The shadow institution - Revision history

Archiblog at 08:13, 8 January 2025

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	* (p.119) [28]		* (p.119) [28]

−	In 1984, in the introductory essay to 'Cedric Price ~~WorksII~~', Royston Landau wrote:—	+	In 1984, in the introductory essay to 'Cedric Price Works II', Royston Landau wrote:—

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Archiblog at 17:12, 13 December 2024

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−	"The Potteries Thinkbelt was a higher-educational facility, a term carefully chosen to avoid the use of the word university. Prepared at a time when the largest new university programme in British history was being implemented, the project addressed an intellectually complacent university-regulating bureaucracy. The site for the Thinkbelt was not a city site, nor one of the then standard out-of-town, isolated, quasi-countryside locations which had been selected especially because of their lower land values. Instead, Price chose a hundred square miles in a decaying industrial area of England in north Staffordshire, once the centre of the famed Staffordshire Potteries and now in dire need of revitalization.	+	"The Potteries Thinkbelt was a higher educational facility, a term carefully chosen to avoid the use of the word university. Prepared at a time when the largest new university programme in British history was being implemented, the project addressed an intellectually complacent university-regulating bureaucracy. The site for the Thinkbelt was not a city site, nor one of the then standard out-of-town, isolated, quasi-countryside locations which had been selected especially because of their lower land values. Instead, Price chose a hundred square miles in a decaying industrial area of England in north Staffordshire, once the centre of the famed Staffordshire Potteries and now in dire need of revitalization.

	Thus he was to produce a project which questioned most of the cherished Establishment premises of university education, and substituted, in their place, their complete inversion.		Thus he was to produce a project which questioned most of the cherished Establishment premises of university education, and substituted, in their place, their complete inversion.
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	The story of the Potteries Thinkbelt is salutary. As a brilliantly imaginative contribution to university building, a realm not known for its thoughtfulness, the Potteries Thinkbelt might just have jostled the University Establishment, but perhaps the critique had too much fantasy for its audience. Or could it be that Cedric Price, to use one of his phrases, was just 'aiming to miss'? For me, it does not 'miss' if this study goes into the archive, not as an example of how railway carriages can be used for teaching, but as one of the most powerful question marks ever placed against the architecture of university education."		The story of the Potteries Thinkbelt is salutary. As a brilliantly imaginative contribution to university building, a realm not known for its thoughtfulness, the Potteries Thinkbelt might just have jostled the University Establishment, but perhaps the critique had too much fantasy for its audience. Or could it be that Cedric Price, to use one of his phrases, was just 'aiming to miss'? For me, it does not 'miss' if this study goes into the archive, not as an example of how railway carriages can be used for teaching, but as one of the most powerful question marks ever placed against the architecture of university education."

−	(Royston Landau, 1984, 'A Philosophy of Enabling', ~~in 'Cedric Price Works II'~~, pp.9-15) [29]	+	(Royston Landau, 1984, 'A Philosophy of Enabling', AA Files/8, pp.5-7) [29]
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	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1966) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Potteries_Thinkbelt_study#.E2.80.A2_.282.29_The_Thinkbelt_study_published_in_Architectural_Design PTb]', Architectural Design', October, 1966.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1966) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Potteries_Thinkbelt_study#.E2.80.A2_.282.29_The_Thinkbelt_study_published_in_Architectural_Design PTb]', Architectural Design', October, 1966.
	# Royston Landau (1968) '[https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsinb00land New Directions in British Architecture]', Note 58, p. 119, on the Internet Archive.		# Royston Landau (1968) '[https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsinb00land New Directions in British Architecture]', Note 58, p. 119, on the Internet Archive.
−	# Royston Landau (1984) 'A Philosophy of Enabling', in '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Works Works] II', pp.9-15~~, also in AA Files/8, pp.5-7~~.	+	# Royston Landau (1984) 'A Philosophy of Enabling', AA Files/8, pp.5-7, also in '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Works Works] II', pp.9-15.
	# Anon. (2003) "(Cedric Price) worked out the scheme carefully, and submitted the proposal to the Ministry of Education, which thanked him politely and promptly shelved it." in '[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1438827/Cedric-Price.html Cedric Price]', The Telegraph, 15 August 2003. Also on [https://extremelyprovocative.wordpress.com/2024/12/02/cedric-price/ Extremely Provocative].		# Anon. (2003) "(Cedric Price) worked out the scheme carefully, and submitted the proposal to the Ministry of Education, which thanked him politely and promptly shelved it." in '[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1438827/Cedric-Price.html Cedric Price]', The Telegraph, 15 August 2003. Also on [https://extremelyprovocative.wordpress.com/2024/12/02/cedric-price/ Extremely Provocative].
	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1971) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing Housing]', Architectural Design, October, p.619.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1971) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing Housing]', Architectural Design, October, p.619.

