Soil moisture content, construction and landscaping - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 05:58, 19 August 2022

2022-08-19T05:58:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:58, 19 August 2022
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	However certain conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas. This can impact landscape as well as agriculture in a number of ways:		However certain conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas. This can impact landscape as well as agriculture in a number of ways:

−	* Delaying ~~the~~ seeding times	+	* Delaying seeding times.
−	* Patchy plant or crop growth	+	* Patchy plant or crop growth.
−	* Soil wind erosion ~~increased~~	+	* Soil wind erosion.
−	* Uneven leaching and nutrient spread	+	* Uneven leaching and nutrient spread.
−	* Surface water runoff and erosion ~~increased~~	+	* Surface water runoff and erosion.

	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic soil.		Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic soil.

−	It is often caused naturally by organic compounds ~~deriving~~ from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms and natural waxes produced by soil microbes, fungi, certain waxy leaves and peat ~~aswell~~ as fire or coarsely textured soils. Moisture content is crucial for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry, likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic.	+	It is often caused naturally by organic compounds from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms and natural waxes produced by soil microbes, fungi, certain waxy leaves and peat as well as fire or coarsely textured soils.

−	~~Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil~~ becomes very dry ~~require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into~~ dry soils ~~but cause an increase in surface water run~~-~~off~~ and ~~surface soil erosion~~.	+	Moisture content is crucial. For example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry. Likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic.

−	~~In general~~ soil ~~water repellence~~ can be ~~assessed by measuring the rates at which~~ water ~~droplets~~ soak ~~or penetrate the ground where:~~	+	Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can be. This means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence. Heavy rainfall will not soak into dry soils but will cause an increase in surface water run-off and surface soil erosion.

−	* A droplet penetrates in less than 5 seconds there is no water repellence ~~issue~~	+	In general soil water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak or penetrate into the ground.
−	* A droplet penetrates in 5-60 seconds there is a slight water ~~repellence issue~~	+
−	* A droplet penetrates in 1-10 minutes there is a water repellence issue	+
−	* A droplet penetrates in more than 10 minutes there is a severe water repellence issue	+

−	~~However~~ a ~~number of factors can make assessment more complex : Drying of the top 10mm of soil can volatalise waxes that cause repellence making~~ water ~~on the surface appear to soak~~ in~~, however if the top~~ 5-~~10mm~~ is ~~scraped away and~~ water ~~placed on the soil underneath the next layer can often be highly repellent. Soil moisture~~ is ~~not always consistent across an area and remnant root systems or biopores may act as pathways for~~ water ~~to enter rather than soak~~ in.	+	* Where a droplet penetrates in less than 5 seconds there is no water repellence issue
		+	* Where a droplet penetrates in 5-60 seconds there is a slight water repellence issue
		+	* Where a droplet penetrates in 1-10 minutes there is a water repellence issue
		+	* Where a droplet penetrates in more than 10 minutes there is a severe water repellence issue

−	Whilst in general soil water repellence or hydrophic soils are less common in temperate or humid climates, prolonged periods of dry weather can change the moisture content in soils increasing the ~~likely hood~~ of becoming hydrophobic.	+	However a number of factors can make assessment more complex. Drying of the top 10mm of soil can volatalise waxes that cause repellence making water on the surface appear to soak in, however if the top 5-10mm is scraped away and water placed on the soil underneath the next layer can often be highly repellent. Soil moisture is not always consistent across an area and remnant root systems or biopores may act as pathways for water to enter rather than soak in.
		+
		+	Whilst in general soil water repellence or hydrophic soils are less common in temperate or humid climates, prolonged periods of dry weather can change the moisture content in soils increasing the likelihood of becoming hydrophobic.

