Ronan Point - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 15:01, 8 May 2024

2024-05-08T15:01:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:01, 8 May 2024
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	* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).		* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).

−	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_News]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_News]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Building_safety]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]

146.90.54.182 at 18:49, 24 July 2022

2022-07-24T18:49:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 24 July 2022
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	[[File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg]]		[[File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg]]

−	The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the building regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower which was not adequate for even small explosions or for expected wind loadings; nor would it be adequate in a fire, which could have ~~lead~~ to the structure bowing and subsequent collapse.	+	The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the building regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower which was not adequate for even small explosions or for expected wind loadings; nor would it be adequate in a fire, which could have led to the structure bowing and subsequent collapse.

	After the inquiry, the tower was partly rebuilt using strengthened joints which were designed to deal with these issues.		After the inquiry, the tower was partly rebuilt using strengthened joints which were designed to deal with these issues.
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	Most concerning of all was the fact that joints within the structure were found to be filled with newspapers rather than concrete.		Most concerning of all was the fact that joints within the structure were found to be filled with newspapers rather than concrete.

−	Cracking in the load-bearing concrete walls was deemed to make the building unsafe for habitation, and the council decided to ~~demolished~~ it in 1986. The Great Storm of 1987 saw hurricane-force winds that might have caused the building to collapse.	+	Cracking in the load-bearing concrete walls was deemed to make the building unsafe for habitation, and the council decided to demolish it in 1986. The Great Storm of 1987 saw hurricane-force winds that might have caused the building to collapse.

	= Changes to Building Regulations =		= Changes to Building Regulations =

Designing Buildings at 09:03, 30 September 2020

2020-09-30T09:03:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:03, 30 September 2020
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	* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).		* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).

−	[[Category:~~History~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:~~Health_and_safety_/_CDM~~]] [[Category:~~Policy~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Policy~~]] [[Category:~~Standards_~~/~~_measurements~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Standard~~]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_News]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Designing Buildings at 07:18, 29 September 2019

2019-09-29T07:18:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:18, 29 September 2019
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	Measures were also introduced to safeguard buildings in the event of an explosion. These stipulated that all new buildings constructed after November 1968 and taller than 5 storeys, must be capable of resisting an explosive force of 34 kPa (4.9 psi). Existing buildings could be resistant to the lower force of 17 kPa (2.5 psi) if the gas supply was removed and flats were retrofitted with electric cooking and heating.		Measures were also introduced to safeguard buildings in the event of an explosion. These stipulated that all new buildings constructed after November 1968 and taller than 5 storeys, must be capable of resisting an explosive force of 34 kPa (4.9 psi). Existing buildings could be resistant to the lower force of 17 kPa (2.5 psi) if the gas supply was removed and flats were retrofitted with electric cooking and heating.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Adam Curtis - The Great British Housing Disaster.		* Adam Curtis - The Great British Housing Disaster.
Line 59:		Line 57:
	* Modular buildings.		* Modular buildings.
	* Offsite manufacturing.		* Offsite manufacturing.
		+	* Prefab bungalows.
	* Prefabrication.		* Prefabrication.
	* Structural failures.		* Structural failures.
	* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).		* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).

−	[[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]

65.92.98.85 at 22:14, 25 March 2018

2018-03-25T22:14:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:14, 25 March 2018
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	Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after opening.		Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after opening.

−	A gas explosion resulted in the progressive collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed ~~four~~ people and injured 17 other residents. The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in a newly-installed cooker.	+	A gas explosion resulted in the progressive collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed 4 people and injured 17 other residents. The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in a newly-installed cooker.

	The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as the floors above were then unsupported.		The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as the floors above were then unsupported.
Line 15:		Line 15:
	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =

−	At more ~~that~~ 200 ft tall, and containing 110 flats, Ronan Point was built by Taylor Woodrow Anglian using a construction technique known as Large Panel System building (LPS). This involved the off-site prefabrication of large concrete sections that were than lifted into position by crane and bolting together.	+	At more than 200 ft tall, and containing 110 flats, Ronan Point was built by Taylor Woodrow Anglian using a construction technique known as Large Panel System building (LPS). This involved the off-site prefabrication of large concrete sections that were than lifted into position by crane and bolting together.

	These sort of system-built blocks had been constructed en masse in the post-war push for increased housing provision. The previous year (1967), had seen the largest ever number of new flats and houses built – 470,000.		These sort of system-built blocks had been constructed en masse in the post-war push for increased housing provision. The previous year (1967), had seen the largest ever number of new flats and houses built – 470,000.

