Roman Classical orders in architecture - Revision history

Editor at 19:11, 8 September 2021

2021-09-08T19:11:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 8 September 2021
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	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
	* Architecture.		* Architecture.
		+	* Church.
	* Classical architecture.		* Classical architecture.
	* Cornice.		* Cornice.
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	* Running dog pattern.		* Running dog pattern.

−	[[Category:~~Conservation~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Definition~~]] [[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:~~History~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Editor at 16:40, 25 March 2021

2021-03-25T16:40:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 25 March 2021
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	* Moulding.		* Moulding.
	* Pedestal.		* Pedestal.
		+	* Putlog holes.
	* Running dog pattern.		* Running dog pattern.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]

Editor at 17:37, 14 October 2020

2020-10-14T17:37:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:37, 14 October 2020
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	* Entablature.		* Entablature.
	* Etruscan architecture.		* Etruscan architecture.
		+	* Exedra.
	* Frieze.		* Frieze.
	* Greek Classical orders in architecture.		* Greek Classical orders in architecture.

Editor at 19:22, 21 September 2020

2020-09-21T19:22:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:22, 21 September 2020
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	* Moulding.		* Moulding.
	* Pedestal.		* Pedestal.
		+	* Running dog pattern.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:~~Definitions~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Definition~~]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]

Editor at 16:50, 13 May 2020

2020-05-13T16:50:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:50, 13 May 2020
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	* Elements of classical columns.		* Elements of classical columns.
	* Entablature.		* Entablature.
		+	* Etruscan architecture.
	* Frieze.		* Frieze.
	* Greek Classical orders in architecture.		* Greek Classical orders in architecture.
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	* Pedestal.		* Pedestal.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:History]]

Designing Buildings at 10:49, 5 May 2020

2020-05-05T10:49:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 5 May 2020
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) are based on combinations of - and variations on - the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders that preceded them.	+	The Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) are based on combinations of - and variations on - the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders that preceded them. For more information on the Greek Classical order, see [[Greek_Classical_orders_in_architecture\|Greek Classical orders in architecture]].
−		+
−	For more on the Greek Classical order, see [[Greek_Classical_orders_in_architecture\|Greek Classical orders in architecture]].	+

	The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.		The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.
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	Roman Classical architecture followed a structured system of proportions that related individual architectural components to the whole building. This system was developed according to several pre-existing orders.		Roman Classical architecture followed a structured system of proportions that related individual architectural components to the whole building. This system was developed according to several pre-existing orders.

−	Each order consisted of an upright support called a column that extended from a base at the bottom to a shaft in the middle ~~and~~ a capital at the top.It, in turn, supported a horizontal element called the entablature, which was divided further into three parts:	+	Each order consisted of an upright support called a column that extended from a base at the bottom through a shaft in the middle to a capital at the top.This, in turn, supported a horizontal element called the entablature, which was divided further into three parts:

	* The architrave (lowest part).		* The architrave (lowest part).
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	The omission of carving was one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which included simplistic entablatures that lacked triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style was identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which was either round or square.		The omission of carving was one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which included simplistic entablatures that lacked triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style was identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which was either round or square.

−	Due to its strength, the Tuscan order was frequently incorporated into the ~~design used~~ for castles, fortresses, military buildings and other places that needed to project a sense of fortification. It was also commonly used in Georgian architecture and gardens, and it is often seen in fence posts or gates where only two columns are required.	+	Due to its strength, the Tuscan order was frequently incorporated into the designs for castles, fortresses, military buildings and other places that needed to project a sense of fortification. It was also commonly used in Georgian architecture and gardens, and it is often seen in fence posts or gates where only two columns are required.

	The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It was sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719-1790).		The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It was sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719-1790).

Editor at 17:51, 4 May 2020

2020-05-04T17:51:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 4 May 2020
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	For more on the Greek Classical order, see [[Greek_Classical_orders_in_architecture\|Greek Classical orders in architecture]].		For more on the Greek Classical order, see [[Greek_Classical_orders_in_architecture\|Greek Classical orders in architecture]].
−
−

	The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.		The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.

Editor at 17:46, 4 May 2020

2020-05-04T17:46:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:46, 4 May 2020
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−	[[File:BeneventoArch.jpg]]	+	[[File:BeneventoArch.jpg\|link=File:BeneventoArch.jpg]]

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) are based on combinations of - and variations on - the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders that preceded them. ~~The Roman~~ Classical orders ~~determined three key characteristics:~~	+	Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) are based on combinations of - and variations on - the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders that preceded them.
		+
		+	For more on the Greek Classical order, see [[Greek_Classical_orders_in_architecture\|Greek Classical orders in architecture]].
		+

−	~~# The style of columns.~~
−	~~# The form of the structure supported by the columns.~~
−	~~# The decoration that followed on from them.~~

	The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.		The Roman Classical orders appear throughout the world and are particularly visible in areas colonised or controlled by rulers of the Roman Empire.

