mistake of believing you can totally cover every risk your project will face.

----

This article was written by--[[User:Buro Happold|Buro Happold]] 10:57, 13 August 2012 (BST)

----

= See also =

*Risk assessment.
*Design risk management.

 

[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]

Risk register for building design and construction

2012-08-13T09:57:53Z

Buro Happold:

Sustainable materials for construction

2012-08-13T09:56:39Z

Buro Happold: Protected "Sustainable materials" ([edit=author] (indefinite))

= Introduction =

Constructing with sustainable materials is not only good for the planet and common sense, it can save the client money, help preserve our heritage, respond to planning policies and help get credits in BREEAM, LEED and others environmental assessment tools.

A “sustainable material” is one that:

*Does not deplete non-renewable (natural) resources.
*Whose use has no adverse impact on the environment.

In practice, both these objectives are impossible to achieve, but they do show us the direction we should aim.

We can preserve natural resources in many ways:

*Avoiding using scarce (non-renewable) materials, such as peat and weathered limestone.
*Creating less waste.
*Using less; by not over-specifying performance requirements, by designing minimum weight structures and by matching demand to supply (such as supply balancing cut & fill).
*Using reclaimed, rather than new materials.
*Using renewable materials (crops).

We can reduce the impact on the environmental of using construction materials by:

*Using materials with low(er) embodied energy.
*Reducing transport of materials and associated fuel, emissions and road congestion.
*Preventing waste going to landfill.
*Designing and constructing for ease of reuse and recycling at end-of-life (design for deconstruction).

= tools and techniques =

There are now many tools and techniques for selecting construction materials that are less damaging to the environment. Detailed analysis of the impacts of materials using these techniques can then be reduced to relatively straightforward guidance for the designer or specifier, for example:

*'Environmental preference' methods that use star-ratings to substitute 'normal' materials and components with more 'environmental' alternatives.
*Methods that calculate a single numerical score, such as an EcoPoint, for the impact of each material (per kilogram) and aggregates these according to the quantities in different types of construction for a given building. This approach underpins the [http://www.bre.co.uk/greenguide/podpage.jsp?id=2126 Green Guide to Specification] developed by the UK Building Research Establishment.
*Methods that use embodied energy or carbon dioxide emissions as the single measure of impact, which are then processed using 'carbon accounting'.

Another approach is to tackle the use of materials by adopting a strategic and hierarchical approach to decisions – beginning with the 'best' from an environmental point of view, then the next best, and so on.

For example:

''1. Choose materials and construction techniques that progress from:''

*A linear approach to using materials: extract, process, manufacture, use, demolish, throw away.

''towards''

*‘Closed-loop’ thinking or a ‘Zero-Waste’ society: extract, process, manufacture, use, reuse (as many times as possible), dismantle or disassemble, recycle (as many times as possible), then finally, only when no further use remains, throw away.

''2. Re-use materials or components in situ:''

*Reuse a whole building, upgrading it as necessary.
*Reuse part of a building such the structural frame, masonry façade or foundations.
*Build upon the existing ground floor slab of a previous building.
*Reuse an existing retaining wall or embankment.

''3 Use reclaimed materials or components with little processing:''

*Steel beams and columns from a dismantled building.
*Demolition arisings (such as crushed aggregate) can be used for landscaping or backfilling excavations.
*Crushed glass can be used as a bedding material for paved or block surfaces.
*Reclaimed paving stones or slabs.
*Railway sleepers or telegraph poles.
*Steel tube from the oil industry can be used as piles.
*Recycled black-top.

''4. Use manufactured materials or components with significant and known recycled content:''

*The Recycled Content (RC) of entire construction works can easily be more than 20% (this was achieved at the London Olympics site) and this can gain LEED or BREEAM credits.
*Concrete made with Recycled Crushed Aggregate (RCA - typically up to 40%, depending on the source). For example using demolition arisings or 'waste' from quarries.
*Concrete using cement replacement materials such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) or Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS - 5-15% RC).
*'Recycled Roads'.
*Precast concrete blocks, paviours, kerbs, etc, made using RCA (more than 60% RC).
*Concrete pipes, drains, etc. made using RCA (more than 60% RC).
*Plastic street furniture (bollards, barriers etc.) made from 100% RC plastic.
*Decking, furniture etc made from 100% RC 'plastic lumber' that looks like timber.
*Plastic drain or soil pipes made using recycled plastic (50-100% RC).
*Cast iron drain pipes made using recycled cast iron (up to 96% RC).
*Tarmac with crushed glass fill, up to 30% RC.
*Geo-textiles made from 100% RC plastic.
*Any 'forest product' using 'waste' timber, such as chipboard, blockboard and some glulams.