Designing Buildings at 08:05, 25 June 2017

2017-06-25T08:05:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:05, 25 June 2017
Line 61:		Line 61:
	* Prefabrication.		* Prefabrication.
	* Structural failures.		* Structural failures.
		+	* The structural condition of Easiform cavity-walled dwellings (BR 130).

	[[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]		[[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Designing Buildings at 13:37, 20 June 2017

2017-06-20T13:37:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:37, 20 June 2017
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	= Changes to Building Regulations =		= Changes to Building Regulations =

−	In the wake of the Ronan Point collapse, ~~major~~ changes were ~~introduced~~ to the building regulations. ‘Disproportionate collapse’ is covered in Part A, and requires that ‘the building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident, the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause.’	+	In the wake of the Ronan Point collapse, changes were made to the building regulations. ‘Disproportionate collapse’ is now covered in Part A, and requires that ‘the building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident, the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause.’

−	~~Interim measures~~ were also introduced ~~by the government~~ to safeguard buildings in the event of an explosion. These stipulated that all new buildings constructed after November 1968 and taller than 5 storeys, must be capable of resisting an explosive force of 34 kPa (4.9 psi).	+	Measures were also introduced to safeguard buildings in the event of an explosion. These stipulated that all new buildings constructed after November 1968 and taller than 5 storeys, must be capable of resisting an explosive force of 34 kPa (4.9 psi). Existing buildings could be resistant to the lower force of 17 kPa (2.5 psi) if the gas supply was removed and flats were retrofitted with electric cooking and heating.
−		+
−	Existing buildings~~, so long as the gas supply was removed and flats were retrofitted with provision for electric cooking and heating,~~ could be resistant to the lower force of 17 kPa (2.5 psi).	+

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 13:35, 20 June 2017

2017-06-20T13:35:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 20 June 2017
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	The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as the floors above were then unsupported.		The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as the floors above were then unsupported.

−	Despite the relatively low casualty rate, the impact of Ronan Point was dramatic. As the blame being placed on poor design and construction, public confidence in tower blocks fell dramatically, and this spelt the end of the high-rise as ~~a solution~~ to the post-war housing crisis.	+	Despite the relatively low casualty rate, the impact of Ronan Point was dramatic. As the blame being placed on poor design and construction, public confidence in tower blocks fell dramatically, and this spelt the end of the high-rise and prefabrication as solutions to the post-war housing crisis.

	The architectural profession was also badly tarnished by the event, and modernism in general, being synonymous with high-rises, suffered similar criticism. In the 20 years following the disaster, a large number of similar tower blocks were demolished and major changes were made to the building regulations.		The architectural profession was also badly tarnished by the event, and modernism in general, being synonymous with high-rises, suffered similar criticism. In the 20 years following the disaster, a large number of similar tower blocks were demolished and major changes were made to the building regulations.
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	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =

−	At ~~over~~ 200 ft tall, and ~~comprising~~ 110 flats, Ronan Point was built by Taylor Woodrow Anglian using a construction technique known as Large Panel System building (LPS). This involved the off-site prefabrication of large concrete sections~~, before lifting them~~ into position by crane and bolting ~~them~~ together.	+	At more that 200 ft tall, and containing 110 flats, Ronan Point was built by Taylor Woodrow Anglian using a construction technique known as Large Panel System building (LPS). This involved the off-site prefabrication of large concrete sections that were than lifted into position by crane and bolting together.

−	~~System~~-built blocks had been constructed en masse in the post-war push for increased housing provision. The previous year (1967), had seen the largest ~~number~~ ever ~~recorded~~ of new flats and houses ~~being~~ built – 470,000.	+	These sort of system-built blocks had been constructed en masse in the post-war push for increased housing provision. The previous year (1967), had seen the largest ever number of new flats and houses built – 470,000.

−	The sheer scale of this production could be partly attributed to the Housing Act 1956, which introduced subsidies to local councils for every floor that was built over five storeys~~, which served as a clear financial incentive to build high-rises as a solution for housing their citizens~~.	+	The sheer scale of this production could be partly attributed to the Housing Act 1956, which introduced subsidies to local councils for every floor that was built over five storeys.

	= Inquiry =		= Inquiry =
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	[[File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg]]		[[File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg]]

−	The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the ~~current~~ regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower.	+	The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the building regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower which was not adequate for even small explosions or for expected wind loadings; nor would it be adequate in a fire, which could have lead to the structure bowing and subsequent collapse.

−	The inquiry found that it was not adequate for even small explosions; nor was it adequate for expected wind loadings; nor was it adequate in a fire, which could lead to the structure bowing and subsequent collapse.	+	After the inquiry, the tower was partly rebuilt using strengthened joints which were designed to deal with these issues.
−		+
−	After the inquiry, the tower was partly rebuilt using strengthened joints which were designed to deal with ~~those~~ issues.	+

	= Subsequent investigations =		= Subsequent investigations =
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	In the years following the inquiry, several people campaigned on the basis that it had unsatisfactorily investigated every issue.		In the years following the inquiry, several people campaigned on the basis that it had unsatisfactorily investigated every issue.

−	Subsequent investigations, which led to the building’s eventual demolition, found that the revised wind loading assumptions were inadequate because ~~it was~~ based on the assumption that all the windows were closed. If under heavy wind loading, a window was broken or was left open, pressure on one side of a wall panel and suction on the other could have led to a similar failure.	+	Subsequent investigations, which led to the building’s eventual demolition, found that the revised wind loading assumptions were inadequate because they were based on the assumption that all the windows were closed. If, under heavy wind loading, a window was broken or was left open, pressure on one side of a wall panel and suction on the other could have led to a similar failure.

	Other construction defects were found, such as the fact that, instead of being spread evenly along the panel, the whole weight of each wall panel was being supported by the panel beneath by two steel rods, resulting in very high stresses. Also, strengthening brackets fitted during the rebuilding were often incorrectly attached, having been fastened to the thin concrete surrounding the hollow-core slabs.		Other construction defects were found, such as the fact that, instead of being spread evenly along the panel, the whole weight of each wall panel was being supported by the panel beneath by two steel rods, resulting in very high stresses. Also, strengthening brackets fitted during the rebuilding were often incorrectly attached, having been fastened to the thin concrete surrounding the hollow-core slabs.

−	Most concerning of all was the fact that ~~when~~ joints within the structure ~~were examined they~~ were found to be filled with newspapers rather than concrete~~. The whole building’s weight was being carried by leveling bolts, two per panel, instead of being carried by walls resting on a continuous bed of mortar.~~	+	Most concerning of all was the fact that joints within the structure were found to be filled with newspapers rather than concrete.
−		+
−	The cracking in the load-bearing concrete walls as a result of the pressure, was deemed to make the building unsafe for habitation, given that extra pressure on those point loadings, such as during a high wind, would result in collapse.	+

−	~~The council decided~~ to ~~evacuate~~ the building and demolished it in 1986. The ~~following year, 1987, was the~~ Great Storm ~~with~~ hurricane-force winds that ~~would very likely~~ have caused the building to collapse.	+	Cracking in the load-bearing concrete walls was deemed to make the building unsafe for habitation, and the council decided to demolished it in 1986. The Great Storm of 1987 saw hurricane-force winds that might have caused the building to collapse.

	= Changes to Building Regulations =		= Changes to Building Regulations =

Designing Buildings at 13:25, 20 June 2017

2017-06-20T13:25:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:25, 20 June 2017
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−	[[File:~~Ronan Point~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Ronan_Point.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_Point.jpg]]

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after opening.		Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after opening.

−	~~The~~ gas explosion resulted in the progressive collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed four people and injured 17 other residents. The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in ~~the~~ newly-installed cooker.	+	A gas explosion resulted in the progressive collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed four people and injured 17 other residents. The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in a newly-installed cooker.

−	The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse ~~due to~~ the floors above ~~being~~ unsupported.	+	The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse as the floors above were then unsupported.

−	Despite the relatively low casualty rate, the impact of Ronan Point was dramatic. ~~Due to~~ the blame being placed on ~~the~~ poor design and construction, public confidence in tower blocks ~~was lost~~, ~~with it spelling~~ the end of the high-rise as a ~~viable~~ solution to the post-war housing crisis.	+	Despite the relatively low casualty rate, the impact of Ronan Point was dramatic. As the blame being placed on poor design and construction, public confidence in tower blocks fell dramatically, and this spelt the end of the high-rise as a solution to the post-war housing crisis.

−	The ~~status of the~~ architectural profession was also badly tarnished by the event, ~~with major changes to the building regulations being made. The status of Modernism~~ in general, being synonymous with high-rises, suffered a similar ~~blow~~. In the 20 years following the disaster, a large number of similar tower blocks were demolished.	+	The architectural profession was also badly tarnished by the event, and modernism in general, being synonymous with high-rises, suffered similar criticism. In the 20 years following the disaster, a large number of similar tower blocks were demolished and major changes were made to the building regulations.

	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =
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	= Inquiry =		= Inquiry =

−	[[File:~~Ronan point tower block failure~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg\|link=File:Ronan_point_tower_block_failure.jpg]]

	The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the current regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower.		The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the current regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower.

Editor: Created page with "File:Ronan Point.jpg = Introduction = Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after..."

2017-06-20T11:25:45Z

Created page with "File:Ronan Point.jpg = Introduction = Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after..."

New page

[[File:Ronan Point.jpg]]

= Introduction =

Ronan Point was a 22-storey tower block in Newham, East London which suffered a partial collapse on 16 May 1968, only two months after opening.

The gas explosion resulted in the progressive collapse of an entire corner of the tower block, which killed four people and injured 17 other residents. The cause of the explosion was a resident striking a match to boil water which ignited the gas that was leaking from a joint in the newly-installed cooker.

The explosion blew out the load-bearing flank walls, which had been supporting the four flats directly above, lifting the ceiling and floor slab. This resulted in a house-of-cards progressive collapse due to the floors above being unsupported.

Despite the relatively low casualty rate, the impact of Ronan Point was dramatic. Due to the blame being placed on the poor design and construction, public confidence in tower blocks was lost, with it spelling the end of the high-rise as a viable solution to the post-war housing crisis.

The status of the architectural profession was also badly tarnished by the event, with major changes to the building regulations being made. The status of Modernism in general, being synonymous with high-rises, suffered a similar blow. In the 20 years following the disaster, a large number of similar tower blocks were demolished.

= Design and construction =

At over 200 ft tall, and comprising 110 flats, Ronan Point was built by Taylor Woodrow Anglian using a construction technique known as Large Panel System building (LPS). This involved the off-site prefabrication of large concrete sections, before lifting them into position by crane and bolting them together.

System-built blocks had been constructed en masse in the post-war push for increased housing provision. The previous year (1967), had seen the largest number ever recorded of new flats and houses being built – 470,000.

The sheer scale of this production could be partly attributed to the Housing Act 1956, which introduced subsidies to local councils for every floor that was built over five storeys, which served as a clear financial incentive to build high-rises as a solution for housing their citizens.

= Inquiry =

[[File:Ronan point tower block failure.jpg]]

The inquiry into the disaster found that although the design had complied with the current regulations, there were several major concerns about the safety and stability of the tower.

The inquiry found that it was not adequate for even small explosions; nor was it adequate for expected wind loadings; nor was it adequate in a fire, which could lead to the structure bowing and subsequent collapse.

After the inquiry, the tower was partly rebuilt using strengthened joints which were designed to deal with those issues.

= Subsequent investigations =

In the years following the inquiry, several people campaigned on the basis that it had unsatisfactorily investigated every issue.

Subsequent investigations, which led to the building’s eventual demolition, found that the revised wind loading assumptions were inadequate because it was based on the assumption that all the windows were closed. If under heavy wind loading, a window was broken or was left open, pressure on one side of a wall panel and suction on the other could have led to a similar failure.

Other construction defects were found, such as the fact that, instead of being spread evenly along the panel, the whole weight of each wall panel was being supported by the panel beneath by two steel rods, resulting in very high stresses. Also, strengthening brackets fitted during the rebuilding were often incorrectly attached, having been fastened to the thin concrete surrounding the hollow-core slabs.

Most concerning of all was the fact that when joints within the structure were examined they were found to be filled with newspapers rather than concrete. The whole building’s weight was being carried by leveling bolts, two per panel, instead of being carried by walls resting on a continuous bed of mortar.

The cracking in the load-bearing concrete walls as a result of the pressure, was deemed to make the building unsafe for habitation, given that extra pressure on those point loadings, such as during a high wind, would result in collapse.

The council decided to evacuate the building and demolished it in 1986. The following year, 1987, was the Great Storm with hurricane-force winds that would very likely have caused the building to collapse.

= Changes to Building Regulations =

In the wake of the Ronan Point collapse, major changes were introduced to the building regulations. ‘Disproportionate collapse’ is covered in Part A, and requires that ‘the building shall be constructed so that in the event of an accident, the building will not suffer collapse to an extent disproportionate to the cause.’

Interim measures were also introduced by the government to safeguard buildings in the event of an explosion. These stipulated that all new buildings constructed after November 1968 and taller than 5 storeys, must be capable of resisting an explosive force of 34 kPa (4.9 psi).

Existing buildings, so long as the gas supply was removed and flats were retrofitted with provision for electric cooking and heating, could be resistant to the lower force of 17 kPa (2.5 psi).

= Find out more =

=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

* Adam Curtis - The Great British Housing Disaster.
* Approved Document A.
* British post-war mass housing.
* De la Concorde overpass collapse.
* Defects in construction.
* Grenfell Tower fire.
* Modular buildings.
* Offsite manufacturing.
* Prefabrication.
* Structural failures.

[[Category:History]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Property_development]]