	= Repair of soils =		= Repair of soils =
Line 50:		Line 52:
	There are a number of stepped approaches that can be taken to reduce water repellence:		There are a number of stepped approaches that can be taken to reduce water repellence:

−	* Wetting agents - these are surfactants or a substances that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread or be absorbed more easily such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid, Agar Agar or Seaweed Gelatin.	+	* Wetting agents - these are surfactants or a substances that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread or be absorbed more easily, such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid, Agar Agar or Seaweed Gelatin.
−	* Aeration - this helps to break waxy coating that ca form after hot weather and prolonged periods of drought, stopping water penetration.	+	* Aeration - this helps to break the waxy coating that can form after hot weather and prolonged periods of drought, stopping water penetration.
−	* Amendment - It may be a lack of living organic matter in the soil as a result of ~~the~~ dry weather, so digging in extra-fine compost, wood chips, or ~~types of~~ fine organic matter will assist in soil ammendment.	+	* Amendment - there may be a lack of living organic matter in the soil as a result of dry weather, so digging in extra-fine compost, wood chips, or fine organic matter will assist in soil ammendment.
−	* Hydration - ~~This~~ is a key element in returning soil moisture ~~contant~~ back to a level that decreases repellency.	+	* Hydration - this is a key element in returning soil moisture content back to a level that decreases repellency.

	= External links =		= External links =

−	[https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem]	+	* [https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem]
−		+	* [https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/ https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/]
−	[https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/ https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/]	+	* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/]
−		+	* [https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave]
−	[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/]	+
−		+
−	[https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave]	+

−	= Related ~~Articles~~ on Designing Buildings =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Burland scale.		* Burland scale.
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	* Moisture content.		* Moisture content.
	* Sinkholes.		* Sinkholes.
		+	* Subsidence.
	* Tree root subsidence.		* Tree root subsidence.
	* Types of soil		* Types of soil

Designing Buildings at 05:51, 19 August 2022

2022-08-19T05:51:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:51, 19 August 2022
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−	[[File:~~Dewdrops leaf and dry ground~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Dewdrops_leaf_and_dry_ground.jpg\|link=File:Dewdrops_leaf_and_dry_ground.jpg]]

	= Soil and surface soil moisture =		= Soil and surface soil moisture =

−	Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample~~, it~~ is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids ~~in the sample~~, expressed as a percentage. Soil moisture is sometimes called soil water, it represents the water in land surfaces (excluding in rivers, lakes, or groundwater)~~, it~~ is the total amount of water, including the water vapour, in an unsaturated soil that resides in the pores of the ~~soil. The moisture content of a soil will often vary, depending on the depth the soil, Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) refers to the water content within only the upper 5 cm of~~ soil.	+	Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample. It is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids, expressed as a percentage. Soil moisture is sometimes called soil water, it represents the water in land surfaces (excluding rivers, lakes, or groundwater) and is the total amount of water, including the water vapour, in an unsaturated soil that resides in the pores of the soil.

−	~~= Soil~~ moisture ~~and construction =~~	+	The moisture content of a soil will often vary with depth. Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) refers to the water content within only the upper 5 cm of soil.

−	~~The~~ moisture ~~content of soil is important in the~~ construction of buildings because it relates to the stability of the ground on which the buildings are built, too dry or too wet can impact the stability of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express a correct balance of moisture that allows good soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted movement.	+	= Soil moisture and construction =

−	~~Where there is substantial amounts of~~ moisture ~~within a~~ soil, the ~~water molecules provide added support, strength and grip by~~ the ~~formation~~ of ~~air-water interfaces. Heavily compacted soils usually have less moisture content, less pore volume, and higher density~~ which can ~~be problematic for construction but suitable for road construction~~.	+	The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it relates to the stability of the ground on which the buildings are built. Too dry or too wet can impact the stability of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express the balance of moisture that allows good soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted movement.

−	~~Expansive soils~~ are ~~soils that contain clay minerals capable~~ of ~~absorbing water~~, ~~when they absorb~~ water, ~~they increase in volume by up to ten percent, (hence the name)~~ and ~~can shrink~~ by the ~~same as they dry~~. ~~These changes in~~ volume ~~can exert enough forces to cause damage to buildings~~ and ~~structures~~.	+	Where there are substantial amounts of moisture within a soil, the water molecules provide added support, strength and grip by the formation of air-water interfaces. Heavily compacted soils usually have less moisture content, less pore volume, and higher density which can be problematic for construction but suitable for road construction.

