Designing Buildings - User contributions [en]

Air tightness in buildings

2014-02-11T11:41:51Z

Arcterra: Protected "Air tightness": copy right protection ([edit=author] (indefinite) [move=author] (indefinite))

Author: Scott Waite - Arcterra , building consultants specialising in Project Management

Introduction

 

Building Regulations

 

Effective as of April 2002 the UK Government introduced legislation that will enforce standards of building air tightness. Part L2 relates to the conservation of fuel and power in buildings or part of buildings other than dwellings. This affects everyone involved in the construction process; clients/developers/fund; consultants/specifier’s/designers; main contractors/sub-contractors, local authorities and inspectors; tenants/occupiers; manufactures and suppliers.

 

Approved document L2 of the building regulations requires all new non domestic buildings with a gross floor area above 1000m2 to be tested for air permeability. Air permeability is defined as the total flow rate of air needed to pressurise a building to a test pressure of 50 pascals divided by the envelope area of the building. The envelope being; the area of the ground floor plus the area of the external walls and roof.

 

Air tightness is a measure of the quality of construction, by comparing measurements per square metre x m3/h/m2 permeability. In order to comply with Part L2 buildings must achieve an air permeability rating of 10 or below. In essence part L2 is design to minimise air infiltration through the fabric of the building by creating air barriers.

 

In the pursuit of conserving fuel and power it is necessary for all the designer to take cognisance of the building fabric in terms of Limiting the heat losses and gains through the fabric of the building (the correct specification of materials and systems is vital); Limiting exposure to solar overheating; Providing an efficient mechanical and electrical design solution, so that the building can be operated and maintained in such a manner as to use no more energy than is practical in the circumstances.

 

Air tightness testing offers the contractor a service to measure air leakage and provides the client the assurance the building satisfies Part L2. The quality of construction in terms of the amount of air leakage is important in improving comfortable and cost effective buildings.

 

The three ‘R’

Everyone involved in the construction process is affected in terms of their; 

Role, 

Responsibility, 

Risk. 

Clients/developers/fund; consultants/specifier’s/designers; main contractors/sub-contractors; local authorities and inspectors; tenants/occupiers; manufactures and suppliers.

 

Identified below are the four main parties which have obligations under Part L2;

Local authority:-

· Receive notification of the intended work.

· Proceed to check drawings.

· Issue planning and building regulation approvals

· Will receive copies of the approved inspectors report, should an authorised inspector be appointed.

· Periodically inspect the works.

· Receive a copy of air test report

· Issue a completion certificate.

Client/developer/fund:-

· Apply for planning and building regulation approval.

· An Agreement of sale/lease with tenant or purchaser may be in place.

· Have a duty/Agreement with a funding party.

· Enters into Warranties with design team, contractor/subcontractor, and fund.

· May specified an air permeability rate within the contract documentation.

· If the building is not energy/fuel efficient incur additional financial costs due to inefficiency.

· If the building fails the test a completion certificate will not be issued, could enforce liquidated damages under the form of contract.

Consultants/specifier:-

· Take account of the statutory Acts, regulations, and approved documents.

· Ensure the building complies with both planning and building regulations.

· Consider which three methods to use; 1) elemental, 2) whole building, 3) carbon emissions calculations.

· Consider buildability and compatibility of materials and methods of construction.

· Ensure the building is built in accordance with the contract documents i.e. drawings and specifications.

· Ensure the building is inspected regularly.

Contractors:-

· Adhere to the contract drawings and specifications and in accordance with building regulations.

· Procure and appoint a specialist to undertake an air test.

· Give notification to the local authority as to when and who will be performing the test.

· Schedule the test into the contract programme.

· Pass the air test to comply with building regulations.

· If the building fails the test they will not receive a completion certificate and the client will seek compensation and enforce liquidated damages as they are in breach of the JCT contract.

· Ultimately responsible for conforming to part L2, in order to pass the air test.

