Terraced houses and the public realm - Revision history

Editor at 20:13, 23 November 2020

2020-11-23T20:13:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:13, 23 November 2020
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	* Housing contribution to regeneration.		* Housing contribution to regeneration.
	* Masterplanning.		* Masterplanning.
		+	* Picturesque movement.
	* Public realm.		* Public realm.
	* Public space.		* Public space.

Designing Buildings at 09:03, 13 October 2020

2020-10-13T09:03:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:03, 13 October 2020
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	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* (1) The Planning (Subterranean Development) Bill [HL] 2015-16.		* (1) The Planning (Subterranean Development) Bill [HL] 2015-16.
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	* (26) ENGLISH HERITAGE, (2007) Suburbs and the Historic Environment. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. Accessed at: [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf].		* (26) ENGLISH HERITAGE, (2007) Suburbs and the Historic Environment. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. Accessed at: [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf].

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]]

Editor at 15:13, 29 October 2018

2018-10-29T15:13:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 29 October 2018
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	The terrace is a key feature of the built environment in many UK cities and it is of great importance that its role in supporting not only indoor activity but outdoor activity is fully understood.		The terrace is a key feature of the built environment in many UK cities and it is of great importance that its role in supporting not only indoor activity but outdoor activity is fully understood.

−	Is there a discernible difference between the public realm of a suburban street with detached housing and a street of terraced housing? The condition set up by suburban housing lends itself to large gardens, promotion of the motor vehicle, lack of street scale, limited community interaction and little passive security. The suburban condition gives neighbours and locals less chance to meet and socialise i.e. create a thriving public realm. With neighbours ‘detached’ from each other there is less opportunity for community activity and relationships to form (3).	+	Is there a discernible difference between the public realm of a suburban street with detached housing and a street of terraced housing? The condition set up by suburban housing lends itself to large gardens, promotion of the motor vehicle, lack of street scale, limited community interaction and little passive security. The suburban condition gives neighbours and locals less chance to meet and socialise, i.e. create a thriving public realm. With neighbours ‘detached’ from each other there is less opportunity for community activity and relationships to form (3).

	The terraced street creates a condition in which neighbours are more likely to meet, creates the opportunity for community spirit to develop, and provides passive security. ‘‘If there are many people on a street there is considerable mutual protection, and if it is lively, many people survey the street from their windows because it is meaningful and entertaining to keep up with events.’’ (4)		The terraced street creates a condition in which neighbours are more likely to meet, creates the opportunity for community spirit to develop, and provides passive security. ‘‘If there are many people on a street there is considerable mutual protection, and if it is lively, many people survey the street from their windows because it is meaningful and entertaining to keep up with events.’’ (4)

−	Jane Jacobs in response to prevalent urban planning policies of the ~~1960's~~ suggested the idea of 'eyes on the street'5 where neighbours in low-rise high-density streets provide passive surveillance as people 'survey' the street. In 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' she argued that urban planning was creating unsafe neighbourhoods and streets. There are parallels with current planning in the UK, where planning policies such as the Belfast Regeneration Plans and Pathfinder Schemes having been highly criticized for the demolition of sound terrace houses, the removal of historic terraced streets and the depletion of living public realm.(6)(7)	+	Jane Jacobs in response to prevalent urban planning policies of the 1960s suggested the idea of 'eyes on the street'5 where neighbours in low-rise high-density streets provide passive surveillance as people 'survey' the street. In 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' she argued that urban planning was creating unsafe neighbourhoods and streets. There are parallels with current planning in the UK, where planning policies such as the Belfast Regeneration Plans and Pathfinder Schemes having been highly criticized for the demolition of sound terrace houses, the removal of historic terraced streets and the depletion of living public realm.(6)(7)

	= The relationship between housing and the public realm =		= The relationship between housing and the public realm =
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	University Square terrace has a generous garden which acts in a similar fashion to the porch and colonnade as a transition between public and private. University terrace is also situated on a busy road, where car parking is located either side of a single lane of traffic. The garden area is divided from the pedestrian footpath with a short wall and decorative iron railings, which give an impression of division but are not ‘unfriendly’ to passers-by. The terrace entrances are raised above the garden level by a single step, with the garden in turn raised above street level by one to ten steps across the terrace from East to West. This step up from the public street, similar to Park Crescent, raises the terrace above the road level giving inhabitants privacy and helps to define the public, semi-public and private realms.		University Square terrace has a generous garden which acts in a similar fashion to the porch and colonnade as a transition between public and private. University terrace is also situated on a busy road, where car parking is located either side of a single lane of traffic. The garden area is divided from the pedestrian footpath with a short wall and decorative iron railings, which give an impression of division but are not ‘unfriendly’ to passers-by. The terrace entrances are raised above the garden level by a single step, with the garden in turn raised above street level by one to ten steps across the terrace from East to West. This step up from the public street, similar to Park Crescent, raises the terrace above the road level giving inhabitants privacy and helps to define the public, semi-public and private realms.

