The origins of perspective - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 11:28, 16 December 2021

2021-12-16T11:28:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:28, 16 December 2021
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	The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD, BIM and CGI software use perspective views to communicate design ideas, and these technologies clearly owe a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.		The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD, BIM and CGI software use perspective views to communicate design ideas, and these technologies clearly owe a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
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	* Types of drawing.		* Types of drawing.

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* Battisti, E. (1976). Filippo Brunelleschi. Milano: Electa.		* Battisti, E. (1976). Filippo Brunelleschi. Milano: Electa.
	* Beck, J. (1979). Leonardo’s Rules of Painting – An Unconventional Approach to Modern Art. Oxford: Phaidon.		* Beck, J. (1979). Leonardo’s Rules of Painting – An Unconventional Approach to Modern Art. Oxford: Phaidon.
−	* Calter, P. (1998). ~~[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit14/unit14.html~~ Geometry in Art & Architecture]. Dartmouth (21/02/2011)	+	* Calter, P. (1998). Geometry in Art & Architecture. Dartmouth (21/02/2011)
−	* Collins, N. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Irish and World Art. Visual-Arts-Cork (21/02/2011) ~~[http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm]~~	+	* Collins, N. (2008). Encyclopaedia of Irish and World Art. Visual-Arts-Cork (21/02/2011)
	* Crooks, R. (2010). 2D vs. 3D CAD Advantages and Disadvantages. eHow (20/02/2011)		* Crooks, R. (2010). 2D vs. 3D CAD Advantages and Disadvantages. eHow (20/02/2011)
	* Edgerton, S. Y. (1975). The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective. USA: Harper & Row.		* Edgerton, S. Y. (1975). The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective. USA: Harper & Row.
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	* Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert		* Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert

−	~~[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]~~ [[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 13:40, 6 October 2020

2020-10-06T13:40:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 6 October 2020
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	* Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert		* Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Design]]

Editor at 16:00, 24 October 2018

2018-10-24T16:00:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:00, 24 October 2018
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	The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD, BIM and CGI software use perspective views to communicate design ideas, and these technologies clearly owe a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.		The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD, BIM and CGI software use perspective views to communicate design ideas, and these technologies clearly owe a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
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	* Form follows function.		* Form follows function.
	* Perspective.		* Perspective.
		+	* Scale.
	* Truth to materials.		* Truth to materials.
	* Types of drawing.		* Types of drawing.

Designing Buildings at 07:18, 6 February 2018

2018-02-06T07:18:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:18, 6 February 2018
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	== Alberti ==		== Alberti ==

−	In 1435 Leon Battista Alberti, (1404-1472), documented and expanded Brunelleschi’s theories on linear perspective in his book Della Pittura ~~(Fazio et al, 2009, 292)~~. Following this, and after searching the writings of Vitruvius, Alberti wrote his own treatise on Architecture. His book De re aedificatoria is considered the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance ~~(Fazio et al, 2009, 292)~~.	+	In 1435 Leon Battista Alberti, (1404-1472), documented and expanded Brunelleschi’s theories on linear perspective in his book Della Pittura. Following this, and after searching the writings of Vitruvius, Alberti wrote his own treatise on Architecture. His book De re aedificatoria is considered the first architectural treatise of the Renaissance.

	In the years that followed, painters used the principles described in Alberti’s Della Pittura in their work. Paolo Uccello applied Alberti’s theories in his painting The Flood (1447-1448). Uccello’s work is, according to Collins (2008), '...a visual interpretation of the theories expounded by Alberti in his treatise Della Pittura'.		In the years that followed, painters used the principles described in Alberti’s Della Pittura in their work. Paolo Uccello applied Alberti’s theories in his painting The Flood (1447-1448). Uccello’s work is, according to Collins (2008), '...a visual interpretation of the theories expounded by Alberti in his treatise Della Pittura'.
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	== Leonardo Da Vinci ==		== Leonardo Da Vinci ==

−	During the Quattrocento, many intellectuals had tried to codify the principles of linear perspective, but it was Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) that expanded these theories ~~into~~ a scientific context ~~(Edgerton, 1975, 24)~~. Leonardo was aware of the inconsistencies in the theories of his predecessors and evidence suggests that he even prepared a book on perspective, separate from his treatise on painting ~~(Pedretti, 1977, 119)~~.	+	During the Quattrocento, many intellectuals had tried to codify the principles of linear perspective, but it was Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) that expanded these theories in a scientific context. Leonardo was aware of the inconsistencies in the theories of his predecessors and evidence suggests that he even prepared a book on perspective, separate from his treatise on painting.