 

Traditional form of contract

Pre contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
 

|
Role

|
Responsibility

|
Risk

|-
|
Local authority

|
Maximum

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|-
|
Client

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|-
|
Design team

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|-
|
Contractor

|
None

|
None

|
None

|}

 

Post contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
 

|
Role

|
Responsibility

|
Risk

|-
|
Local authority

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Negligible

|-
|
Client

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Maximum

|-
|
Design team

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|
Minimum

|-
|
Contractor

|
Minimum

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|}

 

Design & Build

Pre contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
 

|
Role

|
Responsibility

|
Risk

|-
|
Local authority

|
Maximum

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|-
|
Client

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Maximum

|-
|
Design team

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|-
|
Contractor

|
None

|
None

|
None

|}

 

Post contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
|
 

|
Role

|
Responsibility

|
Risk

|-
|
Local authority

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Negligible

|-
|
Client

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|
Minimum

|-
|
Design team

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|-
|
Contractor

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|
Maximum

|}

 

 

The benefits of air tight building are;

· Lower running costs through reduced heat loss from the buildings envelope.

· A more improved environmentally efficient building.

· To ensure the specified materials/products/systems are of proven air tightness and insulation performance.

· To ensure the specified materials/products/systems are compatible and adjoin without special treatment.

· Reduce the likelihood of defects occurring.

· Improve client satisfaction.

· Improve the standards of contractors.

· Less harmful to the environment.

· Improves the selection/specification of materials, products, systems.

· Make the building more attractive to prospective tenants.

Air Tightness managing the process

 

= Programme =

A common question all contractors face is when is the best time to test a building and is there an ideal time to test?

Completion of the shell/envelope.

Pre finishes trades i.e. plastering

Post finishes

Prior to practical completion.

Generally the vast majority of contractors undertake two tests; firstly the pre test and then the final test, although it does depends upon whether the contractor has tested buildings previously.

 

What can be expected from an initial pre test? Research shows that the vast majority of '''pre tests''' fail to achieve an air permeability of 10m3/Hr/m2 of the building envelope. Therefore contractors should not be concerned whether the building passes or fails but what lessons can be learned/identified from the test.

 

Test too early and learn nothing, if the objective is to achieve a pass at this stage then you may end up creating a false environment, by temporary sealing openings and unfinished work, which could prove costly. Test too late and incur additional costs associated with removing ceilings and floors etc to correct either poor workmanship/detailing, which could potentially impact upon the completion date of the project.

 

Therefore a balance is to be achieved in which we can learn from the initial test by identifying potential problem areas and confirm the air tightness of completed sections of work by undertaking smoke tests during the pre test procedure. The exact time to test is for the contractor to decide however their initial test could be undertaken once the building is weather tight to check the air infiltration through the fabric and the final test post finishes. It does depend upon how confident the contractor is with the buildings design and on site progress.

 

COST

A question both clients and contractors frequently ask themselves is; will it cost more to build in order to conform to Part L2? There is one quantifiable cost and that is the cost for the test, however there is the cost of the unknown (the perception and fear) for both parties.

 

Client:- will I see an increase in the tender prices due to enhanced M&E requirements, enhanced specification being produced by all the designers, will we be inserting additional measures i.e. air barriers and using additional materials. Can I reduce my exposure/risk? is just conforming to part L2 enough, should we amend our contracts, warranties and employers requirements. Should we specify the pass rate we wish to achieve, the number of tests and when, should we request the contractor to provide an sir tightness strategy.

 

Contractor: - what does it involve, how much do we allow for the test, what do we test how many times do we test, who tests and when. What do we price and how do we price. Who is responsible for conforming? Can we limit our exposure and can we pass on the exposure/risk to others? What (if any) are the contractual arrangements for identifying areas of weakness in the design. Do we have an air tightness strategy: - do we need a strategy?

 

As contractors we would prefer to eliminate/spread the risk to others for example subcontractors, designers and clients. Do we amend our subcontract appointments to include specific reference to Part L2? will this will minimise the numbers of subcontractors how will return tenders and if they should return their tender they may qualify their tender accordingly. If we squeeze contractors on conformance as they have been squeezed traditional on price over the years we have seen that this does have a negative effect. as with all subcontracts and warranties there is always difficulty in accepting the wording of the agreements and a compromise is always the outcome in this instance the legal institutes we employ are the only winners.

