Spalling - Revision history

Editor at 10:43, 9 August 2021

2021-08-09T10:43:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 9 August 2021
Line 75:		Line 75:
	* Rising damp in walls - diagnosis and treatment (DG 245).		* Rising damp in walls - diagnosis and treatment (DG 245).
	* Settlement.		* Settlement.
		+	* Surfside condo collapse: climate change demands adaptation in design and approach.
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

Designing Buildings at 08:25, 27 July 2021

2021-07-27T08:25:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:25, 27 July 2021
Line 47:		Line 47:

	In February 2019, researchers from the University of Sheffield used fibres extracted from the textile reinforcement used in tyres to reduce concrete’s tendency to spall explosively under the intense heat of a fire. Ref [http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/ http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/]		In February 2019, researchers from the University of Sheffield used fibres extracted from the textile reinforcement used in tyres to reduce concrete’s tendency to spall explosively under the intense heat of a fire. Ref [http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/ http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/]
		+
		+	See also: Palling.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
Line 66:		Line 68:
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
	* Mould growth in buildings.		* Mould growth in buildings.
−	* ~~Parapet~~.	+	* Palling.
	* Penetrating damp.		* Penetrating damp.
	* Reinforced concrete.		* Reinforced concrete.

Editor at 20:01, 15 April 2021

2021-04-15T20:01:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:01, 15 April 2021
Line 52:		Line 52:
	* Admixtures in concrete.		* Admixtures in concrete.
	* Alkali-silica reaction (ASR).		* Alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
		+	* Basic brickwork replacement.
	* Brick.		* Brick.
	* Concrete.		* Concrete.

Designing Buildings at 06:21, 29 September 2020

2020-09-29T06:21:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:21, 29 September 2020
Line 79:		Line 79:
	* Pro Construction Guide - [http://www.proconstructionguide.com/spalling-brick/ Spalling brick]		* Pro Construction Guide - [http://www.proconstructionguide.com/spalling-brick/ Spalling brick]

−	[[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]]

Editor at 17:54, 14 October 2019

2019-10-14T17:54:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:54, 14 October 2019
Line 62:		Line 62:
	* Diagnosing the causes of dampness (GR 5 revised).		* Diagnosing the causes of dampness (GR 5 revised).
	* Efflorescence.		* Efflorescence.
		+	* Frost attack.
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
	* Mould growth in buildings.		* Mould growth in buildings.

Designing Buildings at 13:49, 5 March 2019

2019-03-05T13:49:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 5 March 2019
Line 43:		Line 43:

	Crystallisation of salts just below the surface of bricks can also cause spalling. This is known as cryptoflorescence. The problem is often associated with magnesium salts. Cryptoflorescence is associated with a large build-up of salts and usually occurs where old, relatively weak, bricks are re-used inappropriately, particularly in areas of excessive dampness. It can also occur if the brickwork has been covered by a surface treatment because the salts may crystallise behind the treated surface and force it off.		Crystallisation of salts just below the surface of bricks can also cause spalling. This is known as cryptoflorescence. The problem is often associated with magnesium salts. Cryptoflorescence is associated with a large build-up of salts and usually occurs where old, relatively weak, bricks are re-used inappropriately, particularly in areas of excessive dampness. It can also occur if the brickwork has been covered by a surface treatment because the salts may crystallise behind the treated surface and force it off.
		+
		+	= Research =
		+
		+	In February 2019, researchers from the University of Sheffield used fibres extracted from the textile reinforcement used in tyres to reduce concrete’s tendency to spall explosively under the intense heat of a fire. Ref [http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/ http://www.constructionmanagermagazine.com/news/old-tyres-improve-concrete-fire-resistance/]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
Line 69:		Line 73:
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* Interfire - [http://www.interfire.org/features/spalling.asp Spalling]		* Interfire - [http://www.interfire.org/features/spalling.asp Spalling]