''5. Use natural materials that have low embodied energy and / or environmental impact:''

*Timber (in preference to steel).
*Concrete reinforced with timber, bamboo or natural fibres.
*Geo-textiles and other products made from crops.
*Straw bales.
*Materials that are accredited as being responsibly sourced (such as [http://www.fsc.org/ FSC] timber).

= Project management issues =

As often with sustainable construction, there are few technical barriers to these many alternatives. But there are other challenges, for example:

*Persuading the client.
*Guaranteeing material quality and performance.
*Ensuring the supply of goods and materials.
*Educating the project team.
*Identifying economic paybacks.
*Measuring benefits and success.

These can all be overcome, but require determination and experience.

= Sources of guidance =

A growing body of guidance is available for those want to make a difference.

Recycling what you find on site:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/recycling_infrastructure/index.html Recycling Infrastructure].
*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/demolition/index.html Demolition module].

Reusing a building, in situ:

*BRE Digest 366 Structural Appraisal of Buildings for Change of Use (1991).
*Appraisal of Existing Structures. (3rd Edn) IStructE (2010).
*Structural Renovation of Traditional Buildings. CIRIA Report 111 (1994).
*Appraisal of Existing Iron and Steel Structures. Steel Construction Institute (1997).
*Structural Appraisal of Iron-framed Textile Mills. ICE (1998).

Reusing the masonry façade of a building, in situ:

*Retention of Masonry Facades - Best Practice Guide: C579 CIRIA (2003).
*Retention of Masonry Facades - Best Practice Site Handbook: C589 CIRIA (2003).
*The Construction of New Buildings Behind Historic Facades by [http://www.amazon.co.uk/David-Highfield/e/B001HQ27X4/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1 David Highfield], Taylor and Francis (2007)

Reusing the foundations of a building, in situ:

*Reuse of Foundations for Urban Sites: A Best Practice Handbook BRE (2006).
*Reuse of Foundations for Urban Sites: Proceedings of the International Conference BRE (2006).
*Reuse of foundations CIRIA Report C653 London, (2007).

Sources of recycled materials:

*CIRIA: [http://www.ciria.com/recycling/ Construction recycling sites].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Reclaimed%20building%20products%20guide.pdf Reclaimed building products guide].
*[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781844072743/ Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials A Design Handbook for Reuse and Recycling.] Bill Addis, 2006, Taylor and Francis.

Recycled content materials:

*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/category/subject/recycled-content?viewfacets=259 Recycled content].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/recycled-content-2 Recycled content 2].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/category/sector/construction Construction].

Concrete:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/procurement/index.html Procurement module].
*Institute of Structural Engineers: [http://www.istructe.org/webtest/files/98/9899c99c-ec60-4e5e-af94-40661737225a.pdf Recycled and secondary aggregates in concrete].

Roads:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/procurement/how_to_procure/recycled_roads/index.html Recycled roads].

Products

*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Const%20Product%20Guide%20Version%204.1.pdf Guide to the recycled content of mainstream construction products].
*WRAP: [http://nwtool.wrap.org.uk/Documents/WRAP%20RC%20Toolkit%20Manual%202%200%20041007.pdf Recycled content toolkit].

Design for deconstruction:

*Design for Deconstruction: Principles of Design to Facilitate Reuse and Recycling, CIRIA Guide C607 (2004)

[http://learninglegacy.london2012.com/themes/sustainability/index.php Olympic legacy learning].

Responsibly sourced materials (such as FSC timber):

*[http://www.fsc-uk.org/?page_id=5 Forest Stewardship Council UK].
*Institute of Structural Engineers: [http://www.istructe.org/webtest/files/b4/b4dbcd37-7ec8-4284-bcce-159af6322d77.pdf Responsible sourcing].

----

This article was written by --[[User:Buro Happold|Buro]][[User:Buro Happold|Happold]] 10:54, 13 August 2012 (BST)

----

= See also =

*Sustainability.
*BREEAM.
*Environmental Impact Assessment.
*Site waste management plan.
*Whole life costs.
 