Archiblog at 11:16, 11 December 2024

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	[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Potteries_Thinkbelt_study:_Further_ongoing_research Potteries Thinkbelt study: Further ongoing research]		[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Potteries_Thinkbelt_study:_Further_ongoing_research Potteries Thinkbelt study: Further ongoing research]

−	[[Category:~~Articles_needing_more_work~~]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]]	+	[[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]]

Archiblog at 10:49, 11 December 2024

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	# The Meir Transfer Area linked the Thinkbelt network to an airfield, "providing facilities for rapid exchange of personnel or lightweight goods from PTb to national or international networks". A third smaller than Pitts Hill, Meir included approximately 566,337 cubic metres of variable, flexible space and 33,445 square metres for fixed and dedicated uses. Goods and mobile teaching would be handled by three types of cranes: portal, monorail, and mobile (road-based) cranes, as well as by forklifts. These cranes also serviced the 1,115 square metres of single-floor living accommodations for students and staff, providing easy access across movable bridges and gantries to mobile rail-based laboratory units and other portable enclosures.		# The Meir Transfer Area linked the Thinkbelt network to an airfield, "providing facilities for rapid exchange of personnel or lightweight goods from PTb to national or international networks". A third smaller than Pitts Hill, Meir included approximately 566,337 cubic metres of variable, flexible space and 33,445 square metres for fixed and dedicated uses. Goods and mobile teaching would be handled by three types of cranes: portal, monorail, and mobile (road-based) cranes, as well as by forklifts. These cranes also serviced the 1,115 square metres of single-floor living accommodations for students and staff, providing easy access across movable bridges and gantries to mobile rail-based laboratory units and other portable enclosures.
−	# Price envisioned the Transfer Area a t Pitts Hill as a connectionbetween the PTb and the national British Railways system. PittsHill provided facilities for "rapid and continuous bulk goods andpersonnel exchange". These would contain some 877,822 ~~cubicmetres~~ of flexible space, with just less than 27,870 square metres of dedicated space for fixed equipment. Pitts Hill was also to be equipped with a single portal crane as well as two 'travelator' conveyor belt systems for moving freight and people. There were to be no living accommodations at Pitts Hill, because of noise from the main line rail connection.	+	# Price envisioned the Transfer Area a t Pitts Hill as a connectionbetween the PTb and the national British Railways system. PittsHill provided facilities for "rapid and continuous bulk goods andpersonnel exchange". These would contain some 877,822 cubic metres of flexible space, with just less than 27,870 square metres of dedicated space for fixed equipment. Pitts Hill was also to be equipped with a single portal crane as well as two 'travelator' conveyor belt systems for moving freight and people. There were to be no living accommodations at Pitts Hill, because of noise from the main line rail connection.
	# Madeley was the largest of the Transfer Areas. Price designed the area to permit easy linkage between the internal Thinkbelt rail and road systems and the national M6 motorway, and to provide"facilities for handling, assembly and construction of large scalegoods and equipment". There were to be two enormous enclosed workshops where the various types of mobile teaching and living modules used in the Thinkbelt could be built and maintained. Next to these huge service bays would be a series of modular offices and workspaces, similar to those Price would later design for his 1977 Inter-Action Centre in London. The Madeley TransferArea comprised nearly 1,360,000 cubic metres of flexible space,reserving 46,450 square metres for static functions, such as storage and mechanical systems. Rising above the Madeley Transfer Area would be several towers containing more than 9,290 square metres of 'hotel' type accommodation for "short and medium term visiting staff" 6 The PTb rail system extended a mile beyond Madeley into an area reserved for future housing expansion.		# Madeley was the largest of the Transfer Areas. Price designed the area to permit easy linkage between the internal Thinkbelt rail and road systems and the national M6 motorway, and to provide"facilities for handling, assembly and construction of large scalegoods and equipment". There were to be two enormous enclosed workshops where the various types of mobile teaching and living modules used in the Thinkbelt could be built and maintained. Next to these huge service bays would be a series of modular offices and workspaces, similar to those Price would later design for his 1977 Inter-Action Centre in London. The Madeley TransferArea comprised nearly 1,360,000 cubic metres of flexible space,reserving 46,450 square metres for static functions, such as storage and mechanical systems. Rising above the Madeley Transfer Area would be several towers containing more than 9,290 square metres of 'hotel' type accommodation for "short and medium term visiting staff" 6 The PTb rail system extended a mile beyond Madeley into an area reserved for future housing expansion.
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Archiblog at 09:06, 11 December 2024

