The building as climate modifier - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 07:29, 24 November 2020

2020-11-24T07:29:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:29, 24 November 2020
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	* Weathertight.		* Weathertight.

−	[[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 11:32, 26 February 2020

2020-02-26T11:32:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:32, 26 February 2020
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

		+	* Airtight.
	* Building.		* Building.
	* Building fabric.		* Building fabric.
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	* Trombe wall.		* Trombe wall.
	* Ventilation.		* Ventilation.
		+	* Weathertight.

	[[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 11:04, 26 February 2020

2020-02-26T11:04:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 26 February 2020
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	[[File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg\|link=File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg]]		[[File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg\|link=File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg]]

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Building.		* Building.

Editor at 15:12, 21 August 2018

2018-08-21T15:12:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 21 August 2018
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	* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.		* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.

−	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall elements, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect, and so on.	+	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall elements, openings, and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect, and so on.

	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all these requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex dynamic façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.		The design of buildings in order to satisfy all these requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex dynamic façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.
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	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

		+	* Building.
	* Building fabric.		* Building fabric.
	* Cooling systems for buildings.		* Cooling systems for buildings.

Editor at 11:46, 29 March 2018

2018-03-29T11:46:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:46, 29 March 2018
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	In each case, the building fabric acts as a climatic modifier, controlling the extent to which conditions are able to transmit between the outside and the inside. This extent of modification depends on a wide range of factors, including; the materials used, their thickness and form, the way the elements fit together and interact, surface conditions, openings and so on.		In each case, the building fabric acts as a climatic modifier, controlling the extent to which conditions are able to transmit between the outside and the inside. This extent of modification depends on a wide range of factors, including; the materials used, their thickness and form, the way the elements fit together and interact, surface conditions, openings and so on.

−	In cold climates, buildings offer protection against the wind, rain, the cold, snow and so on. Curved igloo shapes present the minimum surface area for the largest volume.	+	In cold climates, buildings offer protection against the wind, rain, the cold, snow, and so on. Curved igloo shapes present the minimum surface area for the largest volume.

−	In hot and dry climates, there is more of a need for heavy mass buildings and shading. Shaded courtyards are common, and openings allow cross-ventilation. Thick adobe walls can be used to retain heat during the day and release it to the interior as temperatures cool at night. See ~~thermal~~ mass for more information.	+	In hot and dry climates, there is more of a need for heavy mass buildings and shading. Shaded courtyards are common, and openings allow cross-ventilation. Thick adobe walls can be used to retain heat during the day and release it to the interior as temperatures cool at night. See Thermal mass for more information.

−	More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat the interior.	+	More complex features, such as trombe walls, use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that it can be used to heat the interior.

	[[File:Passive_design.jpg\|link=File:Passive_design.jpg]]		[[File:Passive_design.jpg\|link=File:Passive_design.jpg]]
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	* Moisture.		* Moisture.

−	However there can be a conflict between the need for a building to act as a climatic modifier, and other performance requirements, such as privacy, security, access, views and so on.	+	However, there can be a conflict between the need for a building to act as a climatic modifier, and other performance requirements, such as privacy, security, access, views, and so on.

	Requirements will also change with time of day. For example a building might be required to absorb heat during the day and then purge built up heat during the night. See night-time purging for more information. Similarly, conditions may be very different in the winter and the summer.		Requirements will also change with time of day. For example a building might be required to absorb heat during the day and then purge built up heat during the night. See night-time purging for more information. Similarly, conditions may be very different in the winter and the summer.
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	* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.		* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.

−	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall elements, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.	+	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall elements, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect, and so on.

−	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all these requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.	+	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all these requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex dynamic façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.

	However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.		However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.
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	* Building fabric.		* Building fabric.
	* Cooling systems for buildings.		* Cooling systems for buildings.
		+	* Dynamic façade.
	* Façade.		* Façade.
	* Heating.		* Heating.

Designing Buildings at 09:07, 16 August 2017

2017-08-16T09:07:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:07, 16 August 2017
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	* Building fabric.		* Building fabric.
	* Cooling systems for buildings.		* Cooling systems for buildings.
		+	* Façade.
	* Heating.		* Heating.
	* Passivhaus.		* Passivhaus.