−	~~Most properties in the greater London area for example~~ are ~~built on London Clay which is a shrinkable~~ of ~~soil type, making it historically a hotspot for subsidence~~. ~~Following the record temperatures during the summer of 2018~~, ~~insurers reported that subsidence claims rose~~ by ~~25%~~, ~~whilst~~ the ~~announcement of drought along with record temperatures of 2022 means insurers are expecting a further increase~~ in ~~claims later in the year~~.	+	Expansive soils are soils that contain clay minerals capable of absorbing water. When they absorb water, they increase in volume by up to ten percent, (hence the name) and can shrink by the same amount as they dry. These changes in volume can exert enough force to cause damage to buildings and other structures.

−	~~For more information visit Designing Buildings page Subsidence~~ of ~~buildings~~.	+	Most properties in the greater London area are built on London Clay which is a shrinkable soil type, making it historically a hotspot for subsidence. Following the record temperatures during the summer of 2018, insurers reported that subsidence claims rose by 25%, whilst the announcement of drought along with the record temperatures of 2022 means insurers are expecting a further increase in claims.

−	= Soil moisture and ~~landscaping~~ =	+	= Soil moisture and landscape =

−	In terms of ~~landscaping~~ and planting around buildings (as well as agriculture), ~~obviously~~ moisture content is vital ~~for vegetation growth~~, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots, as are nutrients from additives such as compost.	+	In terms of landscape and planting around buildings (as well as agriculture), moisture content is vital, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered the most useful for plant roots, as are nutrients from additives such as compost.

−	However certain ~~circumstances or~~ conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas ~~of land~~. This can impact ~~landscaping~~ as well as agriculture in a number of ways by:	+	However certain conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas. This can impact landscape as well as agriculture in a number of ways:

	* Delaying the seeding times		* Delaying the seeding times

Editor: moved Soil moisture content for land and buildings to Soil moisture content, construction and landscaping

2022-08-18T20:44:10Z

moved Soil moisture content for land and buildings to Soil moisture content, construction and landscaping

← Older revision

Revision as of 20:44, 18 August 2022

Editor at 20:43, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T20:43:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:43, 18 August 2022
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		+	[[File:Dewdrops leaf and dry ground.jpg]]
		+
	= Soil and surface soil moisture =		= Soil and surface soil moisture =

Editor at 20:33, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T20:33:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 18 August 2022
Line 5:		Line 5:
	= Soil moisture and construction =		= Soil moisture and construction =

−	The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it relates to the stability of the ground on which the buildings are built, too dry or too wet can impact the stability of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express a correct balance of moisture that allows good soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted movement. Where there is substantial amounts of moisture within a soil, the water molecules provide added support, strength and grip by the formation of air-water interfaces. Heavily compacted soils usually have less moisture content, less pore volume, and higher density which can be problematic for construction but suitable for road construction.	+	The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it relates to the stability of the ground on which the buildings are built, too dry or too wet can impact the stability of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express a correct balance of moisture that allows good soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted movement.

−	Expansive soils are soils that contain clay minerals capable of absorbing water, when they absorb water, they increase in volume by up to ten percent, (hence the name) and can shrink by the same as they dry. These changes in volume can exert enough forces to cause damage to buildings and structures. Most properties in the greater London area for example are built on London Clay which is a shrinkable of soil type, making it historically a hotspot for subsidence. Following the record temperatures during the summer of 2018, insurers reported that subsidence claims rose by 25%, whilst the announcement of drought along with record temperatures of 2022 means insurers are expecting a further increase in claims later in the year.	+	Where there is substantial amounts of moisture within a soil, the water molecules provide added support, strength and grip by the formation of air-water interfaces. Heavily compacted soils usually have less moisture content, less pore volume, and higher density which can be problematic for construction but suitable for road construction.
		+
		+	Expansive soils are soils that contain clay minerals capable of absorbing water, when they absorb water, they increase in volume by up to ten percent, (hence the name) and can shrink by the same as they dry. These changes in volume can exert enough forces to cause damage to buildings and structures.
		+
		+	Most properties in the greater London area for example are built on London Clay which is a shrinkable of soil type, making it historically a hotspot for subsidence. Following the record temperatures during the summer of 2018, insurers reported that subsidence claims rose by 25%, whilst the announcement of drought along with record temperatures of 2022 means insurers are expecting a further increase in claims later in the year.
		+
		+	For more information visit Designing Buildings page Subsidence of buildings.