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]

Sustainable materials for construction

2012-08-13T09:56:04Z

Buro Happold:

Sustainable materials for construction

2012-08-13T09:54:54Z

Buro Happold:

= Introduction =

Constructing with sustainable materials is not only good for the planet and common sense, it can save the client money, help preserve our heritage, respond to planning policies and help get credits in BREEAM, LEED and others environmental assessment tools.

A “sustainable material” is one that:

*Does not deplete non-renewable (natural) resources.
*Whose use has no adverse impact on the environment.

In practice, both these objectives are impossible to achieve, but they do show us the direction we should aim.

We can preserve natural resources in many ways:

*Avoiding using scarce (non-renewable) materials, such as peat and weathered limestone.
*Creating less waste.
*Using less; by not over-specifying performance requirements, by designing minimum weight structures and by matching demand to supply (such as supply balancing cut & fill).
*Using reclaimed, rather than new materials.
*Using renewable materials (crops).

We can reduce the impact on the environmental of using construction materials by:

*Using materials with low(er) embodied energy.
*Reducing transport of materials and associated fuel, emissions and road congestion.
*Preventing waste going to landfill.
*Designing and constructing for ease of reuse and recycling at end-of-life (design for deconstruction).

= tools and techniques =

There are now many tools and techniques for selecting construction materials that are less damaging to the environment. Detailed analysis of the impacts of materials using these techniques can then be reduced to relatively straightforward guidance for the designer or specifier, for example:

*'Environmental preference' methods that use star-ratings to substitute 'normal' materials and components with more 'environmental' alternatives.
*Methods that calculate a single numerical score, such as an EcoPoint, for the impact of each material (per kilogram) and aggregates these according to the quantities in different types of construction for a given building. This approach underpins the [http://www.bre.co.uk/greenguide/podpage.jsp?id=2126 Green Guide to Specification] developed by the UK Building Research Establishment.
*Methods that use embodied energy or carbon dioxide emissions as the single measure of impact, which are then processed using 'carbon accounting'.

Another approach is to tackle the use of materials by adopting a strategic and hierarchical approach to decisions – beginning with the 'best' from an environmental point of view, then the next best, and so on.

For example:

''1. Choose materials and construction techniques that progress from:''

*A linear approach to using materials: extract, process, manufacture, use, demolish, throw away.

''towards''

*‘Closed-loop’ thinking or a ‘Zero-Waste’ society: extract, process, manufacture, use, reuse (as many times as possible), dismantle or disassemble, recycle (as many times as possible), then finally, only when no further use remains, throw away.

''2. Re-use materials or components in situ:''

*Reuse a whole building, upgrading it as necessary.
*Reuse part of a building such the structural frame, masonry façade or foundations.
*Build upon the existing ground floor slab of a previous building.
*Reuse an existing retaining wall or embankment.

''3 Use reclaimed materials or components with little processing:''

*Steel beams and columns from a dismantled building.
*Demolition arisings (such as crushed aggregate) can be used for landscaping or backfilling excavations.
*Crushed glass can be used as a bedding material for paved or block surfaces.
*Reclaimed paving stones or slabs.
*Railway sleepers or telegraph poles.
*Steel tube from the oil industry can be used as piles.
*Recycled black-top.

''4. Use manufactured materials or components with significant and known recycled content:''

*The Recycled Content (RC) of entire construction works can easily be more than 20% (this was achieved at the London Olympics site) and this can gain LEED or BREEAM credits.
*Concrete made with Recycled Crushed Aggregate (RCA - typically up to 40%, depending on the source). For example using demolition arisings or 'waste' from quarries.
*Concrete using cement replacement materials such as Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) or Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS - 5-15% RC).
*'Recycled Roads'.
*Precast concrete blocks, paviours, kerbs, etc, made using RCA (more than 60% RC).
*Concrete pipes, drains, etc. made using RCA (more than 60% RC).
*Plastic street furniture (bollards, barriers etc.) made from 100% RC plastic.
*Decking, furniture etc made from 100% RC 'plastic lumber' that looks like timber.
*Plastic drain or soil pipes made using recycled plastic (50-100% RC).
*Cast iron drain pipes made using recycled cast iron (up to 96% RC).
*Tarmac with crushed glass fill, up to 30% RC.
*Geo-textiles made from 100% RC plastic.
*Any 'forest product' using 'waste' timber, such as chipboard, blockboard and some glulams.