 

Do client request contractors (design & build) and designers (traditional) to provide an Air tightness strategy as part of the contract documentation, and what are the likely benefits and who will this ultimately benefit?

 

Be under no illusion conforming to Part L2 is not difficult, or is it? In my experience it was not a difficult issue as we approached the issue with a open mind and implemented a strategy early on in the design development process. Since the introduction in 2002 Building Research Establishment BRE show that more than a third of buildings tested by the BRE are failing the air tightness test, however the article is unclear whether this was the initial or final test. Surely with the large number of parties affected by the regulation collaboration between them all is paramount in identifying and tackling issues, however it is not surprising to be informed that as an industry we are failing for in reality there is minimal collaboration between all parties there is limited results available limited institutes providing information- would you know where to look. Remember we are not alone in the pursuit to conform to Part L2. In time the longer Part L2 has been in place the more improved we all become in conforming and identifying and tackling difficult issues. In time one can imagine that the target level will be reduced as testing institutes and local authorities find that buildings are achieving better results. But will this inevitable cause health problems for the occupiers having building which allow no air infiltration will we see an increase in ‘sick buildings’.

 

As the industry makes advances in technology and legislation both clients and contractors need to make equal advances in the way they approach and manage contracts.

 

Management and Quality control measures

Throughout the duration of a project it is the responsibility of the Contractor and his elected project ‘site management team’ to closely supervise and monitor all aspects of the work being undertaken, to ensure the project is executed in accordance with the Planning conditions, Building regulations and the Contract documents and to the satisfaction of both the Local authority, Design team and the Client. Therefore the contractor could adopt simple QUALITY PRINCIPALS which I have identified below;

 

· Ensure all employees and subcontractors are suitable trained/qualified to conduct the work they are required to undertake.

· Ensure all employees and subcontractors adopt standard working practices and are familiar with the materials/products/systems they are to apply.

· Ensure that the work of employees and subcontractors is undertaken in an efficient and effective manner.

· Ensure that process controls relating to the activities of construction are performed under controlled conditions and undertake periodical inspections and testing of the work.

· Ensure that the design and specifications can be constructed under the operational and environmental conditions of the project.

· Ensure that all employees and subcontractors, fix, assemble and install all materials/products/systems in accordance with the supplier and manufactures instructions.

· Ensure that the handling methods of the employees and sub contractors are appropriate to the materials employed.

· Ensure that all employees and subcontractors handle and store materials/products are such that the accuracy and fitness for use is maintained.

 

The overall aim is to significantly improve the quality of workmanship on site, thus ensuring work activities are completed the first time around thus avoiding the work being identified as a defect, ultimately reducing client dissatisfaction and therefore improving client relations and increase our chance of conformance.

 

The contractor is ultimately responsible in the pursuit of conformance to Part L2. Should the final test fail can blame be proportioned between the parties? It can’t. Material/products in isolation very rarely fail; similarity drawings and specification rarely fail. Primarily problems ever only arise due to poor workmanship and this ultimately is the responsible of the main contractor. Therefore the requirement to conform to Part L2 is primarily a quality driven agenda from design to construction. The main contractor has to be Pro-active in his approach from the start whether the contract is Design & Build or Traditional.

 

Another issue to consider is; if the form of contract is traditional, have Air tightness Measures been allowed (what are the measures) for within the tender documents by the client and his professional team, i.e. have they been allowed for in the Bill of Quantities or detailed on the tender drawings. If not how and when the contractor peruses this is only a question he can answer do we pursue this matter with both the PQS and the Contract Administrator, for there is definitely a cost associated with adopting air tightness measures (excluding the cost for the test circa).

Author: Scott Waite - Arcterra, building consultants specialising in Project Management. 

www.arcterra.co.uk

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]
[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Regulations]]
[[Category:Appointments]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

Air tightness in buildings

2014-02-11T11:39:46Z

Arcterra:

Air tightness in buildings

2014-02-11T11:36:39Z

Arcterra: Created page with " Introduction Building Regulations Effective as of April 2002 the UK Government introduced legislation that will enforce standards of building air tightnes..."

