Temporary structures - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 07:21, 28 October 2025

2025-10-28T07:21:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:21, 28 October 2025
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	* Permanent structure.		* Permanent structure.
	* Structure relocation.		* Structure relocation.
		+	* Temporary accommodation unit.
	* Temporary building.		* Temporary building.
	* Temporary demountable structures.		* Temporary demountable structures.

Designing Buildings at 09:29, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:29:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:29, 27 October 2025
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Any structure that is not designed for long-term use, but merely to serve some function in the short term, is ~~deemed to be~~ temporary. At its most basic, a tent is a temporary structure, but it may also be a complete building that provides accommodation or storage, or it could be a form of ~~structural sculpture~~ or installation.	+	Any structure that is not designed for long-term use, but merely to serve some function in the short term, is temporary. At its most basic, a tent is a temporary structure, but it may also be a complete building that provides accommodation or storage, or it could be a form of structure or installation.

	Temporary structures are used widely across the UK for purposes ranging from construction and events to emergency response and industrial operations. Their popularity has grown due to advances in lightweight materials, modular systems, and off-site fabrication, which allow buildings to be assembled, dismantled, and reused efficiently.		Temporary structures are used widely across the UK for purposes ranging from construction and events to emergency response and industrial operations. Their popularity has grown due to advances in lightweight materials, modular systems, and off-site fabrication, which allow buildings to be assembled, dismantled, and reused efficiently.

−	~~= Regulatory framework =~~	+	Modern temporary structures often employ modular construction, lightweight materials, and demountable connections to minimise waste and maximise reusability. Aluminium framing, tensile fabrics, and recycled plastics are commonly used for their strength-to-weight ratio and durability.

−	~~Schedule 2 of the Building Regulations 2010 defines a temporary building as ‘a building that~~ is ~~not intended to remain where it is erected for more than 28 days’~~. ~~In some cases,~~ temporary ~~buildings may be exempt from certain building regulations, but this depends on their use, size, and proximity to other~~ structures~~. Where~~ the ~~structure will remain in place~~ for ~~longer than 28 days, or is accessible to the public, it may still require approval to ensure compliance with health~~, safety~~, and accessibility standards~~.	+	Sustainability is an increasingly important consideration. Reusing temporary structures across multiple events or sites reduces the demand for new materials and lowers embodied carbon. Similarly, off-site manufacturing and rapid assembly techniques reduce disruption and improve safety on site.

−	The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 defines a temporary use as one that does not exceed 28 days in any calendar year. This limit is reduced to 14 days for certain types of use, such as motor racing, clay pigeon shooting, or markets. Only specific temporary uses ~~are~~ permitted without formal planning permission. Local planning authorities may require applications for larger or more complex temporary structures, particularly if they have a visual impact, generate significant traffic, or pose environmental concerns.	+	= Regulation =
		+
		+	Schedule 2 of the Building Regulations 2010 defines a temporary building as ‘a building that is not intended to remain where it is erected for more than 28 days’. In some cases, temporary buildings may be exempt from certain building regulations, but this depends on their use, size, and proximity to other structures.
		+
		+	The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) Order 1995 defines a temporary use as one that does not exceed 28 days in any calendar year. This limit is reduced to 14 days for certain types of use, such as motor racing, clay pigeon shooting, or markets. Only specific temporary uses may be permitted without formal planning permission. Local planning authorities may require applications for larger or more complex temporary structures, particularly if they have a visual impact, generate significant traffic, or pose environmental concerns.

	= Functions of temporary structures =		= Functions of temporary structures =
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	* Mark historic or cultural milestones. Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.		* Mark historic or cultural milestones. Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.
	* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.		* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.
−
−	~~= Temporary works in construction =~~
−
−	~~Temporary works are a specialised category of temporary structures used during construction to ensure the safety and stability of permanent works or to facilitate access. These can include:~~
−
−	* Timbering for basement excavations and large trenches in poor ground.
−	* Diaphragm walls and retaining structures, which may initially serve as temporary works but later become part of the permanent construction.
−	* Timbering to shafts.
−	* Raking shores and propping systems to support walls or excavations.
−	* Scaffolding and access platforms.
−	* Formwork and falsework for casting concrete slabs, shells, and vaults.
−	* Temporary weather protection, such as roofing and enclosure systems to allow work to continue in adverse conditions.
−
−	~~= Design and sustainability considerations =~~
−
−	Modern temporary structures often employ modular construction, lightweight materials, and demountable connections to minimise waste and maximise reusability. Aluminium framing, tensile fabrics, and recycled plastics are commonly used for their strength-to-weight ratio and durability.
−
−	Sustainability is an increasingly important consideration. Reusing temporary structures across multiple events or sites reduces the demand for new materials and lowers embodied carbon. Similarly, off-site manufacturing and rapid assembly techniques reduce disruption and improve safety on site.
−
−	Temporary structures may also support broader resilience and emergency response strategies, for example in the rapid deployment of temporary healthcare units, shelters, or command centres during crises.

	= Types of temporary structure =		= Types of temporary structure =

Designing Buildings at 09:23, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:23:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 27 October 2025
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	The term temporary structure can include a wide variety of buildings, ranging from small portable cabins to large-scale exhibition halls. They may be required to:		The term temporary structure can include a wide variety of buildings, ranging from small portable cabins to large-scale exhibition halls. They may be required to:

−	* Provide alternative accommodation during the refurbishment or reconstruction of a permanent building.	+	* Provide alternative accommodation during the refurbishment or reconstruction of a permanent building. For example, modular classrooms or offices may be installed on school or hospital grounds during redevelopment projects.
−		+	* Create signature or symbolic pavilions for special events such as trade fairs, festivals, or cultural exhibitions. A notable example is the annual Serpentine Pavilion in Hyde Park, London, which showcases innovative architectural designs using experimental materials and techniques.
−	For example, modular classrooms or offices may be installed on school or hospital grounds during redevelopment projects.	+
−		+
−	* Create signature or symbolic pavilions for special events such as trade fairs, festivals, or cultural exhibitions.	+
−		+
−	A notable example is the annual Serpentine Pavilion in Hyde Park, London, which showcases innovative architectural designs using experimental materials and techniques.	+
−		+
	* Provide temporary domestic or leisure accommodation, such as garden marquees, glamping pods, or event tents for private functions.		* Provide temporary domestic or leisure accommodation, such as garden marquees, glamping pods, or event tents for private functions.
	* Serve as welfare and operational facilities on construction sites, including site offices, canteens, drying rooms, and storage units. Portable buildings, such as Portacabins, are designed to be easily transported, stacked, and reused between sites.		* Serve as welfare and operational facilities on construction sites, including site offices, canteens, drying rooms, and storage units. Portable buildings, such as Portacabins, are designed to be easily transported, stacked, and reused between sites.
−	* Mark historic or cultural milestones.	+	* Mark historic or cultural milestones. Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.
−		+
−	Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.	+
−		+
	* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.		* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.

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	* Formwork and falsework for casting concrete slabs, shells, and vaults.		* Formwork and falsework for casting concrete slabs, shells, and vaults.
	* Temporary weather protection, such as roofing and enclosure systems to allow work to continue in adverse conditions.		* Temporary weather protection, such as roofing and enclosure systems to allow work to continue in adverse conditions.
−
−	Temporary works must be carefully designed and certified by competent engineers in accordance with BS 5975:2019 – Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework. This includes risk assessment, inspection, and documentation to ensure safe installation, use, and removal.

	= Design and sustainability considerations =		= Design and sustainability considerations =
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	== United Kingdom ==		== United Kingdom ==

−	* The Millennium Dome (London, 1999–2000) – Originally built as a temporary exhibition space for the Millennium Experience, this massive tensioned-fabric structure was later repurposed as The O₂ Arena, one of the UK’s most popular venues.	+	* The Millennium Dome (London, 1999–2000). Originally built as a temporary exhibition space for the Millennium Experience, this massive tensioned-fabric structure was later repurposed as The O₂ Arena, one of the UK’s most popular venues.
−	* The London Eye (1999) – Initially intended as a temporary installation to celebrate the new millennium, the structure became a permanent feature due to its popularity and engineering success.	+	* The London Eye (1999). Initially intended as a temporary installation to celebrate the new millennium, the structure became a permanent feature due to its popularity and engineering success.
−	* Serpentine Pavilion (London, annual since 2000) – A temporary summer pavilion commissioned each year by the Serpentine Galleries in Hyde Park, designed by leading international architects such as Zaha Hadid, Herzog & de Meuron, Francis Kéré and Sou Fujimoto.	+	* Serpentine Pavilion (London, annual since 2000). A temporary summer pavilion commissioned each year by the Serpentine Galleries in Hyde Park, designed by leading international architects such as Zaha Hadid, Herzog & de Meuron, Francis Kéré and Sou Fujimoto.
−	* The 2012 London Olympic structures – Many venues from the 2012 Games were designed for temporary or adaptable use, including the Basketball Arena, Water Polo Arena, and parts of the Olympic Stadium, which was later reconfigured for long-term use.	+	* The 2012 London Olympic structures. Many venues from the 2012 Games were designed for temporary or adaptable use, including the Basketball Arena, Water Polo Arena, and parts of the Olympic Stadium, which was later reconfigured for long-term use.
−	* The COVID-19 Nightingale Hospitals (2020) – Rapidly constructed modular hospitals created across the UK to provide emergency medical capacity during the pandemic.	+	* The COVID-19 Nightingale Hospitals (2020). Rapidly constructed modular hospitals created across the UK to provide emergency medical capacity during the pandemic.

	== Europe ==		== Europe ==

−	* The Eiffel Tower (Paris, 1889) – Originally erected as a temporary structure for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, the tower was intended to be dismantled after 20 years but became a permanent and iconic landmark.	+	* The Eiffel Tower (Paris, 1889). Originally erected as a temporary structure for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, the tower was intended to be dismantled after 20 years but became a permanent and iconic landmark.
−	* The German Pavilion at Expo 67 (Montreal, 1967) – Designed by Frei Otto and Rolf Gutbrod, this tensile-membrane structure pioneered lightweight engineering and inspired modern fabric architecture.	+	* The German Pavilion at Expo 67 (Montreal, 1967). Designed by Frei Otto and Rolf Gutbrod, this tensile-membrane structure pioneered lightweight engineering and inspired modern fabric architecture.
−	* The UK Pavilion, Expo 2010 (Shanghai) – Known as the Seed Cathedral and designed by Thomas Heatherwick, it featured 60,000 transparent rods containing plant seeds; dismantled after the event.	+	* The UK Pavilion, Expo 2010 (Shanghai). Known as the Seed Cathedral and designed by Thomas Heatherwick, it featured 60,000 transparent rods containing plant seeds; dismantled after the event.

	== North America ==		== North America ==

−	* The Crystal Palace (New York, 1853) – Inspired by London’s Crystal Palace, this temporary exhibition building demonstrated iron and glass construction in the United States.	+	* The Crystal Palace (New York, 1853). Inspired by London’s Crystal Palace, this temporary exhibition building demonstrated iron and glass construction in the United States.
−	* Burning Man Temple and City (Black Rock Desert, Nevada) – Entirely temporary city and monumental art installations built and dismantled annually, representing large-scale, community-led temporary architecture.	+	* Burning Man Temple and City (Black Rock Desert, Nevada). Entirely temporary city and monumental art installations built and dismantled annually, representing large-scale, community-led temporary architecture.
−	* MoMA PS1’s Young Architects Program (New York) – Annual temporary pavilion competition showcasing experimental structures by emerging architects.	+	* MoMA PS1’s Young Architects Program (New York). Annual temporary pavilion competition showcasing experimental structures by emerging architects.

	== Asia and Middle East ==		== Asia and Middle East ==

−	* Expo 2020 Dubai pavilions – Many national pavilions, including the UK Pavilion designed by Es Devlin, were designed for temporary use and deconstruction or relocation after the Expo.	+	* Expo 2020 Dubai pavilions. Many national pavilions, including the UK Pavilion designed by Es Devlin, were designed for temporary use and deconstruction or relocation after the Expo.
−	* Tokyo 2020 Olympic venues – Several were designed as modular or demountable structures to reduce long-term environmental impact.	+	* Tokyo 2020 Olympic venues. Several were designed as modular or demountable structures to reduce long-term environmental impact.

	== Historic and early examples ==		== Historic and early examples ==

−	* The Crystal Palace (London, 1851) – The archetypal temporary building, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition. Its modular cast-iron and glass design revolutionised large-scale construction and prefabrication.	+	* The Crystal Palace (London, 1851). The archetypal temporary building, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition. Its modular cast-iron and glass design revolutionised large-scale construction and prefabrication.
−	* Festival of Britain structures (London, 1951) – Including the Dome of Discovery and Skylon, these temporary installations showcased post-war modernism and optimism.	+	* Festival of Britain structures (London, 1951). Including the Dome of Discovery and Skylon, these temporary installations showcased post-war modernism and optimism.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

−	* ~~Ground conditions~~.	+	* Air-supported structure.
−	* ~~Hoardings~~.	+	* Building regulations exemption for temporary buildings.
−	* ~~Lateral loads~~.	+	* Fabric structure.
		+	* Inflatable building.
		+	* Live event production.
		+	* Millennium Dome.
	* Permanent structure.		* Permanent structure.
−	* ~~Racking.~~	+	* Structure relocation.
−	* Re-evaluating the design life of buildings.	+
−	* Shear force.	+
−	* Site facilities.	+
−	* Site office.	+
−	* Structural principles.	+
−	* Temporary.	+
	* Temporary building.		* Temporary building.
		+	* Temporary demountable structures.
	* Temporary site services.		* Temporary site services.
		+	* Temporary structures
		+	* Temporary use.
	* Temporary works.		* Temporary works.
		+	* Temporary.
		+	* The history of fabric structures.
		+	* WikiHouse.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 09:19, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:19:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 27 October 2025
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	The term temporary structure can include a wide variety of buildings, ranging from small portable cabins to large-scale exhibition halls. They may be required to:		The term temporary structure can include a wide variety of buildings, ranging from small portable cabins to large-scale exhibition halls. They may be required to:

−	* Provide alternative accommodation during the refurbishment or reconstruction of a permanent building.~~<br />~~	+	* Provide alternative accommodation during the refurbishment or reconstruction of a permanent building.
		+
	For example, modular classrooms or offices may be installed on school or hospital grounds during redevelopment projects.		For example, modular classrooms or offices may be installed on school or hospital grounds during redevelopment projects.
−	* Create signature or symbolic pavilions for special events such as trade fairs, festivals, or cultural exhibitions.~~<br />~~	+
		+	* Create signature or symbolic pavilions for special events such as trade fairs, festivals, or cultural exhibitions.
		+
	A notable example is the annual Serpentine Pavilion in Hyde Park, London, which showcases innovative architectural designs using experimental materials and techniques.		A notable example is the annual Serpentine Pavilion in Hyde Park, London, which showcases innovative architectural designs using experimental materials and techniques.
		+
	* Provide temporary domestic or leisure accommodation, such as garden marquees, glamping pods, or event tents for private functions.		* Provide temporary domestic or leisure accommodation, such as garden marquees, glamping pods, or event tents for private functions.
	* Serve as welfare and operational facilities on construction sites, including site offices, canteens, drying rooms, and storage units. Portable buildings, such as Portacabins, are designed to be easily transported, stacked, and reused between sites.		* Serve as welfare and operational facilities on construction sites, including site offices, canteens, drying rooms, and storage units. Portable buildings, such as Portacabins, are designed to be easily transported, stacked, and reused between sites.
−	* Mark historic or cultural milestones.~~<br />~~	+	* Mark historic or cultural milestones.
		+
	Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.		Iconic structures such as the Millennium Dome (now The O₂ Arena) and the London Eye were both originally conceived as temporary installations for the year 2000. Their popularity and structural adaptability led to their conversion into permanent attractions.
		+
	* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.		* Support industrial or agricultural operations, such as lightweight, demountable buildings, modular canopies, or temporary steel-framed warehouses. These can be used to increase production or storage capacity without the cost or permanence of traditional construction.

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	* Seasonal markets or Christmas fair stalls		* Seasonal markets or Christmas fair stalls

−	Examples of temporary structures	+	= Examples of temporary structures =

−	Here’s a list of some of the most famous temporary structures, in the UK and internationally, that have achieved cultural, architectural or engineering significance — often influencing later permanent designs:	+	== United Kingdom ==
−		+
−	~~-----~~	+
−	=== United Kingdom ===	+

	* The Millennium Dome (London, 1999–2000) – Originally built as a temporary exhibition space for the Millennium Experience, this massive tensioned-fabric structure was later repurposed as The O₂ Arena, one of the UK’s most popular venues.		* The Millennium Dome (London, 1999–2000) – Originally built as a temporary exhibition space for the Millennium Experience, this massive tensioned-fabric structure was later repurposed as The O₂ Arena, one of the UK’s most popular venues.
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	* The COVID-19 Nightingale Hospitals (2020) – Rapidly constructed modular hospitals created across the UK to provide emergency medical capacity during the pandemic.		* The COVID-19 Nightingale Hospitals (2020) – Rapidly constructed modular hospitals created across the UK to provide emergency medical capacity during the pandemic.

−	~~-----~~	+	== Europe ==
−	=== Europe ===	+

	* The Eiffel Tower (Paris, 1889) – Originally erected as a temporary structure for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, the tower was intended to be dismantled after 20 years but became a permanent and iconic landmark.		* The Eiffel Tower (Paris, 1889) – Originally erected as a temporary structure for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, the tower was intended to be dismantled after 20 years but became a permanent and iconic landmark.
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	* The UK Pavilion, Expo 2010 (Shanghai) – Known as the Seed Cathedral and designed by Thomas Heatherwick, it featured 60,000 transparent rods containing plant seeds; dismantled after the event.		* The UK Pavilion, Expo 2010 (Shanghai) – Known as the Seed Cathedral and designed by Thomas Heatherwick, it featured 60,000 transparent rods containing plant seeds; dismantled after the event.

−	~~-----~~	+	== North America ==
−	=== North America ===	+

	* The Crystal Palace (New York, 1853) – Inspired by London’s Crystal Palace, this temporary exhibition building demonstrated iron and glass construction in the United States.		* The Crystal Palace (New York, 1853) – Inspired by London’s Crystal Palace, this temporary exhibition building demonstrated iron and glass construction in the United States.
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	* MoMA PS1’s Young Architects Program (New York) – Annual temporary pavilion competition showcasing experimental structures by emerging architects.		* MoMA PS1’s Young Architects Program (New York) – Annual temporary pavilion competition showcasing experimental structures by emerging architects.

−	~~-----~~	+	== Asia and Middle East ==
−	=== Asia and Middle East ===	+

	* Expo 2020 Dubai pavilions – Many national pavilions, including the UK Pavilion designed by Es Devlin, were designed for temporary use and deconstruction or relocation after the Expo.		* Expo 2020 Dubai pavilions – Many national pavilions, including the UK Pavilion designed by Es Devlin, were designed for temporary use and deconstruction or relocation after the Expo.
	* Tokyo 2020 Olympic venues – Several were designed as modular or demountable structures to reduce long-term environmental impact.		* Tokyo 2020 Olympic venues – Several were designed as modular or demountable structures to reduce long-term environmental impact.

−	~~-----~~	+	== Historic and early examples ==
−	=== Historic and early examples ===	+

	* The Crystal Palace (London, 1851) – The archetypal temporary building, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition. Its modular cast-iron and glass design revolutionised large-scale construction and prefabrication.		* The Crystal Palace (London, 1851) – The archetypal temporary building, designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition. Its modular cast-iron and glass design revolutionised large-scale construction and prefabrication.
	* Festival of Britain structures (London, 1951) – Including the Dome of Discovery and Skylon, these temporary installations showcased post-war modernism and optimism.		* Festival of Britain structures (London, 1951) – Including the Dome of Discovery and Skylon, these temporary installations showcased post-war modernism and optimism.
−
−	~~-----~~
−	~~Would you like me to narrow this list down to **UK-only~~

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

Designing Buildings at 09:18, 27 October 2025

2025-10-27T09:18:00Z

Show changes

Designing Buildings at 08:56, 27 July 2022

2022-07-27T08:56:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:56, 27 July 2022
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	* Temporary roofs to provide shelter from the elements.		* Temporary roofs to provide shelter from the elements.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Ground conditions.		* Ground conditions.
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	* Site office.		* Site office.
	* Structural principles.		* Structural principles.
		+	* Temporary.
	* Temporary building.		* Temporary building.
	* Temporary site services.		* Temporary site services.

Designing Buildings at 08:43, 1 December 2020

2020-12-01T08:43:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:43, 1 December 2020
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	* Temporary works.		* Temporary works.

−	[[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:~~Design~~]] [[Category:~~Products_/_components~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Product_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 12:27, 20 July 2020

2020-07-20T12:27:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 20 July 2020
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	* Permanent structure.		* Permanent structure.
	* Racking.		* Racking.
		+	* Re-evaluating the design life of buildings.
	* Shear force.		* Shear force.
	* Site facilities.		* Site facilities.
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	* Temporary works.		* Temporary works.

−	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]

Designing Buildings at 10:48, 16 August 2019

2019-08-16T10:48:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:48, 16 August 2019
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	* Hoardings.		* Hoardings.
	* Lateral loads.		* Lateral loads.
		+	* Permanent structure.
	* Racking.		* Racking.
	* Shear force.		* Shear force.

Designing Buildings at 10:25, 16 August 2019

2019-08-16T10:25:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:25, 16 August 2019
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	* Temporary site services.		* Temporary site services.
	* Temporary works.		* Temporary works.
−	* Types of structural load.
−	* Uplift force.
−	* Vibrations.

	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]