The architects' profession - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 10:09, 17 February 2022

2022-02-17T10:09:00Z

Designing Buildings: moved The architectural profession to The architects' profession

2022-02-17T10:06:45Z

moved The architectural profession to The architects' profession

← Older revision

Revision as of 10:06, 17 February 2022

Designing Buildings at 11:25, 16 December 2021

2021-12-16T11:25:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 16 December 2021
Line 209:		Line 209:
	* Spiro Kostof, The Architect – Chapters in the History of the Profession, University of California Press, 1977, rereleased in 2000		* Spiro Kostof, The Architect – Chapters in the History of the Profession, University of California Press, 1977, rereleased in 2000
	* Barrington Kaye, The Development of the Architectural Proffession in Britain, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960		* Barrington Kaye, The Development of the Architectural Proffession in Britain, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1960
−	* [http://www.aia.org/ http://www.aia.org]
−	* [http://www.ace-cae.org http://www.ace-cae.org]
−	* [http://www.aij.or.jp/aijhome.htm www.aij.or.jp/aijhome.htm]
−	* [http://www.asbea.org.br/ http://www.asbea.org.br/]
−	* [http://www.asa.or.th/ http://www.asa.or.th]
−	* [http://www.meszorg.hu/ http://www.meszorg.hu/]
−	* [http://www.architectes-fr.com/CIAF/ http://www.architectes-fr.com/CIAF/]
−	* [http://www.architectes.org/ http://www.architectes.org]
−	* [http://www.ordredesarchitectes.be/ http://www.ordredesarchitectes.be/]
−	* [http://www.jia.or.jp/ http://www.jia.or.jp/]
−	* [http://www.nav.be/ http://www.nav.be/]
−	* [http://www.nzia.co.nz/default.aspx?c=246&t=Home http://www.nzia.co.nz/default.aspx?c=246&t=Home]
−	* [http://www.raia.com.au/ www.raia.com.au]
−	* [http://www.riai.ie/ http://www.riai.ie/]
−	* [http://www.riba.org/go/RIBA/Home.html http://www.riba.org/go/RIBA/Home.html]
−	* [http://www.bna.nl http://www.bna.nl]
−	* [http://www.cka.cc/ http://www.cka.cc/]
−	* [http://www.uar.ru/ http://www.uar.ru/]
−	* [http://www.sarp.org.pl/ http://www.sarp.org.pl/]
−	* [http://www.akbild.ac.at/portal_en/academyen/about-us/history http://www.akbild.ac.at/portal_en/academyen/about-us/history]

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Roles_/_services]]

Editor at 11:24, 26 October 2021

2021-10-26T11:24:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 26 October 2021
Line 146:		Line 146:
	* Partner – An owner of the practice. Often in smaller companies the directors or principle make up the Partners.		* Partner – An owner of the practice. Often in smaller companies the directors or principle make up the Partners.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* American Institute of Architects AIA.		* American Institute of Architects AIA.
Line 154:		Line 154:
	* Architectural assistant.		* Architectural assistant.
	* Architectural design.		* Architectural design.
		+	* Architectural Technology Awards 2021.
	* Architectural Technology Awards 2020.		* Architectural Technology Awards 2020.
	* Architectural training.		* Architectural training.

Editor at 11:50, 17 August 2021

2021-08-17T11:50:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:50, 17 August 2021
Line 171:		Line 171:
	* Practice management.		* Practice management.
	* Professional Qualifications Bill.		* Professional Qualifications Bill.
		+	* Review of regulation of architects: call for evidence.
	* Rule of thumb.		* Rule of thumb.
	* The Architects Act.		* The Architects Act.

Editor at 09:23, 13 May 2021

2021-05-13T09:23:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 13 May 2021
Line 170:		Line 170:
	* Manual drafting techniques.		* Manual drafting techniques.
	* Practice management.		* Practice management.
		+	* Professional Qualifications Bill.
	* Rule of thumb.		* Rule of thumb.
	* The Architects Act.		* The Architects Act.

Editor at 19:00, 10 February 2021

2021-02-10T19:00:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:00, 10 February 2021
Line 161:		Line 161:
	* Consultant team.		* Consultant team.
	* Creating more socially just and diverse cities.		* Creating more socially just and diverse cities.
		+	* Design and technology DT.
	* Designers.		* Designers.
	* Diversity in the built environment sector.		* Diversity in the built environment sector.

Editor at 18:56, 3 December 2020

2020-12-03T18:56:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 3 December 2020
Line 154:		Line 154:
	* Architectural assistant.		* Architectural assistant.
	* Architectural design.		* Architectural design.
		+	* Architectural Technology Awards 2020.
	* Architectural training.		* Architectural training.
	* Architecture.		* Architecture.

Editor at 18:01, 30 October 2020

2020-10-30T18:01:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 30 October 2020
Line 159:		Line 159:
	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
	* Consultant team.		* Consultant team.
		+	* Creating more socially just and diverse cities.
	* Designers.		* Designers.
	* Diversity in the built environment sector.		* Diversity in the built environment sector.

Editor at 17:15, 30 October 2020

2020-10-30T17:15:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:15, 30 October 2020
Line 160:		Line 160:
	* Consultant team.		* Consultant team.
	* Designers.		* Designers.
		+	* Diversity in the built environment sector.
	* Hiring an architect as a commercial client.		* Hiring an architect as a commercial client.
	* Hiring an architect as a domestic client.		* Hiring an architect as a domestic client.

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:09, 17 February 2022
Line 19:		Line 19:
	'Architects' first began to develop as a distinct discipline in Italy during the renaissance period. Until this time, the practice of architecture, as we understand it today, was not a recognised profession, and unlike the painter or sculptor, the designer of buildings did not have a clearly defined place within the trades. There was no standard training for those wishing to engage in architecture, there was no guild devoted specifically to the professional interests of architects, and the men who made the plans for churches and palaces were ranked alongside humble artisans (4).		'Architects' first began to develop as a distinct discipline in Italy during the renaissance period. Until this time, the practice of architecture, as we understand it today, was not a recognised profession, and unlike the painter or sculptor, the designer of buildings did not have a clearly defined place within the trades. There was no standard training for those wishing to engage in architecture, there was no guild devoted specifically to the professional interests of architects, and the men who made the plans for churches and palaces were ranked alongside humble artisans (4).

−	Evidence of the emergence of the ~~architectural~~ profession as an independent discipline can be seen in 1550 when Giorgio Vasari published the first edition of his history of Italian artists 'The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects'. This period in history was also one of political, social and economic turmoil, with the last remnants of the Roman empire fading away, the black death devastating a third of central Europe's population, labour shortages and increase in wages. This resulted in a wealthier and more developed population with newly inherited land, where religion was being questioned and art and education was being revolutionised.	+	Evidence of the emergence of the architect's profession as an independent discipline can be seen in 1550 when Giorgio Vasari published the first edition of his history of Italian artists 'The Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects'. This period in history was also one of political, social and economic turmoil, with the last remnants of the Roman empire fading away, the black death devastating a third of central Europe's population, labour shortages and increase in wages. This resulted in a wealthier and more developed population with newly inherited land, where religion was being questioned and art and education was being revolutionised.

	Subsequently, the French writer Philibert Delorme was influenced by the movements in Italy and by the idea of the architect as a profession. He envisaged a self-governing profession of specialists with accepted standards of training and clearly defined responsibilities and privileges. In his Premier tome de l'architecture, published in 1567, he said, patrons should employ architects instead of turning to “some master mason or master carpenter as is the custom or to some painter, some notary or some other person who is supposed to be qualified but more often than not has no better judgement than the patron himself” (5).		Subsequently, the French writer Philibert Delorme was influenced by the movements in Italy and by the idea of the architect as a profession. He envisaged a self-governing profession of specialists with accepted standards of training and clearly defined responsibilities and privileges. In his Premier tome de l'architecture, published in 1567, he said, patrons should employ architects instead of turning to “some master mason or master carpenter as is the custom or to some painter, some notary or some other person who is supposed to be qualified but more often than not has no better judgement than the patron himself” (5).
Line 39:		Line 39:
	Up until this point the state and church had designed and built its own buildings 'in-house' and no individual designers are particularly known. However with the new influx of wealthy land owners, Henry had created, there was now a very apparent need for architects to design and build new homes and landmarks to signify the wealth of these individuals.		Up until this point the state and church had designed and built its own buildings 'in-house' and no individual designers are particularly known. However with the new influx of wealthy land owners, Henry had created, there was now a very apparent need for architects to design and build new homes and landmarks to signify the wealth of these individuals.

−	= ~~Architectural~~ governing bodies =	+	= Architects' governing bodies =

	Without established governing bodies, guilds, qualifications or legal safeguards, almost anyone could call themselves an architect, and architects had very few legal protections. The Royal Building Administration in France (formed during the reign of Charles V (1364-80)) was intended to maintain good standards within the builders and masons guilds, but although architects had to work by these standards, they did not relate specifically or solely to architects.		Without established governing bodies, guilds, qualifications or legal safeguards, almost anyone could call themselves an architect, and architects had very few legal protections. The Royal Building Administration in France (formed during the reign of Charles V (1364-80)) was intended to maintain good standards within the builders and masons guilds, but although architects had to work by these standards, they did not relate specifically or solely to architects.
Line 49:		Line 49:
	In 1996, Part III of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act reconstituted ARCUK as the Architects Registration Board (ARB) and in 1997, the previous 1931 and 1938 acts were consolidated in the Architects Act of 1997 and the slimmed down regulatory body, the Architects Registration Board (ARB) created. Despite this, the relationship between the ARB and the RIBA remains a confusing one.		In 1996, Part III of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act reconstituted ARCUK as the Architects Registration Board (ARB) and in 1997, the previous 1931 and 1938 acts were consolidated in the Architects Act of 1997 and the slimmed down regulatory body, the Architects Registration Board (ARB) created. Despite this, the relationship between the ARB and the RIBA remains a confusing one.