Designing Buildings at 17:00, 3 February 2017

2017-02-03T17:00:49Z

Designing Buildings at 16:56, 3 February 2017

2017-02-03T16:56:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:56, 3 February 2017
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	Remains have been found of simple structures constructed from animal skins draped between sticks dating back over 40,000 years, and it is likely these were the first type of shelter constructed by humans.		Remains have been found of simple structures constructed from animal skins draped between sticks dating back over 40,000 years, and it is likely these were the first type of shelter constructed by humans.

−	[[File:~~Black tent~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Black_tent.jpg\|link=File:Black_tent.jpg]]

	Simple tents suited a nomadic lifestyle. Lightweight and easy to carry, they could be moved from place to place in harsh environments where it was necessary to keep on the move to stay alive. Where resources were more plentiful, it was possible to settle down and build permanent shelters in the form of huts. In intermediate environments, a whole range of composite structures developed, part tent, part hut, most notably the Yurt, a demountable hut, still in use in places such as Mongolia today.		Simple tents suited a nomadic lifestyle. Lightweight and easy to carry, they could be moved from place to place in harsh environments where it was necessary to keep on the move to stay alive. Where resources were more plentiful, it was possible to settle down and build permanent shelters in the form of huts. In intermediate environments, a whole range of composite structures developed, part tent, part hut, most notably the Yurt, a demountable hut, still in use in places such as Mongolia today.
Line 15:		Line 15:
	More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat buildings.		More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat buildings.

−	[[File:~~Passive design~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Passive_design.jpg\|link=File:Passive_design.jpg]]

	The more effective the fabric of a building can be as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.		The more effective the fabric of a building can be as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.
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	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall structures, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.		This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall structures, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.

−	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.	+	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.

	However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.		However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.
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	Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’		Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’
		+
		+	[[File:BBVA Bancomer tower section.jpg]]

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 16:54, 3 February 2017

2017-02-03T16:54:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:54, 3 February 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Remains have been found of simple structures constructed from animal skins draped between sticks dating back over 40,000 years, and it is likely these were the first type of shelter constructed by humans.		Remains have been found of simple structures constructed from animal skins draped between sticks dating back over 40,000 years, and it is likely these were the first type of shelter constructed by humans.
		+
		+	[[File:Black tent.jpg]]

	Simple tents suited a nomadic lifestyle. Lightweight and easy to carry, they could be moved from place to place in harsh environments where it was necessary to keep on the move to stay alive. Where resources were more plentiful, it was possible to settle down and build permanent shelters in the form of huts. In intermediate environments, a whole range of composite structures developed, part tent, part hut, most notably the Yurt, a demountable hut, still in use in places such as Mongolia today.		Simple tents suited a nomadic lifestyle. Lightweight and easy to carry, they could be moved from place to place in harsh environments where it was necessary to keep on the move to stay alive. Where resources were more plentiful, it was possible to settle down and build permanent shelters in the form of huts. In intermediate environments, a whole range of composite structures developed, part tent, part hut, most notably the Yurt, a demountable hut, still in use in places such as Mongolia today.
Line 12:		Line 14:

	More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat buildings.		More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat buildings.
		+
		+	[[File:Passive design.jpg]]

	The more effective the fabric of a building can be as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.		The more effective the fabric of a building can be as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.

Designing Buildings at 16:53, 3 February 2017

2017-02-03T16:53:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 3 February 2017
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	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall structures, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.		This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall structures, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.

−	~~There are several other factors that require consideration if the building is~~ to ~~be an effective climate modifier. Façade design is very important as sufficient protection can be provided on~~ the ~~exterior~~ of ~~a building against excessive solar gain~~, ~~wind~~, ~~rain~~, and ~~noise penetration. The fabric must produce the level of heat flow and delay the passage of heat by an amount depending~~ on ~~the climate and the activities within the building~~. ~~A vapour barrier near the inside surface can limit the migration of moisture into the structure, avoiding interstitial condensation. On the interior surface~~, a ~~variety~~ of ~~materials can provide ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ textured finishes according~~ to ~~design requirements~~.	+	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.