	= Soil moisture and landscaping =		= Soil moisture and landscaping =

−	In terms of landscaping and planting around buildings (as well as agriculture), obviously moisture content is vital for vegetation growth, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots, as are nutrients from additives such as compost. However certain circumstances or conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas of land. This can impact landscaping as well as agriculture in a number of ways by:	+	In terms of landscaping and planting around buildings (as well as agriculture), obviously moisture content is vital for vegetation growth, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots, as are nutrients from additives such as compost.
		+
		+	However certain circumstances or conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas of land. This can impact landscaping as well as agriculture in a number of ways by:

	* Delaying the seeding times		* Delaying the seeding times
Line 19:		Line 27:
	* Surface water runoff and erosion increased		* Surface water runoff and erosion increased

−	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic soil. It is often caused naturally by organic compounds deriving from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms and natural waxes, ~~especially when dry~~, for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry~~. Likewise~~ dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic. Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into dry soils but cause an increase in surface water run-off and surface soil erosion.	+	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic soil.
		+
		+	It is often caused naturally by organic compounds deriving from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms and natural waxes produced by soil microbes, fungi, certain waxy leaves and peat aswell as fire or coarsely textured soils. Moisture content is crucial for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry, likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic.
		+
		+	Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into dry soils but cause an increase in surface water run-off and surface soil erosion.

	In general soil water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak or penetrate the ground where:		In general soil water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak or penetrate the ground where:
Line 30:		Line 42:
	However a number of factors can make assessment more complex : Drying of the top 10mm of soil can volatalise waxes that cause repellence making water on the surface appear to soak in, however if the top 5-10mm is scraped away and water placed on the soil underneath the next layer can often be highly repellent. Soil moisture is not always consistent across an area and remnant root systems or biopores may act as pathways for water to enter rather than soak in.		However a number of factors can make assessment more complex : Drying of the top 10mm of soil can volatalise waxes that cause repellence making water on the surface appear to soak in, however if the top 5-10mm is scraped away and water placed on the soil underneath the next layer can often be highly repellent. Soil moisture is not always consistent across an area and remnant root systems or biopores may act as pathways for water to enter rather than soak in.

−	Whilst in general soil water repellence or hydrophic soils are less common in temperate or humid climates, prolonged periods of dry weather can change the moisture content in soils increasing the likely hood of becoming hydrophobic. ~~In general~~ the	+	Whilst in general soil water repellence or hydrophic soils are less common in temperate or humid climates, prolonged periods of dry weather can change the moisture content in soils increasing the likely hood of becoming hydrophobic.
		+
		+	= Repair of soils =
		+
		+	There are a number of stepped approaches that can be taken to reduce water repellence:
		+
		+	* Wetting agents - these are surfactants or a substances that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing it to spread or be absorbed more easily such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate, Sodium Laureth Sulfate, Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid, Agar Agar or Seaweed Gelatin.
		+	* Aeration - this helps to break waxy coating that ca form after hot weather and prolonged periods of drought, stopping water penetration.
		+	* Amendment - It may be a lack of living organic matter in the soil as a result of the dry weather, so digging in extra-fine compost, wood chips, or types of fine organic matter will assist in soil ammendment.
		+	* Hydration - This is a key element in returning soil moisture contant back to a level that decreases repellency.

	= External links =		= External links =
		+
		+	[https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem https://www.agric.wa.gov.au/water-repellence/soil-water-repellence-diagnosing-problem]

	[https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/ https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/]		[https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/ https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/]

	[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/]		[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/]
		+
		+	[https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2022-08-11/what-happens-when-it-rains-after-a-heatwave]
		+
		+	= Related Articles on Designing Buildings =
		+
		+	* Burland scale.
		+	* Cracking and building movement.
		+	* Ground conditions.
		+	* Moisture content.
		+	* Sinkholes.
		+	* Tree root subsidence.
		+	* Types of soil
		+	* Underpinning.
		+
		+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Sustainability]] [[Category:Construction_management]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Editor at 20:09, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T20:09:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:09, 18 August 2022
Line 19:		Line 19:
	* Surface water runoff and erosion increased		* Surface water runoff and erosion increased

−	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic. It is often caused naturally by organic compounds deriving from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms, especially when dry, for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry. Likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic. Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into ~~the~~ soils ~~and just~~ cause an increase in surface soil erosion.	+	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic soil. It is often caused naturally by organic compounds deriving from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms and natural waxes, especially when dry, for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry. Likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic. Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into dry soils but cause an increase in surface water run-off and surface soil erosion.