''5. Use natural materials that have low embodied energy and / or environmental impact:''

*Timber (in preference to steel).
*Concrete reinforced with timber, bamboo or natural fibres.
*Geo-textiles and other products made from crops.
*Straw bales.
*Materials that are accredited as being responsibly sourced (such as [http://www.fsc.org/ FSC] timber).

= Project management issues =

As often with sustainable construction, there are few technical barriers to these many alternatives. But there are other challenges, for example:

*Persuading the client.
*Guaranteeing material quality and performance.
*Ensuring the supply of goods and materials.
*Educating the project team.
*Identifying economic paybacks.
*Measuring benefits and success.

These can all be overcome, but require determination and experience.

= Sources of guidance =

A growing body of guidance is available for those want to make a difference.

Recycling what you find on site:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/recycling_infrastructure/index.html Recycling Infrastructure].
*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/demolition/index.html Demolition module].

Reusing a building, in situ:

*BRE Digest 366 Structural Appraisal of Buildings for Change of Use (1991).
*Appraisal of Existing Structures. (3rd Edn) IStructE (2010).
*Structural Renovation of Traditional Buildings. CIRIA Report 111 (1994).
*Appraisal of Existing Iron and Steel Structures. Steel Construction Institute (1997).
*Structural Appraisal of Iron-framed Textile Mills. ICE (1998).

Reusing the masonry façade of a building, in situ:

*Retention of Masonry Facades - Best Practice Guide: C579 CIRIA (2003).
*Retention of Masonry Facades - Best Practice Site Handbook: C589 CIRIA (2003).
*The Construction of New Buildings Behind Historic Facades by [http://www.amazon.co.uk/David-Highfield/e/B001HQ27X4/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1 David Highfield], Taylor and Francis (2007)

Reusing the foundations of a building, in situ:

*Reuse of Foundations for Urban Sites: A Best Practice Handbook BRE (2006).
*Reuse of Foundations for Urban Sites: Proceedings of the International Conference BRE (2006).
*Reuse of foundations CIRIA Report C653 London, (2007).

Sources of recycled materials:

*CIRIA: [http://www.ciria.com/recycling/ Construction recycling sites].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Reclaimed%20building%20products%20guide.pdf Reclaimed building products guide].
*[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9781844072743/ Building with Reclaimed Components and Materials A Design Handbook for Reuse and Recycling.] Bill Addis, 2006, Taylor and Francis.

Recycled content materials:

*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/category/subject/recycled-content?viewfacets=259 Recycled content].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/recycled-content-2 Recycled content 2].
*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/category/sector/construction Construction].

Concrete:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/procurement/index.html Procurement module].
*Institute of Structural Engineers: [http://www.istructe.org/webtest/files/98/9899c99c-ec60-4e5e-af94-40661737225a.pdf Recycled and secondary aggregates in concrete].

Roads:

*WRAP: [http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk/procurement/how_to_procure/recycled_roads/index.html Recycled roads].

Products

*WRAP: [http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Const%20Product%20Guide%20Version%204.1.pdf Guide to the recycled content of mainstream construction products].
*WRAP: [http://nwtool.wrap.org.uk/Documents/WRAP%20RC%20Toolkit%20Manual%202%200%20041007.pdf Recycled content toolkit].

Design for deconstruction:

*Design for Deconstruction: Principles of Design to Facilitate Reuse and Recycling, CIRIA Guide C607 (2004)

[http://learninglegacy.london2012.com/themes/sustainability/index.php Olympic legacy learning].

Responsibly sourced materials (such as FSC timber):

*[http://www.fsc-uk.org/?page_id=5 Forest Stewardship Council UK].
*Institute of Structural Engineers: [http://www.istructe.org/webtest/files/b4/b4dbcd37-7ec8-4284-bcce-159af6322d77.pdf Responsible sourcing].

This article was written by --[[User:Buro Happold|Buro Happold]] 10:54, 13 August 2012 (BST)

= See also =

*Sustainability.
*BREEAM.
*Environmental Impact Assessment.
*Site waste management plan.
*Whole life costs.

[[Category:Products_/_components]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Design]]

Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance

2012-08-12T07:37:34Z

Buro Happold: Protected "Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance" ([edit=author] (indefinite))

'''Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance - as exemplified by London approach.'''

