Strip foundation - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 07:37, 19 December 2022

2022-12-19T07:37:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:37, 19 December 2022
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−	Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or ~~[[Types_of_stone\|~~rock]] that have sufficient ~~[[Bearing_capacity\|~~bearing capacity]] and suitable settlement characteristics.	+	= What are foundations? =
		+
		+	Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics.

	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.		Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

−	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support ~~to a~~ linear ~~structure~~ such as ~~a wall~~ or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally ~~above~~.	+	= What are strip foundations? =
		+
		+	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support for linear structures such as walls or closely-spaced rows of columns that are built on top of the foundation, placed centrally along their length.

	[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]		[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]

−	~~Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but~~ are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations ~~can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.~~	+	= When are strip foundations suitable? =

−	Older buildings may ~~have~~ [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].	+	Strip foundations are suitable for supporting linear loads in most types of subsoil, but they are most suitable where soil is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required. Older buildings may variations on strip foundations such as [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].

−	~~Very broadly, the~~ size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the ~~wall’s~~ overall width. The depth of a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being ~~transmitted~~ at 45º from the wall base to the soil.	+	= What size and shape should strip foundations be? =
		+
		+	The size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the overall width of the wall they are supporting. The depth of a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being spread at 45º from the wall base to the soil.

	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.		Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.
Line 22:		Line 28:

	Wide strip foundations may be required where the soil is soft or of a low bearing capacity, so as to spread the load over a larger area. Wide strip foundations will typically require reinforcement.		Wide strip foundations may be required where the soil is soft or of a low bearing capacity, so as to spread the load over a larger area. Wide strip foundations will typically require reinforcement.
		+
		+	= What sort of foundations might be used if strip foundations are not suitable? =

	Where there are higher localised loads, such as columns, pad foundations may be used. See pad foundations for more information.		Where there are higher localised loads, such as columns, pad foundations may be used. See pad foundations for more information.
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

−	* ~~Building foundations~~	+	* Approved Document A.
−	* Raft foundation	+	* Bearing capacity.
−	* Pad foundation	+	* Brick strip foundation.
−	* Pile foundations	+	* Building foundations.
−	* Trench fill foundation	+	* Driven piles.
−	* Types of excavation	+	* Footings in foundations.
−	* Bearing capacity	+	* How deep should foundations be.
−	* Brick strip foundation	+	* How to design a pad foundation.
−	* ~~Approved Document A~~	+	* Pad foundation.
−	* ~~Stepped foundation~~	+	* Pile foundations.
−	* ~~[[How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F\|~~How deep should foundations be]]	+	* Raft foundation.
−	* Footings in foundations	+	* Rubble trench foundation.
−	* Types of pad foundation	+	* Stepped foundation.
−	* Reinforced concrete	+	* Subsoil.
−	* How to design a pad foundation	+	* Trench fill foundation.
−	* ~~Driven piles~~	+	* Types of excavation.
−	* ~~Building regulations~~	+	* Types of pad foundation.
−	* Rubble trench foundation	+
−	* Subsoil	+

−	~~[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]~~ [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

188.222.234.183 at 18:51, 22 February 2022

2022-02-22T18:51:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 22 February 2022
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	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.		Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

−	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above ~~them~~.	+	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above.

	[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]		[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]

Editor at 15:27, 11 January 2022

2022-01-11T15:27:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:27, 11 January 2022
Line 11:		Line 11:
	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].		Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].

−	Very broadly, the size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.	+	Very broadly, the size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth of a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.

	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.		Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.
Line 33:		Line 33:
	Additional guidance is available in BRE's [https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=139315 Simple foundations for low-rise housing: 'rule of thumb' design].		Additional guidance is available in BRE's [https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=139315 Simple foundations for low-rise housing: 'rule of thumb' design].

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Building foundations		* Building foundations

Designing Buildings: Reverted edits by 149.22.1.56 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

2021-12-15T06:58:33Z

Reverted edits by 149.22.1.56 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:58, 15 December 2021
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	Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.		Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.

−	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].strip	+	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].
		+
		+	Very broadly, the size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.

	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.		Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.

149.22.1.56 at 00:19, 15 December 2021

2021-12-15T00:19:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:19, 15 December 2021
Line 9:		Line 9:
	Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.		Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.

−	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].	+	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].strip
−		+
−	~~Very broadly, the size and position of~~ strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.	+

	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.		Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.

Designing Buildings: Reverted edits by 188.66.85.171 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

2021-10-05T16:08:05Z

Reverted edits by 188.66.85.171 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 5 October 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	~~hey~~	+	Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or [[Types_of_stone\|rock]] that have sufficient [[Bearing_capacity\|bearing capacity]] and suitable settlement characteristics.
		+
		+	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.
		+
		+	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.
		+
		+	[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]
		+
		+	Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.
		+
		+	Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].
		+
		+	Very broadly, the size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.
		+
		+	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.
		+
		+	[[File:Minimum_width_of_strip_foundations.jpg\|link=File:Minimum_width_of_strip_foundations.jpg]]
		+
		+	The underside of strip foundations should be deep enough to avoid frost action; for example, at least 450 mm unless they are bearing on rock, and at least 1 m on high shrinkage clays.
		+
		+	Deep strip foundations may be necessary where soil with a suitable bearing capacity is deeper.
		+
		+	Wide strip foundations may be required where the soil is soft or of a low bearing capacity, so as to spread the load over a larger area. Wide strip foundations will typically require reinforcement.
		+
		+	Where there are higher localised loads, such as columns, pad foundations may be used. See pad foundations for more information.
		+
		+	Where ground conditions are poor, settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads, raft foundations may be used. See Raft foundations for more information.
		+
		+	Where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by the structure, deep foundations such as pile foundations may be used. See Pile foundations for more information.
		+
		+	Larger or more complex buildings may involve the use of a number of different types of foundation.
		+
		+	Additional guidance is available in BRE's [https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=139315 Simple foundations for low-rise housing: 'rule of thumb' design].
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
		+
		+	* Building foundations
		+	* Raft foundation
		+	* Pad foundation
		+	* Pile foundations
		+	* Trench fill foundation
		+	* Types of excavation
		+	* Bearing capacity
		+	* Brick strip foundation
		+	* Approved Document A
		+	* Stepped foundation
		+	* [[How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F\|How deep should foundations be]]
		+	* Footings in foundations
		+	* Types of pad foundation
		+	* Reinforced concrete
		+	* How to design a pad foundation
		+	* Driven piles
		+	* Building regulations
		+	* Rubble trench foundation
		+	* Subsoil