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	Note: The figures in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bracket brackets] are Cedric Price's Job Numbers.		Note: The figures in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Bracket brackets] are Cedric Price's Job Numbers.
		+
		+	[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price#ADDENDUM Learn More]

	== APPENDIX B - AA Graduate [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/School School] Social [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Institution Institutions] Bibliography 1978 ==		== APPENDIX B - AA Graduate [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/School School] Social [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Institution Institutions] Bibliography 1978 ==

Archiblog at 08:54, 11 December 2024

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	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price], (1972) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price Housing]', [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/AD:_A_great_little_mag!#.E2.80.A2_AD_1.2F72 Architectural Design], January, p.41.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price], (1972) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price Housing]', [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/AD:_A_great_little_mag!#.E2.80.A2_AD_1.2F72 Architectural Design], January, p.41.
	# See Mullin, S. (1976) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] or still keeps going when everything else has stopped', AD/5/76, p.286.		# See Mullin, S. (1976) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] or still keeps going when everything else has stopped', AD/5/76, p.286.
−	# At the meeting on 10 January 1978 [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Norman_Fellows Norman Fellows] introduced an early version of his project [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/DOMESTIKIT:_World-Wide_Dwelling_Service Domestikit] - a close relative of "[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price#.E2.80.A2_Preamble Son of Thinkbelt]". See also Appendix A for a list of schemes which helped to set the agenda.	+	# At the meeting on 10 January 1978 [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Norman_Fellows Norman Fellows] introduced an early version of his project [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/DOMESTIKIT:_World-Wide_Dwelling_Service Domestikit] - a close relative of "[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price#.E2.80.A2_Preamble Son of Thinkbelt]". See also Appendix A for a list of schemes by Cedric Price which helped to set the agenda.
	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/The_shadow_institution#APPENDIX_B_-_AA_Graduate_School_Social_Institutions_Bibliography_1978 AA Graduate School Social Institutions Bibliography 1978]. Appendix B (incomplete) - see links to content available on the Internet Archive.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/The_shadow_institution#APPENDIX_B_-_AA_Graduate_School_Social_Institutions_Bibliography_1978 AA Graduate School Social Institutions Bibliography 1978]. Appendix B (incomplete) - see links to content available on the Internet Archive.
	# Cedric Price (1966) "POTTERIES THINK BELT: A [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plan plan] for the establishment of a major advanced educational industry in North Staffordshire", Introduction, unpublished manuscript.		# Cedric Price (1966) "POTTERIES THINK BELT: A [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plan plan] for the establishment of a major advanced educational industry in North Staffordshire", Introduction, unpublished manuscript.

Archiblog at 08:52, 11 December 2024

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	This article affirms both premises, namely:—		This article affirms both premises, namely:—

−	# ... that there were similarities between the situation in the 1930s and ~~the situation~~ in the 1960s.	+	# ... that there were similarities between the official situation in defence in the 1930s and in [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Higher_education higher education] in the 1960s.
−	# ... that the scheme used for dealing with the situation in the 1930s was used as a catalyst by [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] in ~~dealing with~~ the situation in the 1960s.	+	# ... that the scheme used for dealing with the official situation in defence in the 1930s was used as a catalyst by [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] in explaining an alternative to the situation in higher education in the 1960s.

	The conclusion, therefore is:—		The conclusion, therefore is:—
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	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price], (1972) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price Housing]', [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/AD:_A_great_little_mag!#.E2.80.A2_AD_1.2F72 Architectural Design], January, p.41.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price], (1972) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price Housing]', [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/AD:_A_great_little_mag!#.E2.80.A2_AD_1.2F72 Architectural Design], January, p.41.
	# See Mullin, S. (1976) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] or still keeps going when everything else has stopped', AD/5/76, p.286.		# See Mullin, S. (1976) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] or still keeps going when everything else has stopped', AD/5/76, p.286.
−	# At the meeting on 10 January 1978 [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Norman_Fellows Norman Fellows] introduced an early version of his project [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/DOMESTIKIT:_World-Wide_Dwelling_Service Domestikit] - a close relative of "[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price#.E2.80.A2_Preamble Son of Thinkbelt]".	+	# At the meeting on 10 January 1978 [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Norman_Fellows Norman Fellows] introduced an early version of his project [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/DOMESTIKIT:_World-Wide_Dwelling_Service Domestikit] - a close relative of "[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing_Research_by_Cedric_Price#.E2.80.A2_Preamble Son of Thinkbelt]". See also Appendix A for a list of schemes which helped to set the agenda.
	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/The_shadow_institution#APPENDIX_B_-_AA_Graduate_School_Social_Institutions_Bibliography_1978 AA Graduate School Social Institutions Bibliography 1978]. Appendix B (incomplete) - see links to content available on the Internet Archive.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/The_shadow_institution#APPENDIX_B_-_AA_Graduate_School_Social_Institutions_Bibliography_1978 AA Graduate School Social Institutions Bibliography 1978]. Appendix B (incomplete) - see links to content available on the Internet Archive.
	# Cedric Price (1966) "POTTERIES THINK BELT: A [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plan plan] for the establishment of a major advanced educational industry in North Staffordshire", Introduction, unpublished manuscript.		# Cedric Price (1966) "POTTERIES THINK BELT: A [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Plan plan] for the establishment of a major advanced educational industry in North Staffordshire", Introduction, unpublished manuscript.

Archiblog at 08:45, 11 December 2024

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−	== ~~References~~ ==	+	== Further reading ==

	Neil Forbes (2014) '[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286559403_Democracy_at_a_Disadvantage_British_Rearmament_the_Shadow_Factory_Scheme_and_the_Coming_of_War_1936-40 Democracy at a Disadvantage? British Rearmament, the Shadow Factory Scheme and the Coming of War, 1936-40]', Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook, available for download at Research Gate.		Neil Forbes (2014) '[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286559403_Democracy_at_a_Disadvantage_British_Rearmament_the_Shadow_Factory_Scheme_and_the_Coming_of_War_1936-40 Democracy at a Disadvantage? British Rearmament, the Shadow Factory Scheme and the Coming of War, 1936-40]', Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook, available for download at Research Gate.

Archiblog at 08:42, 11 December 2024

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	# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1TF74hCrLvrGrQDzIPTYWmq4i1QoWhx8&ll=53.94937875692399%2C-5.777971072726507&z=7 Potteries Thinkbelt]', Google maps.		# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1TF74hCrLvrGrQDzIPTYWmq4i1QoWhx8&ll=53.94937875692399%2C-5.777971072726507&z=7 Potteries Thinkbelt]', Google maps.
	# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://archiblog.github.io/Map-of-the-PTb/#12/53.0156/-2.1920 Map of the PT]b', GitHub.		# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://archiblog.github.io/Map-of-the-PTb/#12/53.0156/-2.1920 Map of the PT]b', GitHub.
		+	# Stanley Mathews (2007) 'From Agit-Prop to Free Space: The [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Architecture Architecture] of [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price]', p.210, Black Dog [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Publishing Publishing].