Introduction

 

Building Regulations

 

Effective as of April 2002 the UK Government introduced legislation that will enforce standards of building air tightness. Part L2 relates to the conservation of fuel and power in buildings or part of buildings other than dwellings. This affects everyone involved in the construction process; clients/developers/fund; consultants/specifier’s/designers; main contractors/sub-contractors, local authorities and inspectors; tenants/occupiers; manufactures and suppliers.

 

Approved document L2 of the building regulations requires all new non domestic buildings with a gross floor area above 1000m2 to be tested for air permeability. Air permeability is defined as the total flow rate of air needed to pressurise a building to a test pressure of 50 pascals divided by the envelope area of the building. The envelope being; the area of the ground floor plus the area of the external walls and roof.

 

Air tightness is a measure of the quality of construction, by comparing measurements per square metre x m3/h/m2 permeability. In order to comply with Part L2 buildings must achieve an air permeability rating of 10 or below. In essence part L2 is design to minimise air infiltration through the fabric of the building by creating air barriers.

 

In the pursuit of conserving fuel and power it is necessary for all the designer to take cognisance of the building fabric in terms of Limiting the heat losses and gains through the fabric of the building (the correct specification of materials and systems is vital); Limiting exposure to solar overheating; Providing an efficient mechanical and electrical design solution, so that the building can be operated and maintained in such a manner as to use no more energy than is practical in the circumstances.

 

Air tightness testing offers the contractor a service to measure air leakage and provides the client the assurance the building satisfies Part L2. The quality of construction in terms of the amount of air leakage is important in improving comfortable and cost effective buildings.

 

The three ‘R’

Everyone involved in the construction process is affected in terms of their; 

Role, 

Responsibility, 

Risk. 

Clients/developers/fund; consultants/specifier’s/designers; main contractors/sub-contractors; local authorities and inspectors; tenants/occupiers; manufactures and suppliers.

 

Identified below are the four main parties which have obligations under Part L2;

Local authority:-

· Receive notification of the intended work.

· Proceed to check drawings.

· Issue planning and building regulation approvals

· Will receive copies of the approved inspectors report, should an authorised inspector be appointed.

· Periodically inspect the works.

· Receive a copy of air test report

· Issue a completion certificate.

Client/developer/fund:-

· Apply for planning and building regulation approval.

· An Agreement of sale/lease with tenant or purchaser may be in place.

· Have a duty/Agreement with a funding party.

· Enters into Warranties with design team, contractor/subcontractor, and fund.

· May specified an air permeability rate within the contract documentation.

· If the building is not energy/fuel efficient incur additional financial costs due to inefficiency.

· If the building fails the test a completion certificate will not be issued, could enforce liquidated damages under the form of contract.

Consultants/specifier:-

· Take account of the statutory Acts, regulations, and approved documents.

· Ensure the building complies with both planning and building regulations.

· Consider which three methods to use; 1) elemental, 2) whole building, 3) carbon emissions calculations.

· Consider buildability and compatibility of materials and methods of construction.

· Ensure the building is built in accordance with the contract documents i.e. drawings and specifications.

· Ensure the building is inspected regularly.

Contractors:-

· Adhere to the contract drawings and specifications and in accordance with building regulations.

· Procure and appoint a specialist to undertake an air test.

· Give notification to the local authority as to when and who will be performing the test.

· Schedule the test into the contract programme.

· Pass the air test to comply with building regulations.

· If the building fails the test they will not receive a completion certificate and the client will seek compensation and enforce liquidated damages as they are in breach of the JCT contract.

· Ultimately responsible for conforming to part L2, in order to pass the air test.

 

Traditional form of contract

Pre contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| |
 

| |
Role

| |
Responsibility

| |
Risk

|-
| |
Local authority

| |
Maximum

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

|-
| |
Client

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

|-
| |
Design team

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

|-
| |
Contractor

| |
None

| |
None

| |
None

|}

 

Post contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| |
 

| |
Role

| |
Responsibility

| |
Risk

|-
| |
Local authority

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Negligible

|-
| |
Client

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Maximum

|-
| |
Design team

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

| |
Minimum

|-
| |
Contractor

| |
Minimum

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

|}

 

Design & Build

Pre contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| |
 

| |
Role

| |
Responsibility

| |
Risk

|-
| |
Local authority

| |
Maximum

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

|-
| |
Client

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Maximum

|-
| |
Design team

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

|-
| |
Contractor

| |
None

| |
None

| |
None

|}

 

Post contract

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
| |
 

| |
Role

| |
Responsibility

| |
Risk

|-
| |
Local authority

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Negligible

|-
| |
Client

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

| |
Minimum

|-
| |
Design team

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

|-
| |
Contractor

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

| |
Maximum

|}

 

 

The benefits of air tight building are;

· Lower running costs through reduced heat loss from the buildings envelope.