−	In one of his most famous pieces of work, 'The Last Supper' (1497), Leonardo successfully uses his study on perspective to place the main focus on Christ. The vanishing point is placed on Christ’s right eye and the perspective is emphasised by his hands, which are set almost parallel to the converging lines ~~(Calter, 1998)~~. Leonardo’s treatise proved to be of great importance, and even today, according to Toman (2007, 106), '...architects and painters still consider the method of perspective construction as refined by Leonardo to be a valid one'.	+	In one of his most famous pieces of work, 'The Last Supper' (1497), Leonardo successfully uses his study on perspective to place the main focus on Christ. The vanishing point is placed on Christ’s right eye and the perspective is emphasised by his hands, which are set almost parallel to the converging lines. Leonardo’s treatise proved to be of great importance, and even today, according to Toman (2007, 106), '...architects and painters still consider the method of perspective construction as refined by Leonardo to be a valid one'.

−	Alberti’s and Leonardo’s treatises inevitably influenced the way perspective was used in an architectural context. Donato Bramante, a close associate of Leonardo, was greatly influenced by their work ~~(Fazio et al, 2009, 299)~~. In his design of the S. Maria presso S. Satiro (1482-92), Bramante was able to overcome obstacles, which prevented him from adding a conventional choir, by '...using the illusionistic potential of linear perspective” (Fazio et al, 2009~~, 299~~). Later, Michelangelo would apply perspective principles in his designs for the Medici Chapel and the Laurentian Library in Florence.	+	Alberti’s and Leonardo’s treatises inevitably influenced the way perspective was used in an architectural context. Donato Bramante, a close associate of Leonardo, was greatly influenced by their work. In his design of the S. Maria presso S. Satiro (1482-92), Bramante was able to overcome obstacles, which prevented him from adding a conventional choir, by '...using the illusionistic potential of linear perspective” (Fazio et al, 2009). Later, Michelangelo would apply perspective principles in his designs for the Medici Chapel and the Laurentian Library in Florence.

−	The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD software use perspective views ~~as the main method~~ to communicate design ideas, and these technologies, clearly ~~owes~~ a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.	+	The legacy of the treatises of the Quattrocento is evident even now. CAD, BIM and CGI software use perspective views to communicate design ideas, and these technologies clearly owe a great deal to the close study and application of perspective principles in the Renaissance.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 07:14, 6 February 2018

2018-02-06T07:14:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:14, 6 February 2018
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	= Introduction to perspective =		= Introduction to perspective =

−	Perspective is a technique for depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a ~~flat surface~~. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level and the vanishing point (or points).	+	Perspective is a technique for realistically depicting three-dimensional volumes and spatial relationships in a two-dimensional representation. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level of a notional observer and the vanishing point (or points).

	The eye level or the 'horizon line' is an imaginary line at the height of a viewer’s eye '...horizontals define eye level in similar circumstances, where no such indicators are available; a pencil held outstretched level with the eye will serve as a guide from which an eye level line may be projected' (ref. Creative perspective for Artists and Designer, pg.26).		The eye level or the 'horizon line' is an imaginary line at the height of a viewer’s eye '...horizontals define eye level in similar circumstances, where no such indicators are available; a pencil held outstretched level with the eye will serve as a guide from which an eye level line may be projected' (ref. Creative perspective for Artists and Designer, pg.26).
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	Vanishing points can be identified by following the convergence of lines. They are usually used in one point, two-point or three-point perspective drawings.		Vanishing points can be identified by following the convergence of lines. They are usually used in one point, two-point or three-point perspective drawings.

−	A vanishing point is also called as the 'centre of vision' in one-point perspective view. Two-point perspective occurs where there are two vanishing points, generally located along the eye level. Three-point perspective occurs where forms are inclined away from the normal vertical picture plane - 'the parallels ... recede and converge and the observer is placed before the near corner of the form' (ref. CreativePerspective for Artists and Designer, pg.34).	+	A vanishing point is also called the 'centre of vision' in one-point perspective view. Two-point perspective occurs where there are two vanishing points, generally located along the eye level. Three-point perspective occurs where forms are inclined away from the normal vertical picture plane - 'the parallels ... recede and converge and the observer is placed before the near corner of the form' (ref. CreativePerspective for Artists and Designer, pg.34).
−		+
−	'Anamorphic pictures, objects or tableaux, are those in which the image is seen correctly from one specific viewing position only, and with one eye' (ref. Perspective and other Drawing Systems, pg.93) such as 'The Ambassadors' by Hans Holbien the Younger.	+
−		+
−	It is fairly common for architects to use perspective to create interesting forms and spaces. For example, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Stage 1 at the Australian National University (Lyonsarchitects) and Daniel Limbeskind’s London Metropolitan University’s Graduate Centre.	+

	For more information, see Perspective.		For more information, see Perspective.
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	= Classical perspective =		= Classical perspective =

−	~~Perspective had been used in pictorial representation for centuries before the Renaissance.~~ The Greeks were the first to use perspective on painted vases, but according to Pirene, only in '...a fragmentary and possibly purely empirical way' ~~(1970, 180)~~. Around 300 B.C, Euclid studied natural perspective in his book Optica, and was the first to define the terms visual ray and cone (Calter, 1998).	+	The Greeks were the first to use perspective on painted vases, but according to Pirene, only in '...a fragmentary and possibly purely empirical way'. Around 300 B.C, Euclid studied natural perspective in his book Optica, and was the first to define the terms visual ray and cone (Calter, 1998).

−	Roman painters seem to have understood the basic principles of perspective. Vitruvius defined perspective as '...the method of sketching a front with the sides withdrawing into the background, the lines all meeting in the centre of a circle' (Calter, 1998). According to Pirene ~~(1970, 181)~~ Roman paintings such as those in Pompeii and Herculaneum '...strangely overshadow many of the paintings of the Italian Renaissance'.	+	Roman painters seem to have understood the basic principles of perspective. Vitruvius defined perspective as '...the method of sketching a front with the sides withdrawing into the background, the lines all meeting in the centre of a circle' (Calter, 1998). According to Pirene Roman paintings such as those in Pompeii and Herculaneum '...strangely overshadow many of the paintings of the Italian Renaissance'.

	Ptolemy, in his book Optica (140 A.D), studied geometrical optics and defined the centric ray, a key element in perspective. In his book Geographia, he applied linear perspective but only to maps (Calter, 1998).		Ptolemy, in his book Optica (140 A.D), studied geometrical optics and defined the centric ray, a key element in perspective. In his book Geographia, he applied linear perspective but only to maps (Calter, 1998).
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	= Renaissance perspective =		= Renaissance perspective =

−	During the Renaissance, artists focused on the representation of man and shifted away from depicting the divine. Humanism was the main influence in both art and science as intellectuals returned to Greek philosophy~~. The Byzantine Empire was reaching its nadir under the Ottoman threat and people fled to the West~~.	+	During the Renaissance, artists focused on the representation of man and shifted away from depicting the divine. Humanism was the main influence in both art and science as intellectuals returned to Greek philosophy.

	Classical knowledge reached Italy by the beginning of the Quattrocento and this was made more accessible by the discovery of the moving press by Gutenberg. However, examples of the shift to perspective paintings preceded Quattrocento, for example, in the work of Giotto in the fourteenth century.		Classical knowledge reached Italy by the beginning of the Quattrocento and this was made more accessible by the discovery of the moving press by Gutenberg. However, examples of the shift to perspective paintings preceded Quattrocento, for example, in the work of Giotto in the fourteenth century.
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	== Brunelleschi ==		== Brunelleschi ==