The need to address inclusive design from concept stage onwards is embedded in the planning process within London far more so than many other parts of the country. The key areas for consideration for designers are:

*The London Plan.
*The Equality Act 2010.
*The Building Regulations.
*The Principles of Inclusive Design.
*The Olympic and Paralympic Games precedent.
*The National Planning Policy Framework.

= The London Plan 2011 =

In preparing the policies of [http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan The London Plan], the London Mayor has had regard to the principle that there should be equality of opportunity for all people. The policies therefore seek to tackle the issues of deprivation and inequalities amongst Londoners.

*Policy 1.1 of the London Plan states an objective to create ...''a city of diverse, strong, secure and accessible neighbourhoods. ''Inclusive design and the need to tackle inequality is implicit in all aspects of the London Plan and is specifically mentioned in a number of policy areas, as outlined below:
*Policy 3.1: Ensuring equal life chances. The mayor is committed to ensuring equal life chances for all Londoners. Development proposals should have regard to the Supplementary Planning Guidance (SPG): [http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/vision/supplementary-planning-guidance Accessible London] and other guidance produced by the Mayor.
*Policy 3.8: Housing choice. All new housing is built to [http://www.lifetimehomes.org.uk/ The Lifetime Homes] standards and ten per cent of new housing is designed to be wheelchair accessible, or easily adaptable for residents who are wheelchair users.
*Policy 3.16: Protection and enhancement of social infrastructure. Social infrastructure should be accessible to all sections of the community including disabled and older people.
*Policy 3.19: Sports facilities. Inequality in access to sport and physical activity should be addressed.
*Policy 4.6: Support and enhance the provision for arts, culture and entertainment. Cultural developments should be accessible to all sectors of the community.
*Policy 6.13: Parking. The provision of parking for disabled people is highlighted within this policy, including within car free developments.
*Policy 7.2: Inclusive environment. The Mayor will require all new development in London to achieve the highest standards of accessible and inclusive design.
*Policy 7.5: Public realm: London’s public spaces should be secure, accessible, easy to understand and maintain.
*Policy 7.6: Architecture. Buildings and structures should meet the principles of inclusive design.

== SPG Olympic Legacy SPG (Draft 2011) ==

The Mayor has also published draft [http://www.london.gov.uk/publication/olympic-legacy-supplementary-planning-guidance Supplementary Planning Guidance in relation to the Olympic Legacy]. This guidance includes an appendix focused on inclusive design setting out what is expected of developers.

The SPG promotes the delivery of lifetime neighbourhoods and stable sustainable communities that they define as '''safe and inclusive, well planned, built and run, and offer equality of opportunity and good services for all'.''

== '''Planning for Equality and Diversity in London SPG (2007)''' ==

The Supplementary Planning Guidance: [http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/vision/supplementary-planning-guidance Planning for Equality and Diversity in London] (2007) relates to the implementation of policies that seek to address the needs of different communities in London. The themes addressed include:

*Urban design and public realm: linked to crime, personal safety, mobility and accessibility.
*Accessible, inclusive and safe environments: linked to accessibility, personal safety, discrimination and social exclusion.
*Access to employment and training opportunities: linked to social exclusion, discrimination and poverty.
*Access to open space and recreational areas.
*Provision of leisure and recreational facilities.

== '''Accessible London SPG: Achieving an Inclusive Environment (2004)''' ==

The Supplementary Planning Guidance: [http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/guides/spg/spg_01.jsp Achieving an Inclusive Environment ](2004) aims to promote social inclusion and seeks to help eliminate discrimination. It states that: '''Buildings designed to be inclusive will be safe, predictable, convenient, flexible, adaptable, sustainable and legible and will be useable by all of us'.''

= The Equality Act 2010 =

Under Section 149 of [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents The Equality Act 2010], the London Legacy Development Corporation, through the execution of its functions, has a duty to have regard to the need to:

*Eliminate unlawful discrimination, harassment and victimisation.
*Advance equality of opportunity.
*Foster good relations between communities.

The Equality Act consolidates the three previous duties covering race, disability and gender, bringing them together into a single duty, and extends it to cover the ‘protected characteristics’ of age, sexual orientation, religion or belief, pregnancy and maternity, and gender reassignment.

