The development of structural membranes - Revision history

https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=The_development_of_structural_membranes The development of structural membranes - Revision history 2026-04-06T08:28:02Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.17.4 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=223852&oldid=prev Editor at 18:12, 26 January 2022 2022-01-26T18:12:04Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:12, 26 January 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>--[[User:Gregor_Harvie|Gregor Harvie]] 07:55, 9 June 2014 (BST)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>--[[User:Gregor_Harvie|Gregor Harvie]] 07:55, 9 June 2014 (BST)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related articles on Designing Buildings <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiki </del>=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related articles on Designing Buildings =</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Tensile strength.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Tensile structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Tensile structures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td></tr>  </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=194584&oldid=prev Editor at 17:46, 16 February 2021 2021-02-16T17:46:33Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 17:46, 16 February 2021</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 58:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 58:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The thermal behaviour of spaces enclosed by fabric membranes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The thermal behaviour of spaces enclosed by fabric membranes.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Types of dome.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Types of dome.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Underlay.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== External references ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== External references ===</div></td></tr>  </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=179878&oldid=prev Designing Buildings at 08:49, 29 October 2020 2020-10-29T08:49:06Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 08:49, 29 October 2020</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Bubner, Prof. E; &quot;Roofing Over Large Areas with Technical Membranes.&quot; Proceedings of the International Techtextil Symposium, 4:13, 1993, P2.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Bubner, Prof. E; &quot;Roofing Over Large Areas with Technical Membranes.&quot; Proceedings of the International Techtextil Symposium, 4:13, 1993, P2.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">History</del>]] [[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Products_/_components</del>]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DCN_Definition</ins>]] [[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">DCN_Guidance</ins>]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components</ins>]]</div></td></tr>  </table>

Designing Buildings https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=150864&oldid=prev Editor at 17:27, 8 January 2020 2020-01-08T17:27:10Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 17:27, 8 January 2020</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Millennium Dome.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Millennium Dome.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Principles of enclosure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Principles of enclosure.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Structural membrane.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Bubner, Prof. E; &quot;Roofing Over Large Areas with Technical Membranes.&quot; Proceedings of the International Techtextil Symposium, 4:13, 1993, P2.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Bubner, Prof. E; &quot;Roofing Over Large Areas with Technical Membranes.&quot; Proceedings of the International Techtextil Symposium, 4:13, 1993, P2.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:History]] [[Category:Products_/_components<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge</ins>]]</div></td></tr> </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=132510&oldid=prev Editor at 18:37, 9 April 2019 2019-04-09T18:37:44Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 18:37, 9 April 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Millennium Dome.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Millennium Dome.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Principles of enclosure.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Principles of enclosure.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td></tr> </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=131306&oldid=prev Editor at 16:42, 26 March 2019 2019-03-26T16:42:33Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 16:42, 26 March 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>--[[User:Gregor_Harvie|Gregor Harvie]] 07:55, 9 June 2014 (BST)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>--[[User:Gregor_Harvie|Gregor Harvie]] 07:55, 9 June 2014 (BST)</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= Find out more =</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">==</del>=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Architectural fabrics.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Architectural fabrics.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Buckminster Fuller.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Buckminster Fuller.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Deflection.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* ETFE.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* ETFE.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Fabric structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Fabric structures.</div></td></tr> </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=85200&oldid=prev Editor at 14:54, 21 August 2017 2017-08-21T14:54:05Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 14:54, 21 August 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 17:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As a demand for more permanent fabric structures emerged, so better performing alternatives to PVC coated polyester and nylon were sought. In 1972 PTFE coated glass fabrics were introduced following their development by NASA for the manufacture of space suits. PTFE coated glass is relatively inelastic, and so requires more accurate patterning than the more accommodating polyester or nylon based fabrics. PTFE coated glass is also more expensive, but tends to be longer life. The first application of PTFE coated glass was in the La Verne College Student Centre, in California (1973). In 1993, twenty years later, the original membrane was still in place, and was still capable of withstanding around 75% of its original design load.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As a demand for more permanent fabric structures emerged, so better performing alternatives to PVC coated polyester and nylon were sought. In 1972 PTFE coated glass fabrics were introduced following their development by NASA for the manufacture of space suits. PTFE coated glass is relatively inelastic, and so requires more accurate patterning than the more accommodating polyester or nylon based fabrics. PTFE coated glass is also more expensive, but tends to be longer life. The first application of PTFE coated glass was in the La Verne College Student Centre, in California (1973). In 1993, twenty years later, the original membrane was still in place, and was still capable of withstanding around 75% of its original design load.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More recently, high performance materials such as silicone coated glass have been developed. Whereas Teflon is translucent, silicone is transparent[7], and silicone coated glass has an anticipated life of up to 50 years. A combination of high cost, industry scepticism and early performance problems however, have meant that silicone coated fabrics have only been used to a limited extent so far. Other developments have included woven PTFE fibre (hydrophobic, microporous, and extremely durable), laminated open weave grids, foils, multiple membranes and more theoretical active membranes such as those developed by Graham Stevens and Nickolaus Laing. Alternatives have also been sought to PVC which has been criticised by some environmental groups. However, alternatives such as polyolefin coated polyester have struggled with fire resistance issues, and fire retardants added to the coating have resulted in reduced adhesion at seams.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More recently, high performance materials such as silicone coated glass have been developed. Whereas Teflon is translucent, silicone is transparent[7], and silicone coated glass has an anticipated life of up to 50 years. A combination of high cost, industry scepticism and early performance problems however, have meant that silicone coated fabrics have only been used to a limited extent so far.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Other developments have included woven PTFE fibre (hydrophobic, microporous, and extremely durable), laminated open weave grids, foils, multiple membranes and more theoretical active membranes such as those developed by Graham Stevens and Nickolaus Laing. Alternatives have also been sought to PVC which has been criticised by some environmental groups. However, alternatives such as polyolefin coated polyester have struggled with fire resistance issues, and fire retardants added to the coating have resulted in reduced adhesion at seams.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent development involves the application of a further topcoat to the outside surface of the membrane which mimics the performance of PTFE. It is generally claimed that this topcoat makes membranes entirely self cleaning.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent development involves the application of a further topcoat to the outside surface of the membrane which mimics the performance of PTFE. It is generally claimed that this topcoat makes membranes entirely self cleaning.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 51:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structural steelwork.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Structures at the end of their design life.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ted Happold</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tensile structures</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The structural behaviour of architectural fabric structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The structural behaviour of architectural fabric structures.</div></td></tr> </table>