−	Perhaps the most straight-forward threshold of the three case studies is at Borneo-Sporenburg, although as the development is varied, there are several different threshold conditions. Generally the terrace entrances open up directly onto the street. This is the minimum possible division between public and private, indeed the internal entrance hall acts as the semi-private zone. At Plot 18 and the neighbouring terraces the passing public are given a glimpse into the lives of inhabitants as eye level windows line the street. Effectively the visible hallway and front room become the threshold. This type of threshold condition is utilised due to tight land restrictions but it also reflects traditional Dutch row housing design. The threshold condition does not allow for much external space, although many locals have taken to adding planting and outdoor furniture.	+	Perhaps the most straight-forward threshold of the three case studies is at Borneo-Sporenburg, although as the development is varied, there are several different threshold conditions. Generally the terrace entrances open up directly onto the street. This is the minimum possible division between public and private, indeed the internal entrance hall acts as the semi-private zone. At Plot 18 and the neighbouring terraces the passing public are given a glimpse into the lives of inhabitants as eye level windows line the street. Effectively, the visible hallway and front room become the threshold. This type of threshold condition is utilised due to tight land restrictions but it also reflects traditional Dutch row housing design. The threshold condition does not allow for much external space, although many locals have taken to adding planting and outdoor furniture.

	= Services =		= Services =

−	When originally installed many of the services located at Park Crescent were external; above the ground and part of the public realm. Indeed as the terrace was built in the early 19th century even the sewers would probably have been located on the street(20). Today, services are located beneath the ground to minimise the impact on the public realm; including sewerage, power and telephone lines. The major impact of services on terraces is the location of man-holes and other services ground covers.	+	When originally installed many of the services located at Park Crescent were external; above the ground and part of the public realm. Indeed as the terrace was built in the early 19th century even the sewers would probably have been located on the street(20).
		+
		+	Today, services are located beneath the ground to minimise the impact on the public realm; including sewerage, power and telephone lines. The major impact of services on terraces is the location of man-holes and other services ground covers.

	[[File:Terrace_services_1.jpg\|link=File:Terrace_services_1.jpg]]		[[File:Terrace_services_1.jpg\|link=File:Terrace_services_1.jpg]]
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	= Public interaction and sense of community =		= Public interaction and sense of community =

−	At Park Crescent there is little apparent interaction or sense of community, with buildings now predominantly used as offices and access to any living accommodation being located to the rear of the terrace. The terraces location in the city centre provides high levels of public usage and footfall, however even though it is popular walking route, there is no perceptible community spirit due the displacement of living accommodation to the upper floors and the lack of street front entrances. These conditions reflect the changes made to the terrace after damage suffered in World War II, when the terrace was rebuilt to suit modern office requirements.	+	At Park Crescent there is little apparent interaction or sense of community, with buildings now predominantly used as offices and access to any living accommodation being located to the rear of the terrace. The terraces location in the city centre provides high levels of public usage and footfall, however, even though it is popular walking route, there is no perceptible community spirit due the displacement of living accommodation to the upper floors and the lack of street front entrances. These conditions reflect the changes made to the terrace after damage suffered in World War II, when the terrace was rebuilt to suit modern office requirements.

	At Borneo-Sporenburg there is much communal activity all year round, due to its principal usage as housing and its high population density. The high density and street front entrances allow neighbours to meet regularly and help to build community spirit.		At Borneo-Sporenburg there is much communal activity all year round, due to its principal usage as housing and its high population density. The high density and street front entrances allow neighbours to meet regularly and help to build community spirit.
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	At University Square, the terrace was placed into an existing cityscape. This is in direct contrast to Park Crescent and Borneo which were both new additions to their respective cityscapes, allowing them full reign to fuse public and private, internal and external spaces, into a cohesive whole. The result in both cases is a highly successful terrace scheme.		At University Square, the terrace was placed into an existing cityscape. This is in direct contrast to Park Crescent and Borneo which were both new additions to their respective cityscapes, allowing them full reign to fuse public and private, internal and external spaces, into a cohesive whole. The result in both cases is a highly successful terrace scheme.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
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	* Housing contribution to regeneration.		* Housing contribution to regeneration.
	* Masterplanning.		* Masterplanning.
		+	* Public realm.
	* Public space.		* Public space.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.

Editor at 11:38, 30 May 2017

2017-05-30T11:38:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:38, 30 May 2017
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	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
		+	* Back-to-back housing.
	* Ballymun mass housing and regeneration.		* Ballymun mass housing and regeneration.
	* Bin Blight.		* Bin Blight.

Designing Buildings at 08:13, 21 June 2016

2016-06-21T08:13:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 21 June 2016
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	* (26) ENGLISH HERITAGE, (2007) Suburbs and the Historic Environment. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. Accessed at: [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf].		* (26) ENGLISH HERITAGE, (2007) Suburbs and the Historic Environment. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. Accessed at: [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/content/publications/docs/suburbshe20070802122533.pdf].

−	[[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Theory]]

Designing Buildings at 13:13, 27 April 2016

2016-04-27T13:13:31Z

Show changes

Designing Buildings at 12:45, 7 September 2015

2015-09-07T12:45:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:45, 7 September 2015
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	Jane Jacobs in response to prevalent urban planning policies of the 1960's suggested the idea of 'eyes on the street'<sup>5</sup> where neighbours in low-rise high-density streets provide passive surveillance as people 'survey' the street. In 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' she argued that urban planning was creating unsafe neighbourhoods and streets. There are parallels with current planning in the UK, where planning policies such as the Belfast Regeneration Plans and Pathfinder Schemes having been highly criticized for the demolition of sound terrace houses, the removal of historic terraced streets and the depletion of living public realm.(6)(7)		Jane Jacobs in response to prevalent urban planning policies of the 1960's suggested the idea of 'eyes on the street'<sup>5</sup> where neighbours in low-rise high-density streets provide passive surveillance as people 'survey' the street. In 'The Death and Life of Great American Cities' she argued that urban planning was creating unsafe neighbourhoods and streets. There are parallels with current planning in the UK, where planning policies such as the Belfast Regeneration Plans and Pathfinder Schemes having been highly criticized for the demolition of sound terrace houses, the removal of historic terraced streets and the depletion of living public realm.(6)(7)

−	= The ~~Relationship~~ between housing and the public realm =	+	= The relationship between housing and the public realm =

	‘‘Public space is all around us, a vital part of everyday urban life: the streets we pass through on the way to school or work, the places where children play, or where we encounter nature and wildlife; the local parks in which we enjoy sports, walk the dog and sit at lunchtime; or simply somewhere quiet to get away for a moment from the bustle of a busy daily life...”(8)		‘‘Public space is all around us, a vital part of everyday urban life: the streets we pass through on the way to school or work, the places where children play, or where we encounter nature and wildlife; the local parks in which we enjoy sports, walk the dog and sit at lunchtime; or simply somewhere quiet to get away for a moment from the bustle of a busy daily life...”(8)
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	''‘‘The layouts of terraced properties present many positive qualities, including definition of public and private realm, densities that support the provision of services within walking distance, connected street layouts and strong urban form and character.’’(11)''		''‘‘The layouts of terraced properties present many positive qualities, including definition of public and private realm, densities that support the provision of services within walking distance, connected street layouts and strong urban form and character.’’(11)''

−	A terraced street is more than just the sum of its parts, it forms the ~~dge~~ to the public realm and allows social interaction to occur. The linear nature of terraced streets provides locals and passers-by with direct walking routes and a clear definition of public and private. The close proximity of property entrances in increases the likelihood of neighbours meeting regularly, forging relationships and creating a local ‘spirit’. Thresholds act as a filter between public and private.	+	A terraced street is more than just the sum of its parts, it forms the edge to the public realm and allows social interaction to occur. The linear nature of terraced streets provides locals and passers-by with direct walking routes and a clear definition of public and private. The close proximity of property entrances increases the likelihood of neighbours meeting regularly, forging relationships and creating a local ‘spirit’. Thresholds act as a filter between public and private.

−	In many terraces in Amsterdam, locals see the street as an extension of the living room. In central Amsterdam you will notice terraces with large windows facing onto main streets, often without curtains with passers-by given a glimpse into the resident's 'private realm'. This is partly why Dutch architects have been able to push the boundaries of housing design, as their culture is ~~much~~ more relaxed about personal space and privacy in the home. In the UK in contrast, houses tend to be more ‘gated’, with small gardens, bin stores, and an array of other devices employed in an attempt by the inhabitants to create privacy, whether physical or psychological.	+	In many terraces in Amsterdam, locals see the street as an extension of the living room. In central Amsterdam you will notice terraces with large windows facing onto main streets, often without curtains with passers-by given a glimpse into the resident's 'private realm'. This is partly why Dutch architects have been able to push the boundaries of housing design, as their culture is more relaxed about personal space and privacy in the home. In the UK in contrast, houses tend to be more ‘gated’, with small gardens, bin stores, and an array of other devices employed in an attempt by the inhabitants to create privacy, whether physical or psychological.

	[[File:Terraced houses sections.jpg\|1423x522px\|alt=Terraced houses sections.jpg]]		[[File:Terraced houses sections.jpg\|1423x522px\|alt=Terraced houses sections.jpg]]
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	=== External references ===		=== External references ===
	*(1) The Planning (Subterranean Development) Bill [HL] 2015-16.		*(1) The Planning (Subterranean Development) Bill [HL] 2015-16.
−	*(2) ENGLISH HERITAGE (2007) ''Suburbs and the Historic Environment''. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. <br/>	+	*(2) ENGLISH HERITAGE (2007) ''Suburbs and the Historic Environment''. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6.<br/>
	*(3) GEHL, J., (2003). ''Life Between Buildings - Using Public Space''. 5th edn. Skive, Denmark: The Danish Architectural Press. Page 170.		*(3) GEHL, J., (2003). ''Life Between Buildings - Using Public Space''. 5th edn. Skive, Denmark: The Danish Architectural Press. Page 170.
	*(4) Ibid.		*(4) Ibid.

Designing Buildings at 09:35, 9 June 2015

2015-06-09T09:35:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:35, 9 June 2015
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−	~~<div>~~	+
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Terraced houses are defined as ~~‘‘A~~ row of ~~houses~~ built ~~in one block in~~ a ~~uniform style~~.’’ (1)	+	Terraced houses are defined as ‘‘a row of adjoining buildings where each building has a wall built at the line of juncture between itself and the adjoining property which provides structural support to itself and a building on the adjoining property." (1)

	The ‘public realm ‘‘… relates to all parts of the built environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all streets, squares, and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or civic uses...’’ (2)		The ‘public realm ‘‘… relates to all parts of the built environment where the public has free access. It encompasses: all streets, squares, and other rights of way, whether predominantly in residential, commercial or civic uses...’’ (2)
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	Sketch terrace frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo (Plot 18).		Sketch terrace frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo (Plot 18).
−	~~</div>~~	+
	If a frontage is thoughtfully scaled and detailed the terrace can engage with the passing public, provide shade and offer visual stimulus. John Nash's design for the terraces at Park Crescent was part of a grand scheme and accordingly the scale and proportions of the terrace are of a grand nature. In an attempt to communicate with the passing public, Nash designed the detailing of the ground floor (public eye-level) with carefully scaled architectural ornamentation. Features such as the human scale columns with Ionic capitals and the cast iron spear-headed railings give the terrace a grand but civic feel.		If a frontage is thoughtfully scaled and detailed the terrace can engage with the passing public, provide shade and offer visual stimulus. John Nash's design for the terraces at Park Crescent was part of a grand scheme and accordingly the scale and proportions of the terrace are of a grand nature. In an attempt to communicate with the passing public, Nash designed the detailing of the ground floor (public eye-level) with carefully scaled architectural ornamentation. Features such as the human scale columns with Ionic capitals and the cast iron spear-headed railings give the terrace a grand but civic feel.

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	=== External references ===		=== External references ===
−	*(1) ~~SOANES, C & STEVENSON, A.,~~ (~~2005~~) ~~''Oxford Dictionary of English''. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press~~.	+	*(1) The Planning (Subterranean Development) Bill [HL] 2015-16.
−	*(2) ENGLISH HERITAGE (2007) ''Suburbs and the Historic Environment''. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6.	+	*(2) ENGLISH HERITAGE (2007) ''Suburbs and the Historic Environment''. English Heritage Publication. Pg 6. <br/>
	*(3) GEHL, J., (2003). ''Life Between Buildings - Using Public Space''. 5th edn. Skive, Denmark: The Danish Architectural Press. Page 170.		*(3) GEHL, J., (2003). ''Life Between Buildings - Using Public Space''. 5th edn. Skive, Denmark: The Danish Architectural Press. Page 170.
	*(4) Ibid.		*(4) Ibid.

Designing Buildings at 07:07, 20 August 2013

2013-08-20T07:07:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:07, 20 August 2013
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	*Housing contribution to regeneration.		*Housing contribution to regeneration.
	*Masterplanning.		*Masterplanning.
		+	*Public space.
	*Smart cities.		*Smart cities.

Designing Buildings at 07:04, 27 May 2013

2013-05-27T07:04:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 27 May 2013
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	In many terraces in Amsterdam, locals see the street as an extension of the living room. In central Amsterdam you will notice terraces with large windows facing onto main streets, often without curtains with passers-by given a glimpse into the resident's 'private realm'. This is partly why Dutch architects have been able to push the boundaries of housing design, as their culture is much more relaxed about personal space and privacy in the home. In the UK in contrast, houses tend to be more ‘gated’, with small gardens, bin stores, and an array of other devices employed in an attempt by the inhabitants to create privacy, whether physical or psychological.		In many terraces in Amsterdam, locals see the street as an extension of the living room. In central Amsterdam you will notice terraces with large windows facing onto main streets, often without curtains with passers-by given a glimpse into the resident's 'private realm'. This is partly why Dutch architects have been able to push the boundaries of housing design, as their culture is much more relaxed about personal space and privacy in the home. In the UK in contrast, houses tend to be more ‘gated’, with small gardens, bin stores, and an array of other devices employed in an attempt by the inhabitants to create privacy, whether physical or psychological.

−	[[File:Terraced houses sections.jpg\|1423x522px]]	+	[[File:Terraced houses sections.jpg\|1423x522px\|alt=Terraced houses sections.jpg]]

	Indicative terraced street sketches. Left: Typical Belfast street section. Right: Typical Amsterdam street section.		Indicative terraced street sketches. Left: Typical Belfast street section. Right: Typical Amsterdam street section.
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	Scale is a key element of design when thinking about the relationship between the terrace and the public realm.		Scale is a key element of design when thinking about the relationship between the terrace and the public realm.

−	[[File:Terraced houses facades.jpg\|1400x674px]]	+	[[File:Terraced houses facades.jpg\|1400x674px\|alt=Terraced houses facades.jpg]]

	Sketch terrace frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo (Plot 18).		Sketch terrace frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo (Plot 18).
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	If a frontage is thoughtfully scaled and detailed the terrace can engage with the passing public, provide shade and offer visual stimulus. John Nash's design for the terraces at Park Crescent was part of a grand scheme and accordingly the scale and proportions of the terrace are of a grand nature. In an attempt to communicate with the passing public, Nash designed the detailing of the ground floor (public eye-level) with carefully scaled architectural ornamentation. Features such as the human scale columns with Ionic capitals and the cast iron spear-headed railings give the terrace a grand but civic feel.		If a frontage is thoughtfully scaled and detailed the terrace can engage with the passing public, provide shade and offer visual stimulus. John Nash's design for the terraces at Park Crescent was part of a grand scheme and accordingly the scale and proportions of the terrace are of a grand nature. In an attempt to communicate with the passing public, Nash designed the detailing of the ground floor (public eye-level) with carefully scaled architectural ornamentation. Features such as the human scale columns with Ionic capitals and the cast iron spear-headed railings give the terrace a grand but civic feel.

−	[[File:Terrace photos.jpg\|1382x650px]]	+	[[File:Terrace photos.jpg\|1382x650px\|alt=Terrace photos.jpg]]

	Case study frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo.		Case study frontages. Left to right: Park Crescent, University Square, Borneo.
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	When originally installed many of the services located at Park Crescent were external; above the ground and part of the public realm. Indeed as the terrace was built in the early 19th century even the sewers would probably have been located on the street(20). Today, services are located beneath the ground to minimise the impact on the public realm; including sewerage, power and telephone lines. The major impact of services on terraces is the location of man-holes and other services ground covers.		When originally installed many of the services located at Park Crescent were external; above the ground and part of the public realm. Indeed as the terrace was built in the early 19th century even the sewers would probably have been located on the street(20). Today, services are located beneath the ground to minimise the impact on the public realm; including sewerage, power and telephone lines. The major impact of services on terraces is the location of man-holes and other services ground covers.

−	[[File:Terrace services 1.jpg\|1128x418px]]	+	[[File:Terrace services 1.jpg\|1128x418px\|alt=Terrace services 1.jpg]]

	Services man-hole covers embedded in pedestrian pavement at Park Crescent.		Services man-hole covers embedded in pedestrian pavement at Park Crescent.

−	[[File:Terrace street services 2.jpg\|1130x420px]]	+	[[File:Terrace street services 2.jpg\|1130x420px\|alt=Terrace street services 2.jpg]]

	Services man-hole cover embedded in road at Borneo-Sporenburg.		Services man-hole cover embedded in road at Borneo-Sporenburg.
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	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
	*Architectural styles.		*Architectural styles.
		+	*Ballymun mass housing and regeneration.
	*British post-war mass housing.		*British post-war mass housing.
	*Changing lifestyles.		*Changing lifestyles.