= The Building Regulations =

[http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partm/ Part M of the Building Regulations] sets out legal minimum requirements for promoting access to and use of buildings. Whereas previous versions of the Regulations focused on the specific needs of disabled people, the 2004 edition of [http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partm/approved Approved Document M] promotes an approach to inclusive design that reflects the needs of all people.

= The Principles of Inclusive Design =

Published by CABE in 2006, [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-principles-of-inclusive-design.pdf The Principles of Inclusive Design] stressed that inclusive design is fundamental to good design. Acknowledging that the way places are designed affects our ability to move, see, hear and communicate effectively, the document states that inclusive design is about making places which everyone can use. By removing the barriers that create undue effort and separation, it enables everyone to participate equally, confidently and independently in everyday activities.

Inclusive design:

*Places people at the heart of the design process.
*Acknowledges diversity and difference.
*Offers choice where a single design solution cannot accommodate all users.
*Provides for flexibility in use.
*Provides buildings and environments that are convenient and enjoyable to use for everyone.

= The Olympic and Paralympic Games precedent =

The Olympic Delivery Authority’s (ODA) delivery of the venues and infrastructure required to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games has set an important precedent in terms of exceeding legal minimum access requirements and incorporating best practice inclusive design. London’s winning bid to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games set out a commitment to delivering ‘''the most accessible Games ever''’.

As part of this the ODA developed the [http://learninglegacy.london2012.com/publications/inclusive-design-standards.php ODA Inclusive Design Standards] (2008). These are award winning standards which principally apply to the Olympic Park and venues during the 2012 Games, but which cover many issues relevant to the legacy schemes. As such, the parklands, public realm and venues inherited after 2012 have been built to a high standard of inclusive design. The [http://www.londonlegacy.co.uk/community/legacy-communities-scheme/ Legacy Community Scheme ]planning application made a continued commitment to the provision of an inclusive environment and the development of inclusive neighbourhoods.

= '''The National Planning Policy Framework''' =

The National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) sets out the government’s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied. A large number of Planning Policy Statements and Planning Policy Guidance have been replaced by the framework (although unless specifically revoked by the framework, existing policies remain effective).

Good design is a key aspect of sustainable development. It is indivisible from good planning and should contribute positively to making places better for people. The NPPF highlights that it is important to plan positively for the achievement of high quality and inclusive design for all development, including individual buildings, public and private spaces and wider area development schemes.

The NPPF notes that although visual appearance and the architecture of individual buildings are very important factors, securing high quality and inclusive design goes beyond aesthetic considerations. Therefore, planning policies and decisions should address the connections between people and places and the integration of new development into the natural, built and historic environment.

This article was written by --[[User:Buro Happold|Buro Happold]] 08:36, 12 August 2012 (BST)

= See also =

*[http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan The London Plan].
*Supplementary planning guidance: [http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/vision/supplementary-planning-guidance Accessible London]
*[http://www.lifetimehomes.org.uk/ The Lifetime Homes]
*[http://www.london.gov.uk/publication/olympic-legacy-supplementary-planning-guidance Supplementary Planning Guidance in relation to the Olympic Legacy]
*Supplementary Planning Guidance: [http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/vision/supplementary-planning-guidance Planning for Equality and Diversity in London] (2007)
*Supplementary Planning Guidance: [http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/guides/spg/spg_01.jsp Achieving an Inclusive Environment](2004)
*[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents The Equality Act 2010]
*[http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partm/ Part M of Building Regulations]
*[http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/buildingregulations/approveddocuments/partm/approved Approved Document M]
*[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110118095356/http:/www.cabe.org.uk/files/the-principles-of-inclusive-design.pdf The Principles of Inclusive Design]
*[http://learninglegacy.london2012.com/publications/inclusive-design-standards.php ODA Inclusive Design Standards] (2008)
*The [http://www.londonlegacy.co.uk/community/legacy-communities-scheme/ Legacy Community ][http://www.londonlegacy.co.uk/community/legacy-communities-scheme/ Scheme]planning application
*The National Planning Policy Framework

 

[[Category:Design]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]

Access and inclusion in the built environment: policy and guidance

2012-08-12T07:36:54Z

Buro Happold:

User:Buro Happold

2012-08-11T07:26:18Z

Buro Happold: Protected "User:Buro Happold" ([edit=author] (indefinite))

User:Buro Happold

2012-08-11T07:25:52Z

Buro Happold: