Sustainable development: energy challenge - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:08, 8 December 2020

2020-12-08T08:08:00Z

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	* Wahlberg, Katarina (2008), ‘Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis? Between soaring food prices and food aid shortage’, World Economy & Development In Brief, Issue 2/Mar- Apr		* Wahlberg, Katarina (2008), ‘Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis? Between soaring food prices and food aid shortage’, World Economy & Development In Brief, Issue 2/Mar- Apr

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Sustainability]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Designing Buildings at 10:26, 16 July 2020

2020-07-16T10:26:18Z

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	* Birdsaustralia (2011) What’s the bigger threat to birds – climate change or wind farms?, April 8, yes2renewables.org, (accessed 19 May)		* Birdsaustralia (2011) What’s the bigger threat to birds – climate change or wind farms?, April 8, yes2renewables.org, (accessed 19 May)
	* Comby B (2008) Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy, TNR Editions		* Comby B (2008) Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy, TNR Editions
−	* Criekemans D (2011) ~~[http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/9/9/2/5/pages499255/p499255-1.php~~ The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: Different or Similar to the Geopolitics of Conventional Energy?] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA, Mar 16 (accessed 10 May 2011)	+	* Criekemans D (2011) The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: Different or Similar to the Geopolitics of Conventional Energy? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA, Mar 16 (accessed 10 May 2011)
	* Desertec (2008), DESERTEC Concept Note, Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation, The Club of Rome.		* Desertec (2008), DESERTEC Concept Note, Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation, The Club of Rome.
	* DFT- Department for Transport (2010) UK response to the European Commission consultation on indirect land use change impacts of biofuels.		* DFT- Department for Transport (2010) UK response to the European Commission consultation on indirect land use change impacts of biofuels.

Designing Buildings at 09:08, 31 March 2019

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	Regulation and economic measures do not necessarily change the values underpinning behaviour, therefore long-term and deeply-rooted social change needs to be promoted through education, creating community values and environmental citizenship, in combination with a framework of incentives (Dobson, 2003; Lorenzoni, 2007).		Regulation and economic measures do not necessarily change the values underpinning behaviour, therefore long-term and deeply-rooted social change needs to be promoted through education, creating community values and environmental citizenship, in combination with a framework of incentives (Dobson, 2003; Lorenzoni, 2007).

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

		+	* Culture: Urban Future.
	* Energy storage.		* Energy storage.
	* Engineering smart cities.		* Engineering smart cities.
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	* Wind Energy in the United Kingdom		* Wind Energy in the United Kingdom

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* Al Gore (2008)Al Gore's Speech On Renewable Energy, Constitution Hall, Washington DC		* Al Gore (2008)Al Gore's Speech On Renewable Energy, Constitution Hall, Washington DC

Editor at 18:24, 18 January 2019

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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:24, 18 January 2019
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	* Large scale solar thermal energy.		* Large scale solar thermal energy.
	* Smart cities.		* Smart cities.
		+	* The future of UK power generation.
	* Wind Energy in the United Kingdom		* Wind Energy in the United Kingdom

Designing Buildings at 11:31, 29 November 2018

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	Nevertheless, increasing C02 emission, rising demand and renewable sources’ incapability creates a dilemma. "If you don't want nuclear, there are hard choices to be made on other issues” (Fitzgerald, 2005). The UK has chosen to support nuclear as a low-carbon source (Harrabin, 2011), perhaps giving time for renewable energy technologies to be perfected.		Nevertheless, increasing C02 emission, rising demand and renewable sources’ incapability creates a dilemma. "If you don't want nuclear, there are hard choices to be made on other issues” (Fitzgerald, 2005). The UK has chosen to support nuclear as a low-carbon source (Harrabin, 2011), perhaps giving time for renewable energy technologies to be perfected.

−	= ~~<br />~~	+	=
−	The way forward =	+
		+	The way forward =

	“The shift to non-fossil energies is an order of magnitude larger task than was the transition from phytomass to fossil fuel” (Smil, 2006) and progress may be slower than is commonly assumed.		“The shift to non-fossil energies is an order of magnitude larger task than was the transition from phytomass to fossil fuel” (Smil, 2006) and progress may be slower than is commonly assumed.
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	* Al Gore (2008)Al Gore's Speech On Renewable Energy, Constitution Hall, Washington DC		* Al Gore (2008)Al Gore's Speech On Renewable Energy, Constitution Hall, Washington DC
−	* Baker D. (2009) ~~[http://www.smh.com.au/environment/energy-smart/concern-over-solar-energy-waste-_20090120-7lg1.html~~ Concern over solar energy waste], San Francisco Chronicle, 20 Jan (accessed 10 April 2011)	+	* Baker D. (2009) Concern over solar energy waste, San Francisco Chronicle, 20 Jan (accessed 10 April 2011)
	* Barta P. and Spencer J. (2006) The Growing Danger of Ethanol, Biofuels, Wall Street Journal		* Barta P. and Spencer J. (2006) The Growing Danger of Ethanol, Biofuels, Wall Street Journal
	* BP (2010) BP Statistical Review of World EnergyJune 2010.		* BP (2010) BP Statistical Review of World EnergyJune 2010.

Designing Buildings at 15:23, 27 February 2017

2017-02-27T15:23:34Z

Show changes

Designing Buildings at 11:05, 22 September 2015

2015-09-22T11:05:42Z

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	*Barta P. and Spencer J. (2006) The Growing Danger of Ethanol, Biofuels, Wall Street Journal		*Barta P. and Spencer J. (2006) The Growing Danger of Ethanol, Biofuels, Wall Street Journal
	*BP (2010) BP Statistical Review of World EnergyJune 2010.		*BP (2010) BP Statistical Review of World EnergyJune 2010.
−	*Birdsaustralia (2011) ~~[http://yes2renewables.org/renewable-energy-myths/what%E2%80%99s-the-bigger-threat-to-birds-%E2%80%93-climate-change-or-wind-farms/~~ What’s the bigger threat to birds – climate change or wind farms?], April 8, yes2renewables.org, (accessed 19 May)	+	*Birdsaustralia (2011) What’s the bigger threat to birds – climate change or wind farms?, April 8, yes2renewables.org, (accessed 19 May)
	*Comby B (2008) Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy, TNR Editions		*Comby B (2008) Environmentalists For Nuclear Energy, TNR Editions
	*Criekemans D (2011) [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/9/9/2/5/pages499255/p499255-1.php The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: Different or Similar to the Geopolitics of Conventional Energy?] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA, Mar 16 (accessed 10 May 2011)		*Criekemans D (2011) [http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/4/9/9/2/5/pages499255/p499255-1.php The Geopolitics of Renewable Energy: Different or Similar to the Geopolitics of Conventional Energy?] Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association Annual Conference "Global Governance: Political Authority in Transition", Le Centre Sheraton Montreal Hotel, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA, Mar 16 (accessed 10 May 2011)

BSRIA at 10:19, 9 December 2014

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	= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =		= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =
−	~~<div title="page 1"><div><div>~~	+
	The world has been heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal over the past centuries and is likely to remain dependent on them for much of this century (Odell, 2009). This dependence is now not the only matter for Western countries but also of Asian emerging countries such as China and India as their oil imports have dramatically increased in parallel with economic growth and industrialisation (Jaffe, 2004). As the industrial societies exhaust fuel resources, vulnerability to supply disruption are accelerating. In the US, for example, national debate is increasingly focused on the impact of dependence on oil from the Middle East, and rising oil consumption has also become a major policy challenge.		The world has been heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal over the past centuries and is likely to remain dependent on them for much of this century (Odell, 2009). This dependence is now not the only matter for Western countries but also of Asian emerging countries such as China and India as their oil imports have dramatically increased in parallel with economic growth and industrialisation (Jaffe, 2004). As the industrial societies exhaust fuel resources, vulnerability to supply disruption are accelerating. In the US, for example, national debate is increasingly focused on the impact of dependence on oil from the Middle East, and rising oil consumption has also become a major policy challenge.

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	The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, and the Kyoto Commitments to reduce greenhouse gases created a framework for action at an international level. Many nations are striving to include sustainability as a factor in their national energy policy (see HM Government, 2009; HM Government, 2008; European Union Committee, 2008; etc).		The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, and the Kyoto Commitments to reduce greenhouse gases created a framework for action at an international level. Many nations are striving to include sustainability as a factor in their national energy policy (see HM Government, 2009; HM Government, 2008; European Union Committee, 2008; etc).
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 2"><div><div>~~	+
	According to the IEA (1999) ‘The world is in the early stages of an inevitable transition to a sustainable energy system that will be largely dependent on renewable resources’; and more recently, US President Barack Obama said, “To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy” (Obama, 2009).		According to the IEA (1999) ‘The world is in the early stages of an inevitable transition to a sustainable energy system that will be largely dependent on renewable resources’; and more recently, US President Barack Obama said, “To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy” (Obama, 2009).

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	Furthermore, renewable energy is sustainable only to a certain extent.		Furthermore, renewable energy is sustainable only to a certain extent.
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 3"><div><div>~~	+
	The first common disadvantage lies in the rate at which renewable energy can be produced and the inability to produce as large quantities of electricity as fossil fuels. Despite all the relative successes, renewable energy production is way below demand, partly because of the costs of new technologies required are high and partly because their efficiency and productivity depends on the weather. Recently, a study conducted by The Renewable Energy Foundation revealed that the UK has missed its 2010 targets by a "large margin”, and reasons for the low number have been put down to low wind load factors leading to a lack of wind power generation (REF, 2011).		The first common disadvantage lies in the rate at which renewable energy can be produced and the inability to produce as large quantities of electricity as fossil fuels. Despite all the relative successes, renewable energy production is way below demand, partly because of the costs of new technologies required are high and partly because their efficiency and productivity depends on the weather. Recently, a study conducted by The Renewable Energy Foundation revealed that the UK has missed its 2010 targets by a "large margin”, and reasons for the low number have been put down to low wind load factors leading to a lack of wind power generation (REF, 2011).

	In the pursuit of renewable energy, we may also face the challenge of land constraint. For example, replacing crude oil-derived fuels by bio fuels would require 1000- 10,000 times larger areas for crops than the land used by oil field infrastructures, and shifting from coal-fired to wind-generated electricity would require 10 to 100 times more space (Smil, 2006). Land issues apply to most renewable energies, along with direct or indirect impacts on natural habitats and the visual environment. Issues include, the visual appearance of wind turbines, biomass causing soil erosion, the construction of tidal power damaging ecosystems and so on (Finch et al, 2009; birdsaustralia, 2011).		In the pursuit of renewable energy, we may also face the challenge of land constraint. For example, replacing crude oil-derived fuels by bio fuels would require 1000- 10,000 times larger areas for crops than the land used by oil field infrastructures, and shifting from coal-fired to wind-generated electricity would require 10 to 100 times more space (Smil, 2006). Land issues apply to most renewable energies, along with direct or indirect impacts on natural habitats and the visual environment. Issues include, the visual appearance of wind turbines, biomass causing soil erosion, the construction of tidal power damaging ecosystems and so on (Finch et al, 2009; birdsaustralia, 2011).
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 4"><div><div>~~	+
	In addition, the process of bio fuel production has not only raised concerns over deforestation and biodiversity loss, but also, the global food crisis. Since 2006, food prices have escalated dramatically, and for the first time in decades, worldwide scarcity of food has become a problem. “Converting food into fuel is neither good for the poor or for the environment” (Wahlberg, 2008). “For some bio fuels indirect land use change poses a risk to achieving GHG savings compared to the use of fossil fuels” - response of the UK to the European Commission’s consultation on ILUC impacts of bio fuels (DFT, 2010)		In addition, the process of bio fuel production has not only raised concerns over deforestation and biodiversity loss, but also, the global food crisis. Since 2006, food prices have escalated dramatically, and for the first time in decades, worldwide scarcity of food has become a problem. “Converting food into fuel is neither good for the poor or for the environment” (Wahlberg, 2008). “For some bio fuels indirect land use change poses a risk to achieving GHG savings compared to the use of fossil fuels” - response of the UK to the European Commission’s consultation on ILUC impacts of bio fuels (DFT, 2010)

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	The two statements above well illustrate the heated controversy surrounding the deployment and use of nuclear power. The topic itself is a sensitive political issue in many countries. Those who argue for it often cite its benefit of low carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and compact plants with high productivity.		The two statements above well illustrate the heated controversy surrounding the deployment and use of nuclear power. The topic itself is a sensitive political issue in many countries. Those who argue for it often cite its benefit of low carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and compact plants with high productivity.
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 5"><div><div>~~	+
	However, pollution does not only come from CO2 emissions, and sustainability is not only about meeting present demand. Radioactive wastes, the widespread concern about the diversion of nuclear materials to weapons production (American Nuclear Society, 2010), as well as nuclear plants’ vulnerability to terrorist attack are amongst the reasons nuclear power may not be a sustainable option. In addition, although some sources claim that Uranium is inexhaustible with 4 billion tons dissolved in sea water, and that it can power the globe for 60,000-years at present rates (Comby, 2008; Fetter, 2009); there are concerns about current state of available sources and costs of water processing that would be needed to extract uranium from sea water.		However, pollution does not only come from CO2 emissions, and sustainability is not only about meeting present demand. Radioactive wastes, the widespread concern about the diversion of nuclear materials to weapons production (American Nuclear Society, 2010), as well as nuclear plants’ vulnerability to terrorist attack are amongst the reasons nuclear power may not be a sustainable option. In addition, although some sources claim that Uranium is inexhaustible with 4 billion tons dissolved in sea water, and that it can power the globe for 60,000-years at present rates (Comby, 2008; Fetter, 2009); there are concerns about current state of available sources and costs of water processing that would be needed to extract uranium from sea water.

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	It took nearly a century for oil to replace coal and there is no reason to expect the shift from fossil fuels will take less time. Infrastructure construction for the world transition to renewable energy requires hundreds of billions of pounds investment, and that deployment is hampered by a range of barriers from technical to institutional: “regimes tend to be stabilised and resistant to any fundamental change” (Raven, 2006). Institutional structures (both formal ones such as public financing schemes and informal ones such as cultural values) are often rigid, preventing the breakthrough of alternatives (Jacobsson and Lauber, 2006 cited in ibid). The shift away from fossil fuels is inevitable yet it may be a generations‐long process. A sustainable transition requires steady moves that respect local environment, economic and social conditions.		It took nearly a century for oil to replace coal and there is no reason to expect the shift from fossil fuels will take less time. Infrastructure construction for the world transition to renewable energy requires hundreds of billions of pounds investment, and that deployment is hampered by a range of barriers from technical to institutional: “regimes tend to be stabilised and resistant to any fundamental change” (Raven, 2006). Institutional structures (both formal ones such as public financing schemes and informal ones such as cultural values) are often rigid, preventing the breakthrough of alternatives (Jacobsson and Lauber, 2006 cited in ibid). The shift away from fossil fuels is inevitable yet it may be a generations‐long process. A sustainable transition requires steady moves that respect local environment, economic and social conditions.
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 6"><div><div>~~	+
	For the time being, while energy conservation and renewable energy are quite incapable of satisfying the needs of industrial civilisation, fossil fuel production must be regulated under strict environmental regulation to manage negative impacts as well as to improve performance and save costs (Jaccard, 2006). Nuclear power, although it may not be a desirable option, could offer an intermediate solution.		For the time being, while energy conservation and renewable energy are quite incapable of satisfying the needs of industrial civilisation, fossil fuel production must be regulated under strict environmental regulation to manage negative impacts as well as to improve performance and save costs (Jaccard, 2006). Nuclear power, although it may not be a desirable option, could offer an intermediate solution.

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	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
		+	*Energy storage.
	*Engineering smart cities.		*Engineering smart cities.
	*Geothermal energy.		*Geothermal energy.
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	*Harrison P. (2011) Europe's green energy faces subsidy shake-up, the Reuters (online) 26 Jan (accessed 18 May 2011)<br/>		*Harrison P. (2011) Europe's green energy faces subsidy shake-up, the Reuters (online) 26 Jan (accessed 18 May 2011)<br/>
	*IEA International Energy Agency (1999) The Envolving Renewable Energy Market, IEA, Paris		*IEA International Energy Agency (1999) The Envolving Renewable Energy Market, IEA, Paris
−	~~</div></div></div><div title="page 7">~~*IEA International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA, Paris	+	*IEA International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA, Paris
	*Jaffe A.M. (2004) Energy security: Oil-geopolitical and strategic implications for US, China and Middle East relations, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Rice University		*Jaffe A.M. (2004) Energy security: Oil-geopolitical and strategic implications for US, China and Middle East relations, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Rice University
	*Jacobson & Delucchi, (2009) A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030, Scientific American, 301(5), 58-65		*Jacobson & Delucchi, (2009) A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030, Scientific American, 301(5), 58-65
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	*Shukman D, (2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6616651.stm Power station harnesses Sun's rays], BBC, May 2007 (accessed 10 April 2011)		*Shukman D, (2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6616651.stm Power station harnesses Sun's rays], BBC, May 2007 (accessed 10 April 2011)
	*Wahlberg, Katarina (2008), ‘Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis? Between soaring food prices and food aid shortage’, World Economy & Development In Brief, Issue 2/Mar- Apr		*Wahlberg, Katarina (2008), ‘Are We Approaching a Global Food Crisis? Between soaring food prices and food aid shortage’, World Economy & Development In Brief, Issue 2/Mar- Apr
−	~~</div>~~

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]
	[[Category:Sustainability]]		[[Category:Sustainability]]

Designing Buildings at 10:05, 30 January 2014

2014-01-30T10:05:35Z

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−	This article needs ~~attention~~. To help develop this article, click 'Edit this article' above.	+	This article needs more work. To help develop this article, click 'Edit this article' above.

	= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =		= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =

Designing Buildings at 10:05, 30 January 2014

2014-01-30T10:05:11Z

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	= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =		= Drivers for a shift towards alternative energy =
	<div title="page 1"><div><div>		<div title="page 1"><div><div>
−	The world has been heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal over the past centuries and is likely to remain dependent on them for much of this century (Odell, 2009). This dependence is now not the only matter for Western countries but also of Asian emerging countries such as China and India as ~~thier~~ oil imports have dramatically increased in parallel with economic growth and industrialisation (Jaffe, 2004). As the industrial societies exhaust fuel resources, vulnerability to supply disruption are accelerating. In the US, for example, national debate is increasingly focused on the impact of dependence on oil from the Middle East, and rising oil consumption has also become a major policy challenge.	+	The world has been heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal over the past centuries and is likely to remain dependent on them for much of this century (Odell, 2009). This dependence is now not the only matter for Western countries but also of Asian emerging countries such as China and India as their oil imports have dramatically increased in parallel with economic growth and industrialisation (Jaffe, 2004). As the industrial societies exhaust fuel resources, vulnerability to supply disruption are accelerating. In the US, for example, national debate is increasingly focused on the impact of dependence on oil from the Middle East, and rising oil consumption has also become a major policy challenge.

	Every year we inject 23 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, half of which is absorbed in the seas and vegetation, and half of which remains in the atmosphere (Comby, 2008). The impact on human and natural systems is severe and potentially irreparable unless mitigative action is taken (Schellnhuber et al, 2006).		Every year we inject 23 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, half of which is absorbed in the seas and vegetation, and half of which remains in the atmosphere (Comby, 2008). The impact on human and natural systems is severe and potentially irreparable unless mitigative action is taken (Schellnhuber et al, 2006).
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	The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, and the Kyoto Commitments to reduce greenhouse gases created a framework for action at an international level. Many nations are striving to include sustainability as a factor in their national energy policy (see HM Government, 2009; HM Government, 2008; European Union Committee, 2008; etc).		The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, 1992, and the Kyoto Commitments to reduce greenhouse gases created a framework for action at an international level. Many nations are striving to include sustainability as a factor in their national energy policy (see HM Government, 2009; HM Government, 2008; European Union Committee, 2008; etc).
	</div></div></div><div title="page 2"><div><div>		</div></div></div><div title="page 2"><div><div>
−	According to the IEA (1999) ‘The world is in the early stages of an ~~un invitable~~ transition to a sustainable energy system that will be largely dependent on renewable resources’; and more recently, US President Barack Obama said, “To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy” (Obama, 2009).	+	According to the IEA (1999) ‘The world is in the early stages of an inevitable transition to a sustainable energy system that will be largely dependent on renewable resources’; and more recently, US President Barack Obama said, “To truly transform our economy, protect our security, and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy” (Obama, 2009).

	= Is renewable energy sustainable energy? =		= Is renewable energy sustainable energy? =
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	However, discussion about renewable energy supply involves a number of optimistic expectations. Many people believe that full replacement of fossil with renewable energy sources is possible in a very near future (for example, US former Vice President Al Gore's speech calling for 100% renewable energy in the US within 10 years (Al Gore, 2008), and Jacobson & Delucchi’s plan to Power 100% of the Planet with Renewables by 2030 (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2009)). Some even apply Classical Geopolitics to renewable energy: “those who will control the new energy regime will control the future” (Criekemans, 2011).		However, discussion about renewable energy supply involves a number of optimistic expectations. Many people believe that full replacement of fossil with renewable energy sources is possible in a very near future (for example, US former Vice President Al Gore's speech calling for 100% renewable energy in the US within 10 years (Al Gore, 2008), and Jacobson & Delucchi’s plan to Power 100% of the Planet with Renewables by 2030 (Jacobson & Delucchi, 2009)). Some even apply Classical Geopolitics to renewable energy: “those who will control the new energy regime will control the future” (Criekemans, 2011).

−	In 2007 European Union (EU) countries committed to set a binding target that 20% of the EU's total energy supply should come from renewables by 2020 (European Union Committee, 2008). For the UK the target is 15%, almost a seven-fold increase in the share of renewables in scarcely more than a decade (HM Government, 2009). Achieving these targets ~~involvee~~ generous subsidies (35 billion euros in the EU and 18.2 billion $ in the US in 2009 (Harrison, P)).	+	In 2007 European Union (EU) countries committed to set a binding target that 20% of the EU's total energy supply should come from renewables by 2020 (European Union Committee, 2008). For the UK the target is 15%, almost a seven-fold increase in the share of renewables in scarcely more than a decade (HM Government, 2009). Achieving these targets involves generous subsidies (35 billion euros in the EU and 18.2 billion $ in the US in 2009 (Harrison, P)).

	Furthermore, renewable energy is sustainable only to a certain extent.		Furthermore, renewable energy is sustainable only to a certain extent.
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	*HM Government, (2009) The UK Renewable Energy Strategy, London: The Stationery Office.		*HM Government, (2009) The UK Renewable Energy Strategy, London: The Stationery Office.
	*Harrabin R (2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13393732 UK breaks promise on nuclear power subsidies], say MPs, BBC, (accessed 19 May 2011)		*Harrabin R (2011) [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13393732 UK breaks promise on nuclear power subsidies], say MPs, BBC, (accessed 19 May 2011)
−	*Harrison P. (2011) Europe's green energy faces subsidy shake-up, the Reuters (online) 26 Jan (accessed 18 May 2011)	+	*Harrison P. (2011) Europe's green energy faces subsidy shake-up, the Reuters (online) 26 Jan (accessed 18 May 2011)<br/>
−	</div></div></div><div title="page 7">*IEA International Energy Agency (1999) The Envolving Renewable Energy Market, IEA, Paris	+	*IEA International Energy Agency (1999) The Envolving Renewable Energy Market, IEA, Paris
−	*IEA International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA, Paris	+	</div></div></div><div title="page 7">*IEA International Energy Agency (IEA) (2009) World Energy Outlook 2009, IEA, Paris
	*Jaffe A.M. (2004) Energy security: Oil-geopolitical and strategic implications for US, China and Middle East relations, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Rice University		*Jaffe A.M. (2004) Energy security: Oil-geopolitical and strategic implications for US, China and Middle East relations, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy of Rice University, Rice University
	*Jacobson & Delucchi, (2009) A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030, Scientific American, 301(5), 58-65		*Jacobson & Delucchi, (2009) A Path to Sustainable Energy by 2030, Scientific American, 301(5), 58-65