−	The establishment of ~~architectural~~ governing bodies and institutes in other countries is outlined below:	+	The establishment of architects' governing bodies and institutes in other countries is outlined below:

	* Ireland: 1839 - Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland		* Ireland: 1839 - Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland
Line 88:		Line 88:
	* Russia: 1992 - Union of Architects of Russia (UAR)		* Russia: 1992 - Union of Architects of Russia (UAR)

−	With current EU regulations and various international agreements, there are now also many other 'umbrella' organisations that interlink ~~architectural~~ bodies.	+	With current EU regulations and various international agreements, there are now also many other 'umbrella' organisations that interlink architects' bodies.

	= Schools of Architecture =		= Schools of Architecture =
Line 98:		Line 98:
	The École des Beaux Arts later acted as a model for America, which sought to create its own identity and style by improving the practice of architecture and through better education. This influence became particularly strong towards the end of the nineteenth century when architects were recognised as specialists in their own right, with many wanting to be not just pratitioners in an independent field but as academics within that field.		The École des Beaux Arts later acted as a model for America, which sought to create its own identity and style by improving the practice of architecture and through better education. This influence became particularly strong towards the end of the nineteenth century when architects were recognised as specialists in their own right, with many wanting to be not just pratitioners in an independent field but as academics within that field.

−	America recognised that the success of École des Beaux Arts was based on a well organised curriculum, government patronage and a rational design theory. The long established French system was backed by American architects who had been rallying at this time for their own state licensing laws. A number of ~~architectural~~ schools began to appear and would often seek École des Beaux Arts graduates as lecturers and staff. However not all supported this system, with Loius Sulivan, who had studied at the Ecole in 1874, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who turned down Daniel Burnhams offer of four sponsored years in Paris, being the most influential detractors. They called the École des Beaux Arts' teachings artificial, superficial, and totally unsuited to American needs (9).	+	America recognised that the success of École des Beaux Arts was based on a well organised curriculum, government patronage and a rational design theory. The long established French system was backed by American architects who had been rallying at this time for their own state licensing laws. A number of schools of architecture began to appear and would often seek École des Beaux Arts graduates as lecturers and staff. However not all supported this system, with Loius Sulivan, who had studied at the Ecole in 1874, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who turned down Daniel Burnhams offer of four sponsored years in Paris, being the most influential detractors. They called the École des Beaux Arts' teachings artificial, superficial, and totally unsuited to American needs (9).

	Parts of Europe also adopted an academic method of training, however Britain continued with its natural mode of education through the self-controlling mechanism of apprenticeship. “This was a modification of the medieval apprenticeship system. But where an apprentice exchanged his labour for instruction from a master, an articled pupil paid cash to be taught. Probably something like one-half of all entrants to the occupation were trained through pupilage by 1800, rising very quickly in the opening decades of the nineteenth century to displace other entry points into the occupation, such as through the building trades. Pupilage usually lasted five or six years, and often included attendance at a local arts academy, and perhaps foreign travel” (10).		Parts of Europe also adopted an academic method of training, however Britain continued with its natural mode of education through the self-controlling mechanism of apprenticeship. “This was a modification of the medieval apprenticeship system. But where an apprentice exchanged his labour for instruction from a master, an articled pupil paid cash to be taught. Probably something like one-half of all entrants to the occupation were trained through pupilage by 1800, rising very quickly in the opening decades of the nineteenth century to displace other entry points into the occupation, such as through the building trades. Pupilage usually lasted five or six years, and often included attendance at a local arts academy, and perhaps foreign travel” (10).
Line 125:		Line 125:
	In contrast to the diverse and varied entry route to the profession in Britain and much of Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, the entry route to becoming a practicing architect in modern times has become fairly consistent.		In contrast to the diverse and varied entry route to the profession in Britain and much of Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, the entry route to becoming a practicing architect in modern times has become fairly consistent.

−	Most of Europe and the USA regulate ~~architectural~~ practice through governing bodies which as well as setting standards and codes of conduct also set the curriculum to be taught in schools of architecture.	+	Most of Europe and the USA regulate architects' practice through governing bodies which as well as setting standards and codes of conduct also set the curriculum to be taught in schools of architecture.

−	The most common route into the ~~architectural~~ profession in Britain today (almost 96%) is through university study which is broken down into:	+	The most common route into the architects' profession in Britain today (almost 96%) is through university study which is broken down into:

	* Part 1 – Honours degree in architecture.		* Part 1 – Honours degree in architecture.