−	In the Quattrocento, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), a great Florentine architect, visited Rome and ~~closely~~ studied the magnificent monuments of the ancient city. His desire to accurately draw what he saw, led to him to explore the forgotten principles of linear perspective ~~(Fazio et al, 2009, 286)~~. Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397-1482), an astronomer and mathematician, had studied Ptolemy’s work and wrote a treatise on optics in 1424 ~~(Edgerton 1975, xi)~~.	+	In the Quattrocento, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446), a great Florentine architect, visited Rome and studied the magnificent monuments of the ancient city. His desire to accurately draw what he saw, led to him to explore the forgotten principles of linear perspective. Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397-1482), an astronomer and mathematician, had studied Ptolemy’s work and wrote a treatise on optics in 1424.

−	When Brunelleschi returned to Florence, perhaps with coaching by his friend Toscanelli, he made the first linear perspective pictures since antiquity ~~(Edgerton, 1975, xi)~~. Although Brunelleschi was influenced by the work of artists like Giotto, it was, according to Millon (1994~~, 123~~), '..in a way that was no longer intuitive and empirical' but was rather '...scientific, rational and systematic'.	+	When Brunelleschi returned to Florence, perhaps with coaching by his friend Toscanelli, he made the first linear perspective pictures since antiquity. Although Brunelleschi was influenced by the work of artists like Giotto, it was, according to Millon (1994), '..in a way that was no longer intuitive and empirical' but was rather '...scientific, rational and systematic'.

−	Brunelleschi’s experiments influenced the work of painters in the Quattrocento, and Brunelleschi assisted his friend, the painter Masaccio (1401-1428) in applying linear perspective in his painting The Trinity ~~(Fazio et al, 2009, 286)~~.	+	Brunelleschi’s experiments influenced the work of painters in the Quattrocento, and Brunelleschi assisted his friend, the painter Masaccio (1401-1428) in applying linear perspective in his painting The Trinity.

	== Alberti ==		== Alberti ==

Editor at 15:11, 5 February 2018

2018-02-05T15:11:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 5 February 2018
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−	[[File:~~Perspective section drawing~~.JPG]]	+	[[File:Perspective_section_drawing.JPG\|link=File:Perspective_section_drawing.JPG]]

	= Introduction to perspective =		= Introduction to perspective =
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	It is fairly common for architects to use perspective to create interesting forms and spaces. For example, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Stage 1 at the Australian National University (Lyonsarchitects) and Daniel Limbeskind’s London Metropolitan University’s Graduate Centre.		It is fairly common for architects to use perspective to create interesting forms and spaces. For example, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Stage 1 at the Australian National University (Lyonsarchitects) and Daniel Limbeskind’s London Metropolitan University’s Graduate Centre.
		+
		+	For more information, see Perspective.

	= Classical perspective =		= Classical perspective =
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	* Elevations.		* Elevations.
	* Form follows function.		* Form follows function.
		+	* Perspective.
	* Truth to materials.		* Truth to materials.
	* Types of drawing.		* Types of drawing.

Editor at 11:42, 2 February 2018

2018-02-02T11:42:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 2 February 2018
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−	= ~~An introdution~~ to perspective =	+	[[File:Perspective section drawing.JPG]]
		+
		+	= Introduction to perspective =

	Perspective is a technique for depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level and the vanishing point (or points).		Perspective is a technique for depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level and the vanishing point (or points).