−	~~'Passive House'~~ is ~~an energy performance standard~~ for ~~dwellings~~, ~~commercial~~, ~~industrial~~ and ~~public buildings that can be adopted throughout~~ the ~~world~~. Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’ ~~This means that a traditional heating or cooling system, that often requires heavy duty plant and complex networks to modify climate, are no longer essential.~~	+	However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.
		+
		+	A range of standards have been developed to certify the standard of environmental performance of buildings, such as BREEAM and Passivhaus.
		+
		+	Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:00, 3 February 2017
Line 13:		Line 13:
	In hot and dry climates, there is more of a need for heavy mass buildings and shading. Shaded courtyards are common, and openings allow cross-ventilation. Thick adobe walls can be used to retain heat during the day and release it to the interior as temperatures cool at night. See thermal mass for more information.		In hot and dry climates, there is more of a need for heavy mass buildings and shading. Shaded courtyards are common, and openings allow cross-ventilation. Thick adobe walls can be used to retain heat during the day and release it to the interior as temperatures cool at night. See thermal mass for more information.

−	More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat ~~buildings~~.	+	More complex features such as trombe walls use a combination of thermal mass and glazing to collect and store solar radiation so that is can be used to heat the interior.

	[[File:Passive_design.jpg\|link=File:Passive_design.jpg]]		[[File:Passive_design.jpg\|link=File:Passive_design.jpg]]

−	The more effective the fabric of a building ~~can be~~ as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.	+	The more effective the fabric of a building as a climatic modifier, the less energy will be required to make conditions within the building comfortable. See Passive building design for more information.

	Very broadly, the environmental conditions that the fabric of a building might be required to modify include:		Very broadly, the environmental conditions that the fabric of a building might be required to modify include:
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	However there can be a conflict between the need for a building to act as a climatic modifier, and other performance requirements, such as privacy, security, access, views and so on.		However there can be a conflict between the need for a building to act as a climatic modifier, and other performance requirements, such as privacy, security, access, views and so on.

−	Requirements will also change with time of day. For example a building might be required to absorb heat during the day and then purge built up heat during the night. See night-time ~~pruging~~ for more information.	+	Requirements will also change with time of day. For example a building might be required to absorb heat during the day and then purge built up heat during the night. See night-time purging for more information. Similarly, conditions may be very different in the winter and the summer.

−	~~The~~ environmental conditions experienced by buildings are generally modified versions of the local climate. These microclimates can be affected by:	+	Additionally, the environmental conditions experienced by buildings are generally modified versions of the local climate. These microclimates can be affected by:

	* Adjacent structures.		* Adjacent structures.
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	* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.		* Local activities such as traffic or industrial processes.

−	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall ~~structures~~, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.	+	This is a dynamic relationship that is also affected by other parts of the building itself, such as roof overhangs, tall elements, openings and so on. For example, a roof overhang can be used to moderate the amount of rain that will fall on the wall below. Tall buildings can create wind tunnel effects at ground level, enclosing buildings can stifle air movement, buildings generally can contribute to the urban heat island effect and so on.

−	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.	+	The design of buildings in order to satisfy all these requirements and to minimise the consumption of energy, has lead to increasingly complex façade designs which can include rainscreens, shading, glazing, thermal mass, insulation, cavities, vapour barriers and so on. This not only requires careful design, but also a high standard of workmanship during construction, in particular to ensure air tightness.

	However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.		However, there is increasing evidence that buildings do not perform in practice as they were expected to when they were designed. This is for a number of reasons, including; over optimistic calculations, inaccurate modelling, poor detailing, incorrect specification, poor workmanship and a lack of understanding by occupants and operators. For more information see Performance Gap.

−	A range of standards have been developed to certify the standard of environmental performance of buildings, such as BREEAM and Passivhaus.	+	A range of standards have been developed to attempt to certify the standard of environmental performance of buildings, such as BREEAM and Passivhaus. Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’

−	Passivhaus suggest that, 'A Passivhaus is a building, for which thermal comfort can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to achieve sufficient indoor air quality conditions – without the need for additional recirculation of air.’	+	[[File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg\|link=File:BBVA_Bancomer_tower_section.jpg]]
−		+
−	[[File:~~BBVA Bancomer tower section~~.jpg]]	+

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =