Surveying instruments - Revision history

Editor at 18:01, 26 November 2021

2021-11-26T18:01:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:01, 26 November 2021
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	These are now the most commonly used surveying instrument due to their precision and accuracy. Total stations also enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick calculations of coordinates.		These are now the most commonly used surveying instrument due to their precision and accuracy. Total stations also enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick calculations of coordinates.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Building survey.		* Building survey.
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	* Levelling.		* Levelling.
	* Plumb level.		* Plumb level.
		+	* Real time kinematic RTK.
	* Robotic total station.		* Robotic total station.
	* Site surveys.		* Site surveys.

Editor at 09:26, 14 October 2020

2020-10-14T09:26:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 14 October 2020
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	* Site surveys.		* Site surveys.
	* Surveyor.		* Surveyor.
		+	* Tool and equipment care and maintenance.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 20:47, 17 September 2020

2020-09-17T20:47:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:47, 17 September 2020
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	* Level.		* Level.
	* Levelling.		* Levelling.
		+	* Plumb level.
	* Robotic total station.		* Robotic total station.
	* Site surveys.		* Site surveys.

Designing Buildings at 09:31, 14 September 2020

2020-09-14T09:31:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:31, 14 September 2020
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	* Surveyor.		* Surveyor.

−	[[Category:~~Standards_/_measurements~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Standard~~]] [[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:~~Products_~~/~~_components~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Product_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 09:23, 20 August 2020

2020-08-20T09:23:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:23, 20 August 2020
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	[[File:Totalstation.jpg\|link=File:Totalstation.jpg]]		[[File:Totalstation.jpg\|link=File:Totalstation.jpg]]

−	A total station is a modern theodolite which is a transit fitted with an electronic distance meter (EDM).	+	A total station (sometimes referred to as a Total Station Theodolite TST) is a modern theodolite which is a transit fitted with an electronic distance meter (EDM).

	A microprocessor unit in the total station processes the data collected to determine:		A microprocessor unit in the total station processes the data collected to determine:
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	* Surveyor.		* Surveyor.

−	[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]

Designing Buildings at 15:03, 17 December 2019

2019-12-17T15:03:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:03, 17 December 2019
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	These are now the most commonly used surveying instrument due to their precision and accuracy. Total stations also enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick calculations of coordinates.		These are now the most commonly used surveying instrument due to their precision and accuracy. Total stations also enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick calculations of coordinates.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Building survey.		* Building survey.

Editor at 15:13, 13 September 2018

2018-09-13T15:13:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:13, 13 September 2018
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	* Land surveying.		* Land surveying.
	* Laser scanning.		* Laser scanning.
		+	* Level.
	* Levelling.		* Levelling.
	* Robotic total station.		* Robotic total station.

Editor at 14:14, 12 September 2016

2016-09-12T14:14:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:14, 12 September 2016
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	* Geophysical survey.		* Geophysical survey.
	* Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems.		* Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems.
		+	* How to layout a building.
	* Interview with David Southam about laser scanning in construction.		* Interview with David Southam about laser scanning in construction.
	* Land surveying.		* Land surveying.

Editor at 13:00, 3 August 2016

2016-08-03T13:00:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 3 August 2016
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	= Theodolite =		= Theodolite =

−	[[File:Theodolite.jpg]]	+	[[File:Theodolite.jpg\|link=File:Theodolite.jpg]]

	Theodolites were developed to measure precise horizontal and vertical angles for the purpose of triangulation – determining the location and distance of a point through the formation of triangles.		Theodolites were developed to measure precise horizontal and vertical angles for the purpose of triangulation – determining the location and distance of a point through the formation of triangles.
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	= Measuring wheel =		= Measuring wheel =

−	[[File:Measuring-wheels.jpg]]	+	[[File:Measuring-wheels.jpg\|link=File:Measuring-wheels.jpg]]

	Surveyors use measuring wheels for quicker and lower accuracy surveys of long distances by rolling it from the start to end point. Each revolution of the wheel measures a specific distance, such as a yard or metre. Counting revolutions with a mechanical device attached to the wheel measures the distance directly.		Surveyors use measuring wheels for quicker and lower accuracy surveys of long distances by rolling it from the start to end point. Each revolution of the wheel measures a specific distance, such as a yard or metre. Counting revolutions with a mechanical device attached to the wheel measures the distance directly.
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	= Dumpy level =		= Dumpy level =

−	[[File:Dumpylevel.jpg]]	+	[[File:Dumpylevel.jpg\|link=File:Dumpylevel.jpg]]

	A dumpy level consists of a telescope-like device fitted on a tripod stand and used for establishing or verifying points in the same horizontal plane. Together with a vertical staff, it is used to measure height differences and transfer elevations during building surveys.		A dumpy level consists of a telescope-like device fitted on a tripod stand and used for establishing or verifying points in the same horizontal plane. Together with a vertical staff, it is used to measure height differences and transfer elevations during building surveys.
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	= Total station =		= Total station =

−	[[File:Totalstation.jpg]]	+	[[File:Totalstation.jpg\|link=File:Totalstation.jpg]]

	A total station is a modern theodolite which is a transit fitted with an electronic distance meter (EDM).		A total station is a modern theodolite which is a transit fitted with an electronic distance meter (EDM).
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	* Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems.		* Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems.
	* Interview with David Southam about laser scanning in construction.		* Interview with David Southam about laser scanning in construction.
		+	* Land surveying.
	* Laser scanning.		* Laser scanning.
	* Levelling.		* Levelling.

Editor: Created page with "= Introduction = Surveying is the process and technique of determining distances and angles between points, used on construction sites for the purposes of levelling and setting ..."

2016-07-29T15:11:42Z

Created page with "= Introduction = Surveying is the process and technique of determining distances and angles between points, used on construction sites for the purposes of levelling and setting ..."

New page

= Introduction =

Surveying is the process and technique of determining distances and angles between points, used on construction sites for the purposes of levelling and setting out works.

Surveying relies for its accuracy and efficiency on having the right instruments. Surveyors use a range of instruments for land surveying and mapping, and setting out.

Historically, surveying equipment might have included:

* Chains with equal size links to measure distance between two points.
* Compasses to measure the direction of a line.
* Solar compasses to measure the direction and latitude of a particular point using the sun and stars.
* Dioptra to measure angles.
* Measuring wheels to measure large distances.

Modern surveying equipment might include:

= Theodolite =

[[File:Theodolite.jpg]]

Theodolites were developed to measure precise horizontal and vertical angles for the purpose of triangulation – determining the location and distance of a point through the formation of triangles.

In its simplest form, a theodolite consists of a moveable telescope attached over perpendicular axis. It is mounted on a tripod head by means of a tribarch containing thumbscrews for tightening and loosening. The theodolite should be placed vertically above the point to be measured using a plumb bob or laser plummet. Tubular spirit bubbles are used to keep the instrument level.

A ‘transit’ is a type of theodolite developed in the early-19th century by railroad engineers. As well as being able to turn horizontally, a transit has a vertical circle and a telescope that can be inverted in the vertical plane.

Modern theodolites use an electronic rotary encoder to read the horizontal and vertical circles to great levels of precision.

A gyro-theodolite comprises a gyroscope mounted to a theodolite and is used, predominantly in mine surveying and tunnel engineering, to determine the orientation of true north. Gyro-theodolites were used during the construction of the Channel Tunnel to align the two tunnels as they were constructed from both France and the UK.

A tachymeter (or tacheometer) is a type of theodolite used for rapid measurements. Similar to a rangefinder, it can determine electronically or electro-optically, the distance to a target.

= Measuring wheel =

[[File:Measuring-wheels.jpg]]

Surveyors use measuring wheels for quicker and lower accuracy surveys of long distances by rolling it from the start to end point. Each revolution of the wheel measures a specific distance, such as a yard or metre. Counting revolutions with a mechanical device attached to the wheel measures the distance directly.

= Dumpy level =

[[File:Dumpylevel.jpg]]

A dumpy level consists of a telescope-like device fitted on a tripod stand and used for establishing or verifying points in the same horizontal plane. Together with a vertical staff, it is used to measure height differences and transfer elevations during building surveys.

Variants include:

* Tilting level: The telescope can be flipped through 180-degrees.
* Auto level or self-levelling level: Includes an internal compensator mechanism which automatically removes any variation when set close to level. This has the advantage of ease-of-use and can be set up quickly.
* Digital electronic level: This uses electronic laser methods to read a bar-coded vertical staff.

= Tripod =

Most surveying instruments are fixed on a tripod, which acts as a support. Tripods have three legs which can be extended or lowered as required.

= Total station =

[[File:Totalstation.jpg]]

A total station is a modern theodolite which is a transit fitted with an electronic distance meter (EDM).

A microprocessor unit in the total station processes the data collected to determine:

* The average of multiple angles measured.
* The average of multiple distance measured.
* The horizontal distance.
* The distance between any two points.
* The elevation of objects.
* All three coordinates of the observed points.

The data that is collected and processed can be downloaded for further processing by computer aided design (CAD), building information modelling (BIM) or geographic information system (GIS) software.

These are now the most commonly used surveying instrument due to their precision and accuracy. Total stations also enable field work to be carried out rapidly with quick calculations of coordinates.

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Building survey.
* Condition survey.
* Construction tools.
* Geophysical survey.
* Global positioning systems and global navigation satellite systems.
* Interview with David Southam about laser scanning in construction.
* Laser scanning.
* Levelling.
* Robotic total station.
* Site surveys.
* Surveyor.

[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]