−	~~Soil~~ water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak ~~into~~ the ground~~, but this can have a number of factors making it more complex~~:	+	In general soil water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak or penetrate the ground where:

−	~~Heating of the surface~~ 5~~-10mm of soil by the sun can volatalise the waxes that cause repellence and~~ water ~~placed on the surface will appear to soak~~ in~~. However if the top~~ 5-~~10mm~~ is ~~scraped away and~~ water ~~placed on the soil underneath it can often be highly repellent.~~	+	* A droplet penetrates in less than 5 seconds there is no water repellence issue
		+	* A droplet penetrates in 5-60 seconds there is a slight water repellence issue
		+	* A droplet penetrates in 1-10 minutes there is a water repellence issue
		+	* A droplet penetrates in more than 10 minutes there is a severe water repellence issue

−	~~Variable~~ soil moisture ~~content~~.	+	However a number of factors can make assessment more complex : Drying of the top 10mm of soil can volatalise waxes that cause repellence making water on the surface appear to soak in, however if the top 5-10mm is scraped away and water placed on the soil underneath the next layer can often be highly repellent. Soil moisture is not always consistent across an area and remnant root systems or biopores may act as pathways for water to enter rather than soak in.

−	~~Prescence of remnant root systems or biopores that may act as preferred pathways for~~ water ~~to enter~~.	+	Whilst in general soil water repellence or hydrophic soils are less common in temperate or humid climates, prolonged periods of dry weather can change the moisture content in soils increasing the likely hood of becoming hydrophobic. In general the

	= External links =		= External links =

Editor at 19:44, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T19:44:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:44, 18 August 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	= ~~Terminology~~ =	+	= Soil and surface soil moisture =

	Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage. Soil moisture is sometimes called soil water, it represents the water in land surfaces (excluding in rivers, lakes, or groundwater), it is the total amount of water, including the water vapour, in an unsaturated soil that resides in the pores of the soil. The moisture content of a soil will often vary, depending on the depth the soil, Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) refers to the water content within only the upper 5 cm of soil.		Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage. Soil moisture is sometimes called soil water, it represents the water in land surfaces (excluding in rivers, lakes, or groundwater), it is the total amount of water, including the water vapour, in an unsaturated soil that resides in the pores of the soil. The moisture content of a soil will often vary, depending on the depth the soil, Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) refers to the water content within only the upper 5 cm of soil.
Line 11:		Line 11:
	= Soil moisture and landscaping =		= Soil moisture and landscaping =

−	In terms of landscaping and planting around buildings, obviously moisture content is vital for vegetation growth, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots.	+	In terms of landscaping and planting around buildings (as well as agriculture), obviously moisture content is vital for vegetation growth, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots, as are nutrients from additives such as compost. However certain circumstances or conditions can cause a phenomenon known as water repellence, which is where water does not soak into soil easily or soaks unevenly to different areas of land. This can impact landscaping as well as agriculture in a number of ways by:
		+
		+	* Delaying the seeding times
		+	* Patchy plant or crop growth
		+	* Soil wind erosion increased
		+	* Uneven leaching and nutrient spread
		+	* Surface water runoff and erosion increased
		+
		+	Ground cover with this characteristic is also referred to as hydrophobic soil (literally water fearing), with the opposite being hydrophilic. It is often caused naturally by organic compounds deriving from living or decomposing plants or microorganisms, especially when dry, for example compost becomes very hydrophobic when dry. Likewise dry soils, particularly with low clay content and sandy top-soils such as pale deep sands, sandy duplex and gravel soils are hydrophobic. Generally the drier a soil becomes, the more hydrophobic it can become, this means long hot periods where soil becomes very dry require gradual rain over longer periods to overcome soil water repellence, heavy rainfall will not soak into the soils and just cause an increase in surface soil erosion.
		+
		+	Soil water repellence can be assessed by measuring the rates at which water droplets soak into the ground, but this can have a number of factors making it more complex:
		+
		+	Heating of the surface 5-10mm of soil by the sun can volatalise the waxes that cause repellence and water placed on the surface will appear to soak in. However if the top 5-10mm is scraped away and water placed on the soil underneath it can often be highly repellent.
		+
		+	Variable soil moisture content.
		+
		+	Prescence of remnant root systems or biopores that may act as preferred pathways for water to enter.

