The Kremlin - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:52, 24 November 2020

2020-11-24T08:52:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:52, 24 November 2020
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	* US Capitol Building.		* US Capitol Building.

−	[[Category:~~History~~]] [[Category:~~International~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Project_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Editor at 18:25, 23 August 2017

2017-08-23T18:25:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:25, 23 August 2017
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	* Forbidden City.		* Forbidden City.
	* Lincoln Memorial.		* Lincoln Memorial.
		+	* Nowa Huta - Communist tour review.
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
	* Palace of Culture and Science.		* Palace of Culture and Science.
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	* US Capitol Building.		* US Capitol Building.

−	[[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]	+	[[Category:History]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]]

Editor at 14:30, 17 August 2017

2017-08-17T14:30:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 17 August 2017
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	* Lincoln Memorial.		* Lincoln Memorial.
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
		+	* Palace of Culture and Science.
	* Palace of Westminster.		* Palace of Westminster.
	* Reichstag building.		* Reichstag building.

Editor at 14:39, 25 May 2017

2017-05-25T14:39:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:39, 25 May 2017
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	* City Hall, London.		* City Hall, London.
	* Constructivist architecture.		* Constructivist architecture.
		+	* Forbidden City.
	* Lincoln Memorial.		* Lincoln Memorial.
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.

Editor at 14:20, 13 April 2017

2017-04-13T14:20:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 13 April 2017
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	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
	* Palace of Westminster.		* Palace of Westminster.
		+	* Reichstag building.
	* Scottish Parliament Building.		* Scottish Parliament Building.
	* [[St._Basil%27s_Cathedral\|St. Basil’s Cathedral.]]		* [[St._Basil%27s_Cathedral\|St. Basil’s Cathedral.]]

Editor at 10:59, 9 January 2017

2017-01-09T10:59:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 9 January 2017
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	* Building of the week series.		* Building of the week series.
	* Buildings of the EU.		* Buildings of the EU.
		+	* Chelyabinsk Congress Hall.
	* City Hall, London.		* City Hall, London.
	* Constructivist architecture.		* Constructivist architecture.

Editor at 14:37, 8 December 2016

2016-12-08T14:37:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:37, 8 December 2016
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	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

		+	* Brandenburg Gate.
	* Building of the week series.		* Building of the week series.
	* Buildings of the EU.		* Buildings of the EU.

Editor at 15:03, 17 November 2016

2016-11-17T15:03:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 17 November 2016
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	* City Hall, London.		* City Hall, London.
	* Constructivist architecture.		* Constructivist architecture.
		+	* Lincoln Memorial.
	* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.		* Owen Hatherley - Landscapes of Communism.
	* Palace of Westminster.		* Palace of Westminster.

Designing Buildings at 16:53, 20 October 2016

2016-10-20T16:53:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:53, 20 October 2016
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	[[File:Kremlin4.jpg\|link=File:Kremlin4.jpg]]		[[File:Kremlin4.jpg\|link=File:Kremlin4.jpg]]

−	Supposedly marking the exact centre of Moscow, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower is located just off Cathedral Square. It was completed in 1600 ~~with the intention of resembling~~ a burning candle. It reaches 81 m (266 ft) tall and the upper section was restored after suffering damage during the Napoleonic invasion in 1812. Due to a height ban that was in place until the 1917 Revolution, the tower was the tallest structure in the city.	+	Supposedly marking the exact centre of Moscow, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower is located just off Cathedral Square. It was completed in 1600 and resembles a burning candle. It reaches 81 m (266 ft) tall and the upper section was restored after suffering damage during the Napoleonic invasion in 1812. Due to a height ban that was in place until the 1917 Revolution, the tower was the tallest structure in the city.

	Sat on a pedestal at the foot of the tower is the Tsar Bell, never rung but still the largest bell in the world.		Sat on a pedestal at the foot of the tower is the Tsar Bell, never rung but still the largest bell in the world.

Designing Buildings at 16:51, 20 October 2016

2016-10-20T16:51:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:51, 20 October 2016
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	The Kremlin – meaning ‘a fortress inside a city’ – is a fortified complex in the centre of Moscow, on the western side of Red Square. It has played a major role in Russian history over the centuries, and is a powerful symbol of the nation’s authority and power. It served as the focal point of Soviet power during ~~the majority of~~ the 20th century and, since 1991, has been the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.	+	The Kremlin – meaning ‘a fortress inside a city’ – is a fortified complex in the centre of Moscow, on the western side of Red Square. It has played a major role in Russian history over the centuries, and is a powerful symbol of the nation’s authority and power. It served as the focal point for Soviet power during the 20th century and, since 1991, has been the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

−	~~Within the~~ Kremlin’s walls is an assemblage of some striking and unique Russian architecture – five palaces, four cathedrals and the Kremlin towers. Most of these are open to the public and are among Russia’s most popular tourist attractions.	+	The Kremlin’s walls enclose an assemblage of some striking and unique Russian architecture – five palaces, four cathedrals and the Kremlin towers. Most of these are open to the public and are among Russia’s most popular tourist attractions.

−	In 1991, the Kremlin was ~~included as~~ a specially protected cultural property of Russia, the highest conservation status in Russian legislation.	+	In 1991, the Kremlin was designated a specially protected cultural property of Russia, the highest conservation status in Russian legislation.

	= History =		= History =

−	It is believed that the site of the Kremlin was inhabited as far back as 500 BC, although the city of Moscow dates back to around 1147. This is the point at which a wooden fort was constructed on the site by Yuri Dolgoruky. Despite being razed by the invading Mongols in 1208, the city continued to grow and was acknowledged by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1326. It was around this ~~period~~ that the first stone buildings ~~began to be~~ built in the Kremlin, before being fortified with stone walls at the end of the 15th century.	+	It is believed that the site of the Kremlin was inhabited as far back as 500 BC, although the city of Moscow only dates back to around 1147. This is the point at which a wooden fort was constructed on the site by Yuri Dolgoruky. Despite being razed by the invading Mongols in 1208, the city continued to grow and was acknowledged by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1326. It was around this time that the first stone buildings were built in the Kremlin, before being fortified with stone walls at the end of the 15th century.

−	The Kremlin became the centre of a unified Russian state under the reign of Ivan the Great (1462-1505), and ~~became~~ extensively ~~remodeled~~ during that time.	+	The Kremlin became the centre of a unified Russian state under the reign of Ivan the Great (1462-1505), and was extensively remodelled during that time.

	= Walls and towers =		= Walls and towers =
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	[[File:Kremlin1.jpg\|link=File:Kremlin1.jpg]]		[[File:Kremlin1.jpg\|link=File:Kremlin1.jpg]]

−	The crenellated red brick walls, along with ~~the~~ 20 towers, were constructed at the end of the 15th century by Italian master-builders invited to Moscow by Ivan the Great.	+	The crenellated red brick walls, along with 20 towers, were constructed at the end of the 15th century by Italian master-builders invited to Moscow by Ivan the Great.

−	The Kremlin wall encloses an irregular ~~triangle~~ area of 275,000 sq. m (68 acres). The total length of the wall is 2,235 m, with heights varying in line with the terrain from 5-19 m. The wall thickness is between 3.5-6.5 m.	+	The Kremlin wall encloses an irregular triangular area of 275,000 sq. m (68 acres). The total length of the wall is 2,235 m, with heights varying in line with the terrain from 5-19 m. The wall thickness is between 3.5-6.5 m.

	Most of the main towers were designed by Pietro Solario, including the Spasskaya (Saviour) tower, topped with its iconic red star and black-and-gold clockfaces.		Most of the main towers were designed by Pietro Solario, including the Spasskaya (Saviour) tower, topped with its iconic red star and black-and-gold clockfaces.

−	Eighteen towers were constructed originally, but two more were added in the 17th century. At 80 m, the tallest tower is the Troizkaya (Trinity) gate house which was constructed in 1495. ~~Apart from~~ three, the towers are square in plan. They were all originally crowned with timber tents, with brick-and-coloured-tile arrangements ~~starting to replace them~~ in the 1680s.	+	Eighteen towers were constructed originally, but two more were added in the 17th century. At 80 m, the tallest tower is the Troizkaya (Trinity) gate house which was constructed in 1495. All but three of the towers are square in plan. They were all originally crowned with timber tents, but these were replaced with brick-and-coloured-tile arrangements in the 1680s.

	= Cathedrals =		= Cathedrals =
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	At the heart of the Kremlin complex is Cathedral Square. Around this are grouped three cathedrals that are seen as exemplary forms of Russian ecclesiastical architecture from the late 15th and early 16th centuries. During the reign of the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991, the churches were not used as places of worship, although most have resumed services after the Soviet collapse.		At the heart of the Kremlin complex is Cathedral Square. Around this are grouped three cathedrals that are seen as exemplary forms of Russian ecclesiastical architecture from the late 15th and early 16th centuries. During the reign of the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991, the churches were not used as places of worship, although most have resumed services after the Soviet collapse.

−	The oldest building is the Cathedral of the Assumption (1475-79), also known as Dormition Cathedral, built of white stone in the Italianate-Byzantine style. It is characterised by its ~~simple~~ proportioned lines and elegant arches which are crowned by five apses and five golden domes typical of Russian architecture. Instead of using the more common cantilever vaults, the architect Aristotele Fioravanti opted for groin vaults and transverse arches. The use of specially-made larger bricks helped to reduce the upper building weight and allowed for more slender arch supports.	+	The oldest building is the Cathedral of the Assumption (1475-79), also known as Dormition Cathedral, built of white stone in the Italianate-Byzantine style. It is characterised by its simply proportioned lines and elegant arches which are crowned by five apses and five golden domes typical of Russian architecture. Instead of using the more common cantilever vaults, the architect Aristotele Fioravanti opted for groin vaults and transverse arches. The use of specially-made larger bricks helped to reduce the upper building weight and allowed for more slender arch supports.

	At the other side of the square is the Cathedral of the Annunciation (1484-1489), which was burned down in 1547 and rebuilt in 1562-64, increasing the number of domes from three to nine. The cathedral contains a number of early-15th century religious icons attributed to the legendary Russian painter Andrei Rublev.		At the other side of the square is the Cathedral of the Annunciation (1484-1489), which was burned down in 1547 and rebuilt in 1562-64, increasing the number of domes from three to nine. The cathedral contains a number of early-15th century religious icons attributed to the legendary Russian painter Andrei Rublev.

−	The south-east side of the square ~~is where the larger Cathedral of the Archangel Michael is located~~. Constructed in 1508, it served as the main necropolis of the Russian Tsars until the capital was relocated to St. Petersburg. It is similar to the other cathedrals in terms of its use of gilded domes, however, it is defined by its semi-circular niches with shell-shaped ornaments and gateways with arc-shaped frames.	+	The Cathedral of the Archangel Michael is located on the south-east side of the square. Constructed in 1508, it served as the main necropolis of the Russian Tsars until the capital was relocated to St. Petersburg. It is similar to the other cathedrals in terms of its use of gilded domes, however, it is defined by its semi-circular niches with shell-shaped ornaments and gateways with arc-shaped frames.

	There are also two domestic churches, the Church of the Twelve Apostles (built 1653-56) and the one-domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin’s Robe (built 1653-56). Both display religious icons and frescoes.		There are also two domestic churches, the Church of the Twelve Apostles (built 1653-56) and the one-domed Church of the Deposition of the Virgin’s Robe (built 1653-56). Both display religious icons and frescoes.
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	* Palace of Westminster.		* Palace of Westminster.
	* Scottish Parliament Building.		* Scottish Parliament Building.
−	* [[St._Basil~~'s_Cathedral~~\|St. Basil’s Cathedral.]]	+	* [[St._Basil%27s_Cathedral\|St. Basil’s Cathedral.]]
	* The White House.		* The White House.
	* Types of dome.		* Types of dome.