· A more improved environmentally efficient building.

· To ensure the specified materials/products/systems are of proven air tightness and insulation performance.

· To ensure the specified materials/products/systems are compatible and adjoin without special treatment.

· Reduce the likelihood of defects occurring.

· Improve client satisfaction.

· Improve the standards of contractors.

· Less harmful to the environment.

· Improves the selection/specification of materials, products, systems.

· Make the building more attractive to prospective tenants.

Air Tightness managing the process

 

= Programme =

A common question all contractors face is when is the best time to test a building and is there an ideal time to test?

Completion of the shell/envelope.

Pre finishes trades i.e. plastering

Post finishes

Prior to practical completion.

Generally the vast majority of contractors undertake two tests; firstly the pre test and then the final test, although it does depends upon whether the contractor has tested buildings previously.

 

What can be expected from an initial pre test? Research shows that the vast majority of '''pre tests''' fail to achieve an air permeability of 10m3/Hr/m2 of the building envelope. Therefore contractors should not be concerned whether the building passes or fails but what lessons can be learned/identified from the test.

 

Test too early and learn nothing, if the objective is to achieve a pass at this stage then you may end up creating a false environment, by temporary sealing openings and unfinished work, which could prove costly. Test too late and incur additional costs associated with removing ceilings and floors etc to correct either poor workmanship/detailing, which could potentially impact upon the completion date of the project.

 

Therefore a balance is to be achieved in which we can learn from the initial test by identifying potential problem areas and confirm the air tightness of completed sections of work by undertaking smoke tests during the pre test procedure. The exact time to test is for the contractor to decide however their initial test could be undertaken once the building is weather tight to check the air infiltration through the fabric and the final test post finishes. It does depend upon how confident the contractor is with the buildings design and on site progress.

 

COST

A question both clients and contractors frequently ask themselves is; will it cost more to build in order to conform to Part L2? There is one quantifiable cost and that is the cost for the test, however there is the cost of the unknown (the perception and fear) for both parties.

 

Client:- will I see an increase in the tender prices due to enhanced M&E requirements, enhanced specification being produced by all the designers, will we be inserting additional measures i.e. air barriers and using additional materials. Can I reduce my exposure/risk? is just conforming to part L2 enough, should we amend our contracts, warranties and employers requirements. Should we specify the pass rate we wish to achieve, the number of tests and when, should we request the contractor to provide an sir tightness strategy.

 

Contractor: - what does it involve, how much do we allow for the test, what do we test how many times do we test, who tests and when. What do we price and how do we price. Who is responsible for conforming? Can we limit our exposure and can we pass on the exposure/risk to others? What (if any) are the contractual arrangements for identifying areas of weakness in the design. Do we have an air tightness strategy: - do we need a strategy?

 

As contractors we would prefer to eliminate/spread the risk to others for example subcontractors, designers and clients. Do we amend our subcontract appointments to include specific reference to Part L2? will this will minimise the numbers of subcontractors how will return tenders and if they should return their tender they may qualify their tender accordingly. If we squeeze contractors on conformance as they have been squeezed traditional on price over the years we have seen that this does have a negative effect. as with all subcontracts and warranties there is always difficulty in accepting the wording of the agreements and a compromise is always the outcome in this instance the legal institutes we employ are the only winners.

 

Do client request contractors (design & build) and designers (traditional) to provide an Air tightness strategy as part of the contract documentation, and what are the likely benefits and who will this ultimately benefit?

 

Be under no illusion conforming to Part L2 is not difficult, or is it? In my experience it was not a difficult issue as we approached the issue with a open mind and implemented a strategy early on in the design development process. Since the introduction in 2002 Building Research Establishment BRE show that more than a third of buildings tested by the BRE are failing the air tightness test, however the article is unclear whether this was the initial or final test. Surely with the large number of parties affected by the regulation collaboration between them all is paramount in identifying and tackling issues, however it is not surprising to be informed that as an industry we are failing for in reality there is minimal collaboration between all parties there is limited results available limited institutes providing information- would you know where to look. Remember we are not alone in the pursuit to conform to Part L2. In time the longer Part L2 has been in place the more improved we all become in conforming and identifying and tackling difficult issues. In time one can imagine that the target level will be reduced as testing institutes and local authorities find that buildings are achieving better results. But will this inevitable cause health problems for the occupiers having building which allow no air infiltration will we see an increase in ‘sick buildings’.

 

As the industry makes advances in technology and legislation both clients and contractors need to make equal advances in the way they approach and manage contracts.

 

Management and Quality control measures

Throughout the duration of a project it is the responsibility of the Contractor and his elected project ‘site management team’ to closely supervise and monitor all aspects of the work being undertaken, to ensure the project is executed in accordance with the Planning conditions, Building regulations and the Contract documents and to the satisfaction of both the Local authority, Design team and the Client. Therefore the contractor could adopt simple QUALITY PRINCIPALS which I have identified below;

 

· Ensure all employees and subcontractors are suitable trained/qualified to conduct the work they are required to undertake.

· Ensure all employees and subcontractors adopt standard working practices and are familiar with the materials/products/systems they are to apply.

· Ensure that the work of employees and subcontractors is undertaken in an efficient and effective manner.

· Ensure that process controls relating to the activities of construction are performed under controlled conditions and undertake periodical inspections and testing of the work.

· Ensure that the design and specifications can be constructed under the operational and environmental conditions of the project.

· Ensure that all employees and subcontractors, fix, assemble and install all materials/products/systems in accordance with the supplier and manufactures instructions.

· Ensure that the handling methods of the employees and sub contractors are appropriate to the materials employed.

· Ensure that all employees and subcontractors handle and store materials/products are such that the accuracy and fitness for use is maintained.

 

The overall aim is to significantly improve the quality of workmanship on site, thus ensuring work activities are completed the first time around thus avoiding the work being identified as a defect, ultimately reducing client dissatisfaction and therefore improving client relations and increase our chance of conformance.

 

The contractor is ultimately responsible in the pursuit of conformance to Part L2. Should the final test fail can blame be proportioned between the parties? It can’t. Material/products in isolation very rarely fail; similarity drawings and specification rarely fail. Primarily problems ever only arise due to poor workmanship and this ultimately is the responsible of the main contractor. Therefore the requirement to conform to Part L2 is primarily a quality driven agenda from design to construction. The main contractor has to be Pro-active in his approach from the start whether the contract is Design & Build or Traditional.

 

Another issue to consider is; if the form of contract is traditional, have Air tightness Measures been allowed (what are the measures) for within the tender documents by the client and his professional team, i.e. have they been allowed for in the Bill of Quantities or detailed on the tender drawings. If not how and when the contractor peruses this is only a question he can answer do we pursue this matter with both the PQS and the Contract Administrator, for there is definitely a cost associated with adopting air tightness measures (excluding the cost for the test circa).

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]
[[Category:Construction_management]]
[[Category:Sustainability]]
[[Category:Other_legislation]]
[[Category:Regulations]]
[[Category:Appointments]]
[[Category:Client_procedures]]
[[Category:Procurement]]
[[Category:Property_development]]

User:Arcterra

2014-02-11T11:07:28Z

Arcterra:

Arcterra is a specialist building consultancy practice providing project management, CDM co-ordination and cost management services to property owners and occupiers. We offer a comprehensive project management service for all sectors of the construction industry. We manage the project from inception through to completion to ensure a seamless transition from Design to Construction to Occupation Both our managment style and culture create a positive and structured environment in which innovative solutions are developed which ensures projects are delivered on time, within budget and to the highest level of quality. We are committed to provide clients with a service that exceeds both their expectations and aspirations.