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Archiblog at 08:39, 11 December 2024

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−	• Maps comparing the distribution of shadow factories under the [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Fexkh2reY4LyyDGBTN72_GQinOG3MOA&ll=53.05804053777482%2C-2.3006087000000037&z=7 Shadow scheme] (left) [] with the finite location of the [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Fexkh2reY4LyyDGBTN72_GQinOG3MOA&ll=53.05804053777482%2C-2.3006087000000037&z=7 Potteries Thinkbelt] (right) []	+	• Maps comparing the distribution of shadow factories under the [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Fexkh2reY4LyyDGBTN72_GQinOG3MOA&ll=53.05804053777482%2C-2.3006087000000037&z=7 Shadow scheme] (left) [32] with the finite location of the [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Fexkh2reY4LyyDGBTN72_GQinOG3MOA&ll=53.05804053777482%2C-2.3006087000000037&z=7 Potteries Thinkbelt] (right) [33]

−	n.b. Inset: 'Map of the PTb' (top right) showing main routes, transfer, faculty and housing areas—Reproduced from GitHub - click [https://archiblog.github.io/Map-of-the-PTb/#12/53.0156/-2.1920 here]	+	n.b. Inset: 'Map of the PTb' (top right) showing main routes, transfer, faculty and housing areas—Reproduced from GitHub - click [https://archiblog.github.io/Map-of-the-PTb/#12/53.0156/-2.1920 here]. [34]
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−	The table below draws a comparison between the size and nature of the shadow factories and the transfer areas (teaching factories.	+	The table below draws a comparison between the size and nature of the shadow factories and the transfer areas (teaching factories).

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	• Aerial view of shadow factories in Coventry - clockwise from Stoke Aldemoor Lane (top right), to Ryton, Browns Lane and Canley-Fletchamstead Hy.		• Aerial view of shadow factories in Coventry - clockwise from Stoke Aldemoor Lane (top right), to Ryton, Browns Lane and Canley-Fletchamstead Hy.
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−	Notes	+	Notes [35]

	# The Meir Transfer Area linked the Thinkbelt network to an airfield, "providing facilities for rapid exchange of personnel or lightweight goods from PTb to national or international networks". A third smaller than Pitts Hill, Meir included approximately 566,337 cubic metres of variable, flexible space and 33,445 square metres for fixed and dedicated uses. Goods and mobile teaching would be handled by three types of cranes: portal, monorail, and mobile (road-based) cranes, as well as by forklifts. These cranes also serviced the 1,115 square metres of single-floor living accommodations for students and staff, providing easy access across movable bridges and gantries to mobile rail-based laboratory units and other portable enclosures.		# The Meir Transfer Area linked the Thinkbelt network to an airfield, "providing facilities for rapid exchange of personnel or lightweight goods from PTb to national or international networks". A third smaller than Pitts Hill, Meir included approximately 566,337 cubic metres of variable, flexible space and 33,445 square metres for fixed and dedicated uses. Goods and mobile teaching would be handled by three types of cranes: portal, monorail, and mobile (road-based) cranes, as well as by forklifts. These cranes also serviced the 1,115 square metres of single-floor living accommodations for students and staff, providing easy access across movable bridges and gantries to mobile rail-based laboratory units and other portable enclosures.
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	# Anon. (2003) "(Cedric Price) worked out the scheme carefully, and submitted the proposal to the Ministry of Education, which thanked him politely and promptly shelved it." in '[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1438827/Cedric-Price.html Cedric Price]', The Telegraph, 15 August 2003. Also on [https://extremelyprovocative.wordpress.com/2024/12/02/cedric-price/ Extremely Provocative].		# Anon. (2003) "(Cedric Price) worked out the scheme carefully, and submitted the proposal to the Ministry of Education, which thanked him politely and promptly shelved it." in '[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1438827/Cedric-Price.html Cedric Price]', The Telegraph, 15 August 2003. Also on [https://extremelyprovocative.wordpress.com/2024/12/02/cedric-price/ Extremely Provocative].
	# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1971) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing Housing]', Architectural Design, October, p.619.		# [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Cedric_Price Cedric Price] (1971) '[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Housing Housing]', Architectural Design, October, p.619.
		+	# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1Fexkh2reY4LyyDGBTN72_GQinOG3MOA&ll=53.05804053777482%2C-2.3006087000000037&z=7 Shadow scheme]', Google maps.
		+	# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=1TF74hCrLvrGrQDzIPTYWmq4i1QoWhx8&ll=53.94937875692399%2C-5.777971072726507&z=7 Potteries Thinkbelt]', Google maps.
		+	# Norman Fellows (2024) '[https://archiblog.github.io/Map-of-the-PTb/#12/53.0156/-2.1920 Map of the PT]b', GitHub.

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