Editor at 11:40, 2 February 2018

2018-02-02T11:40:24Z

Show changes

Designing Buildings at 13:58, 21 July 2014

2014-07-21T13:58:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 21 July 2014
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	*Beck, J. (1979). ''Leonardo’s Rules of Painting – An Unconventional Approach to Modern Art. ''Oxford: Phaidon.		*Beck, J. (1979). ''Leonardo’s Rules of Painting – An Unconventional Approach to Modern Art. ''Oxford: Phaidon.
	*Calter, P. (1998). ''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit14/unit14.html Geometry in Art & Architecture]. ''Dartmouth (21/02/2011)		*Calter, P. (1998). ''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit14/unit14.html Geometry in Art & Architecture]. ''Dartmouth (21/02/2011)
−	*Collins, N. (2008). ''Encyclopaedia of Irish and World Art. ''Visual-Arts-Cork (21/02/2011)	+	*Collins, N. (2008). ''Encyclopaedia of Irish and World Art. ''Visual-Arts-Cork (21/02/2011) [http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm]
−	*[http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/old-masters/paolo-uccello.htm]	+
	*Crooks, R. (2010). ''2D vs. 3D CAD Advantages and Disadvantages.'' eHow (20/02/2011)		*Crooks, R. (2010). ''2D vs. 3D CAD Advantages and Disadvantages.'' eHow (20/02/2011)
−	*[http://www.ehow.com/facts_6189318_2d-3d-cad-advantages-disadvantages.html http://www.ehow.com/facts_6189318_2d-3d-cad-advantages-disadvantages.html]
	*Edgerton, S. Y. (1975). ''The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective.'' USA: Harper & Row.		*Edgerton, S. Y. (1975). ''The Renaissance Rediscovery of Linear Perspective.'' USA: Harper & Row.
	*Fazio, M. et al (2009). ''A World History of Architecture. ''London: Laurence King.		*Fazio, M. et al (2009). ''A World History of Architecture. ''London: Laurence King.

Designing Buildings at 06:34, 30 June 2013

2013-06-30T06:34:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:34, 30 June 2013
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	= An introcution to perspective =		= An introcution to perspective =

−	Perspective is a technique for depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level and the vanishing point (or points).	+	Perspective is a technique for depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface. The information needed to construct a perspective image is the eye level and the vanishing point (or points).

−	The eye level or the “horizon line” is an imaginary line at the height of a viewer’s eye “...horizontals define eye level in similar circumstances, where no such indicators are available; a pencil held outstretched level with the eye will serve as a guide from which an eyelevel line may be projected”. (Creative perspective for Artists and Designer, pg.26). Vanishing points can be identified by following the convergence of lines. They are usually used in one point, two-point or three-point perspective drawings.	+	The eye level or the “horizon line” is an imaginary line at the height of a viewer’s eye “...horizontals define eye level in similar circumstances, where no such indicators are available; a pencil held outstretched level with the eye will serve as a guide from which an eyelevel line may be projected”. (Creative perspective for Artists and Designer, pg.26). Vanishing points can be identified by following the convergence of lines. They are usually used in one point, two-point or three-point perspective drawings.

	A vanishing point is also called as the 'centre of vision' in one point perspective view. Two-point perspective occurs where there are two vanishing points, generally located along the eye level. Three-point perspective,occurs where forms are inclined away from the normal vertical picture plane “The parallels ... recede and converge and the observer is placed before the near corner of the form.” (CreativePerspective for Artists and Designer, pg.34).		A vanishing point is also called as the 'centre of vision' in one point perspective view. Two-point perspective occurs where there are two vanishing points, generally located along the eye level. Three-point perspective,occurs where forms are inclined away from the normal vertical picture plane “The parallels ... recede and converge and the observer is placed before the near corner of the form.” (CreativePerspective for Artists and Designer, pg.34).

−	“Anamorphic pictures, objects or tableaux, are those in which the image is seen correctly from one specific viewing position only, and with one eye.” (Perspective and other Drawing Systems, pg.93) such as “The Ambassadors” by Hans Holbien the Younger.	+	“Anamorphic pictures, objects or tableaux, are those in which the image is seen correctly from one specific viewing position only, and with one eye.” (Perspective and other Drawing Systems, pg.93) such as “The Ambassadors” by Hans Holbien the Younger.

	It is fairly common for architects to use perspective to create interesting forms and spaces. For example, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Stage 1 at the Australian National University (Lyonsarchitects) and Daniel Limbeskind’s London Metropolitan University’s Graduate Centre.		It is fairly common for architects to use perspective to create interesting forms and spaces. For example, the John Curtin School of Medical Research Stage 1 at the Australian National University (Lyonsarchitects) and Daniel Limbeskind’s London Metropolitan University’s Graduate Centre.
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	*Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert		*Keith West (1995). Creative Perspective: for Artists and Designers. London, Herbert

		+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]
	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]
	[[Category:Theory]]		[[Category:Theory]]