Editor https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=64467&oldid=prev Designing Buildings at 10:45, 4 December 2016 2016-12-04T10:45:38Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 10:45, 4 December 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">See also: Architectural fabrics.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The earliest fabrics used to provide shelter were formed by simple membranes extracted from animals or vegetables. Later these membranes were cut into strips and interlaced to form larger, more practical textiles, and eventually these strips were twisted into circular sections allowing the manufacture of flexible, continuos fibres with enhanced strength.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The earliest fabrics used to provide shelter were formed by simple membranes extracted from animals or vegetables. Later these membranes were cut into strips and interlaced to form larger, more practical textiles, and eventually these strips were twisted into circular sections allowing the manufacture of flexible, continuos fibres with enhanced strength.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Anticlastic.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Architectural fabrics.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Buckminster Fuller.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Buckminster Fuller.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* ETFE.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* ETFE.</div></td></tr> </table>

Designing Buildings https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=64456&oldid=prev 81.159.81.246 at 09:45, 4 December 2016 2016-12-04T09:45:40Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 09:45, 4 December 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As a demand for more permanent fabric structures emerged, so better performing alternatives to PVC coated polyester and nylon were sought. In 1972 PTFE coated glass fabrics were introduced following their development by NASA for the manufacture of space suits. PTFE coated glass is relatively inelastic, and so requires more accurate patterning than the more accommodating polyester or nylon based fabrics. PTFE coated glass is also more expensive, but tends to be longer life. The first application of PTFE coated glass was in the La Verne College Student Centre, in California (1973). In 1993, twenty years later, the original membrane was still in place, and was still capable of withstanding around 75% of its original design load.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>As a demand for more permanent fabric structures emerged, so better performing alternatives to PVC coated polyester and nylon were sought. In 1972 PTFE coated glass fabrics were introduced following their development by NASA for the manufacture of space suits. PTFE coated glass is relatively inelastic, and so requires more accurate patterning than the more accommodating polyester or nylon based fabrics. PTFE coated glass is also more expensive, but tends to be longer life. The first application of PTFE coated glass was in the La Verne College Student Centre, in California (1973). In 1993, twenty years later, the original membrane was still in place, and was still capable of withstanding around 75% of its original design load.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More recently, high performance materials such as silicone coated glass have been developed. Whereas Teflon is translucent, silicone is transparent[7], and silicone coated glass has an anticipated life of up to 50 years. A combination of high cost, industry scepticism and early performance problems however, have meant that silicone coated fabrics have only been used to a limited extent so far. Other developments have included woven PTFE fibre (hydrophobic, microporous, and extremely durable), laminated open weave grids, foils, multiple membranes and more theoretical active membranes such as those developed by Graham Stevens and Nickolaus Laing. Alternatives have also been sought to PVC which has been criticised by some environmental groups. However, alternatives such as polyolefin coated polyester <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">shave </del>struggled with fire resistance issues, and fire retardants added to the coating have resulted in reduced adhesion at seams.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>More recently, high performance materials such as silicone coated glass have been developed. Whereas Teflon is translucent, silicone is transparent[7], and silicone coated glass has an anticipated life of up to 50 years. A combination of high cost, industry scepticism and early performance problems however, have meant that silicone coated fabrics have only been used to a limited extent so far. Other developments have included woven PTFE fibre (hydrophobic, microporous, and extremely durable), laminated open weave grids, foils, multiple membranes and more theoretical active membranes such as those developed by Graham Stevens and Nickolaus Laing. Alternatives have also been sought to PVC which has been criticised by some environmental groups. However, alternatives such as polyolefin coated polyester <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have </ins>struggled with fire resistance issues, and fire retardants added to the coating have resulted in reduced adhesion at seams.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent development involves the application of a further topcoat to the outside surface of the membrane which mimics the performance of PTFE. It is generally claimed that this topcoat makes membranes entirely self cleaning.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A more recent development involves the application of a further topcoat to the outside surface of the membrane which mimics the performance of PTFE. It is generally claimed that this topcoat makes membranes entirely self cleaning.</div></td></tr> </table>

[IP address hidden] https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/w/index.php?title=The_development_of_structural_membranes&diff=64444&oldid=prev Designing Buildings at 10:48, 3 December 2016 2016-12-03T10:48:11Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 10:48, 3 December 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Ted Happold.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Ted Happold.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The history of fabric structures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The structural behaviour of architectural fabric structures.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The thermal behaviour of spaces enclosed by fabric membranes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* The thermal behaviour of spaces enclosed by fabric membranes.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Types of dome.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>* Types of dome.</div></td></tr> </table>

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