Editor at 17:40, 5 February 2019

2019-02-05T17:40:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 5 February 2019
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Crystallisation of salts just below the surface of bricks can also cause spalling. This is known as cryptoflorescence. The problem is often associated with magnesium salts. Cryptoflorescence is associated with a large build-up of salts and usually occurs where old, relatively weak, bricks are re-used inappropriately, particularly in areas of excessive dampness. It can also occur if the brickwork has been covered by a surface treatment because the salts may crystallise behind the treated surface and force it off.		Crystallisation of salts just below the surface of bricks can also cause spalling. This is known as cryptoflorescence. The problem is often associated with magnesium salts. Cryptoflorescence is associated with a large build-up of salts and usually occurs where old, relatively weak, bricks are re-used inappropriately, particularly in areas of excessive dampness. It can also occur if the brickwork has been covered by a surface treatment because the salts may crystallise behind the treated surface and force it off.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Admixtures in concrete.		* Admixtures in concrete.
Line 62:		Line 60:
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
	* Mould growth in buildings.		* Mould growth in buildings.
		+	* Parapet.
	* Penetrating damp.		* Penetrating damp.
	* Reinforced concrete.		* Reinforced concrete.

Editor at 14:51, 22 June 2018

2018-06-22T14:51:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:51, 22 June 2018
Line 49:		Line 49:

	* Admixtures in concrete.		* Admixtures in concrete.
		+	* Alkali-silica reaction (ASR).
	* Brick.		* Brick.
	* Concrete.		* Concrete.

Designing Buildings at 10:43, 10 June 2018

2018-06-10T10:43:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 10 June 2018
Line 49:		Line 49:

	* Admixtures in concrete.		* Admixtures in concrete.
−	* Asbestos in construction.
	* Brick.		* Brick.
	* Concrete.		* Concrete.
Line 58:		Line 57:
	* Defects in brickwork.		* Defects in brickwork.
	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.
		+	* Diagnosing the causes of dampness (GR 5 revised).
	* Efflorescence.		* Efflorescence.
−	* Hydrogen embrittlement.
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
	* Mould growth in buildings.		* Mould growth in buildings.
Line 68:		Line 67:
	* Rising damp in walls - diagnosis and treatment (DG 245).		* Rising damp in walls - diagnosis and treatment (DG 245).
	* Settlement.		* Settlement.
−	* Sick building syndrome.
−	* Sinkholes.
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

109.153.156.196 at 10:46, 31 May 2018

2018-05-31T10:46:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:46, 31 May 2018
Line 34:		Line 34:
	Bricks will deteriorate through spalling as a result of moisture penetration, eventually resulting in the brick cracking. This can be a particular problem with softer, more absorbent bricks.		Bricks will deteriorate through spalling as a result of moisture penetration, eventually resulting in the brick cracking. This can be a particular problem with softer, more absorbent bricks.

−	One of the ~~commonest~~ causes of spalling in old, solid walled buildings is the use of cement pointing, over soft lime mortar joints. Interstitial moisture is lost primarily through the mortar joints - the lungs of the wall - and when blocked with cement, this moisture then tries to escape through the brick faces, blowing them.	+	One of the most common causes of spalling in old, solid walled buildings is the use of cement pointing, over soft lime mortar joints. Interstitial moisture is lost primarily through the mortar joints - the lungs of the wall - and when blocked with cement, this moisture then tries to escape through the brick faces, blowing them.

	Water is absorbed by the porous surface of bricks, and in cold periods, expansion by freezing can cause bricks to crack. Fluctuations in weather, humidity and temperature are a major factor, as even the slightest movement in the structure can leave holes in mortar through which moisture can penetrate to the brickwork. Very soft lime mortar will alleviate this problem, being highly porous, and it soaks up moisture, releasing it as conditions change. Other elements of the building can lead to similar problems, for instance, windows and gutters that leak, damaged chimneys, doors and windows and around the foundations.		Water is absorbed by the porous surface of bricks, and in cold periods, expansion by freezing can cause bricks to crack. Fluctuations in weather, humidity and temperature are a major factor, as even the slightest movement in the structure can leave holes in mortar through which moisture can penetrate to the brickwork. Very soft lime mortar will alleviate this problem, being highly porous, and it soaks up moisture, releasing it as conditions change. Other elements of the building can lead to similar problems, for instance, windows and gutters that leak, damaged chimneys, doors and windows and around the foundations.