	= External links =		= External links =

Editor at 18:28, 18 August 2022

2022-08-18T18:28:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:28, 18 August 2022
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−	Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage. ~~Because~~ the moisture content of soil will often vary depending on ~~how deep~~ the ~~soil is~~ the ~~term~~ Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) ~~is also used, which~~ refers to the water content within the upper 5 cm of soil. ~~the upper 200 cm of soil~~ moisture ~~is considered as useful for plant roots, beyond which it is too deep.~~ The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it ~~will relate~~ to the stability of the ground on which buildings are built, too dry or too wet can ~~have different~~ impact of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express ~~findingthe~~ correct balance ~~of moisture in a soild, a degree~~ of moisture that allows soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted ~~moveemnt~~. .	+	= Terminology =
		+
		+	Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage. Soil moisture is sometimes called soil water, it represents the water in land surfaces (excluding in rivers, lakes, or groundwater), it is the total amount of water, including the water vapour, in an unsaturated soil that resides in the pores of the soil. The moisture content of a soil will often vary, depending on the depth the soil, Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) refers to the water content within only the upper 5 cm of soil.
		+
		+	= Soil moisture and construction =
		+
		+	The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it relates to the stability of the ground on which the buildings are built, too dry or too wet can impact the stability of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express a correct balance of moisture that allows good soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted movement. Where there is substantial amounts of moisture within a soil, the water molecules provide added support, strength and grip by the formation of air-water interfaces. Heavily compacted soils usually have less moisture content, less pore volume, and higher density which can be problematic for construction but suitable for road construction.
		+
		+	Expansive soils are soils that contain clay minerals capable of absorbing water, when they absorb water, they increase in volume by up to ten percent, (hence the name) and can shrink by the same as they dry. These changes in volume can exert enough forces to cause damage to buildings and structures. Most properties in the greater London area for example are built on London Clay which is a shrinkable of soil type, making it historically a hotspot for subsidence. Following the record temperatures during the summer of 2018, insurers reported that subsidence claims rose by 25%, whilst the announcement of drought along with record temperatures of 2022 means insurers are expecting a further increase in claims later in the year.
		+
		+	= Soil moisture and landscaping =
		+
		+	In terms of landscaping and planting around buildings, obviously moisture content is vital for vegetation growth, with the upper 200 cm of soil being considered most useful for plant roots.
		+
		+	= External links =
		+
		+	[https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/ https://www.shire-uk.com/hotter-summers-lead-to-a-rise-in-subsidence-claims/]
		+
		+	[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/consumer-affairs/hot-weather-putting-homes-risk-subsidence/]

Editor: moved Soil moisture content for buildings and gardens to Soil moisture content for land and buildings

2022-08-18T12:59:25Z

moved Soil moisture content for buildings and gardens to Soil moisture content for land and buildings

← Older revision

Revision as of 12:59, 18 August 2022

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2022-08-18T12:58:26Z

Created page with "Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in ..."

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Soil Moisture Content (SMC) describes the amount of water in a soil sample, it is calculated by taking the mass of water in the sample and dividing this by the mass of solids in the sample, expressed as a percentage. Because the moisture content of soil will often vary depending on how deep the soil is the term Surface Soil Moisture (SSM) is also used, which refers to the water content within the upper 5 cm of soil. the upper 200 cm of soil moisture is considered as useful for plant roots, beyond which it is too deep. The moisture content of soil is important in the construction of buildings because it will relate to the stability of the ground on which buildings are built, too dry or too wet can have different impact of built structures. The term Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is used to express findingthe correct balance of moisture in a soild, a degree of moisture that allows soil compaction without causing crumbling or unwanted moveemnt. .