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

188.66.85.171: Replaced content with "hey Category:Articles_needing_more_work Category:DCN_Definition Category:DCN_Guidance Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge Category:Theory [[Category:Construct..."

2021-10-05T15:47:37Z

Replaced content with "hey Category:Articles_needing_more_work Category:DCN_Definition Category:DCN_Guidance Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge Category:Theory [[Category:Construct..."

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 5 October 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or [[Types_of_stone\|rock]] that have sufficient [[Bearing_capacity\|bearing capacity]] and suitable settlement characteristics.	+	hey
−		+
−	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.	+
−		+
−	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	Strip foundations can be used for most [[Subsoil\|subsoils]], but are most suitable for soil which is of relatively good bearing capacity. They are particularly suited to light structural loadings such as those found in many low-rise or medium-rise domestic buildings - where mass concrete strip foundations can be used. In other situations, reinforced concrete may be required.	+
−		+
−	~~Older buildings may have [[Brick_strip_foundation\|brick strip foundations]].~~	+
−		+
−	Very broadly, the size and position of strip foundations is typically related to the wall’s overall width. The depth a traditional strip foundation is generally equal to or greater than the overall wall width, and the foundation width is generally three times the width of the supported wall. This results in the load being transmitted at 45º from the wall base to the soil.	+
−		+
−	Approved document A of Building Regulations defines minimum widths for strip footings based on the type of ground and load-bearing wall, although it is generally advisable to consult a structural engineer when designing foundations.	+
−		+
−	~~[[File:Minimum_width_of_strip_foundations.jpg\|link=File:Minimum_width_of_strip_foundations.jpg]]~~	+
−		+
−	~~The underside of strip foundations should be deep enough to avoid frost action; for example, at least 450 mm unless they are bearing on rock, and at least 1 m on high shrinkage clays.~~	+
−		+
−	~~Deep strip foundations may be necessary where soil with a suitable bearing capacity is deeper.~~	+
−		+
−	~~Wide strip foundations may be required where the soil is soft or of a low bearing capacity, so as to spread the load over a larger area. Wide strip foundations will typically require reinforcement.~~	+
−		+
−	~~Where there are higher localised loads, such as columns, pad foundations may be used. See pad foundations for more information.~~	+
−		+
−	Where ground conditions are poor, settlement is likely, or where it may be impractical to create individual strip or pad foundations for a large number of individual loads, raft foundations may be used. See Raft foundations for more information.	+
−		+
−	Where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by the structure, deep foundations such as pile foundations may be used. See Pile foundations for more information.	+
−		+
−	~~Larger or more complex buildings may involve the use of a number of different types of foundation.~~	+
−		+
−	~~Additional guidance is available in BRE's [https://www.brebookshop.com/details.jsp?id=139315 Simple foundations for low-rise housing: 'rule of thumb' design].~~	+
−		+
−	~~= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =~~	+
−		+
−	* Building foundations	+
−	* Raft foundation	+
−	* Pad foundation	+
−	* Pile foundations	+
−	* Trench fill foundation	+
−	* Types of excavation	+
−	* Bearing capacity	+
−	* Brick strip foundation	+
−	* Approved Document A	+
−	* Stepped foundation	+
−	* [[How_deep_should_foundations_be%3F\|How deep should foundations be]]	+
−	* Footings in foundations	+
−	* Types of pad foundation	+
−	* Reinforced concrete	+
−	* How to design a pad foundation	+
−	* Driven piles	+
−	* Building regulations	+
−	* Rubble trench foundation	+
−	* Subsoil	+

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings: Reverted edits by 213.205.194.20 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

2021-02-16T06:46:21Z

Reverted edits by 213.205.194.20 (talk) to last revision by Designing Buildings

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:46, 16 February 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.		Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

−	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or ~~sombhetimes~~ [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.	+	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sometimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.

	[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]		[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]

213.205.194.20 at 01:03, 16 February 2021

2021-02-16T01:03:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:03, 16 February 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.		Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils. Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support the loads imposed by a structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper layers with higher bearing capacity.

−	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or ~~sometimes~~ [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.	+	Strip foundations (or strip footings) are a type of shallow foundation that are used to provide a continuous, level (or sombhetimes [[Stepped_foundation\|stepped]]) strip of support to a linear structure such as a wall or closely-spaced rows of columns built centrally above them.

	[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]		[[File:Stripfoundation.jpg\|link=File:Stripfoundation.jpg]]

Designing Buildings at 13:11, 8 February 2021

2021-02-08T13:11:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 8 February 2021
Line 55:		Line 55:
	* Subsoil		* Subsoil

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Theory]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Design]]