	= Order and harmony =		= Order and harmony =
		+
		+	The Roman Classical orders determined three key characteristics:
		+
		+	# The style of columns.
		+	# The form of the structure supported by the columns.
		+	# The decoration that followed on from them.

	To the ancient Romans, the sizes of columns varied according to the extent of the building, so the Classical orders were not based on a fixed unit of measurement. Rather, the intention was to ensure that all parts of any building were proportionate and in harmony with one another.		To the ancient Romans, the sizes of columns varied according to the extent of the building, so the Classical orders were not based on a fixed unit of measurement. Rather, the intention was to ensure that all parts of any building were proportionate and in harmony with one another.
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	It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart. It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.		It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart. It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.

−	[[File:TuscanOrder.jpg]]	+	[[File:TuscanOrder.jpg\|link=File:TuscanOrder.jpg]]

	St Paul's in Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633) is built in the Tuscan Classical style.		St Paul's in Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633) is built in the Tuscan Classical style.
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	= Composite =		= Composite =

−	The Roman Composite order was based on the Greek Classical orders (Ionic, Corinthian) that appeared in the fifth century BC. It got its name because its capital design merges Ionic scrolls (or volutes) with ornate Corinthian acanthus leaves.	+	The Roman Composite Classical order was based on the Greek Classical orders (Ionic and Corinthian) that appeared in the fifth century BC. It got its name because its capital design merges Ionic scrolls (or volutes) with ornate Corinthian acanthus leaves.

	Composite capitals differ from their Ionic counterparts because the volutes appear as two separate elements (rather than as a single Ionic scroll) emerging from the leaves in the base. Also, Composite volutes often appear as four thin, separate angled entities.		Composite capitals differ from their Ionic counterparts because the volutes appear as two separate elements (rather than as a single Ionic scroll) emerging from the leaves in the base. Also, Composite volutes often appear as four thin, separate angled entities.

−	[[File:Composite.Somerset.290.jpg]]	+	[[File:Composite.Somerset.290.jpg\|link=File:Composite.Somerset.290.jpg]]

	Somerset House by William Chambers (1776-96) uses the Composite Classical order.		Somerset House by William Chambers (1776-96) uses the Composite Classical order.

	-----		-----
−	Like the Tuscan order, the Composite order was a late Roman development. It was not given its own classification until the Renaissance.	+	Like the Tuscan order, the Composite order was a late Roman development. It was not given its own classification until the Italian Renaissance.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
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	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
	* Architecture.		* Architecture.
−	* Classical architecture	+	* Classical architecture.
	* Cornice.		* Cornice.
	* Elements of classical columns.		* Elements of classical columns.
	* Entablature.		* Entablature.
	* Frieze.		* Frieze.
		+	* Greek Classical orders in architecture.
	* Moulding.		* Moulding.
	* Pedestal.		* Pedestal.
−	* Pediment.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:History]]

Editor at 17:40, 4 May 2020

2020-05-04T17:40:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 4 May 2020
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		+	[[File:BeneventoArch.jpg]]
		+
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

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	It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart. It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.		It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart. It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.

		+	[[File:TuscanOrder.jpg]]
		+
		+	St Paul's in Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633) is built in the Tuscan Classical style.
		+
		+	-----
	The omission of carving was one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which included simplistic entablatures that lacked triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style was identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which was either round or square.		The omission of carving was one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which included simplistic entablatures that lacked triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style was identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which was either round or square.

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	The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It was sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719-1790).		The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It was sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719-1790).
−
−	A relatively rare church in the Tuscan order is St Paul's, Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633). According to an often repeated story, recorded by Horace Walpole, Lord Bedford gave Jones a very low budget and asked him for a simple church "not much better than a barn", to which the architect replied "Then you shall have the handsomest barn in England".

	= Composite =		= Composite =
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	Composite capitals differ from their Ionic counterparts because the volutes appear as two separate elements (rather than as a single Ionic scroll) emerging from the leaves in the base. Also, Composite volutes often appear as four thin, separate angled entities.		Composite capitals differ from their Ionic counterparts because the volutes appear as two separate elements (rather than as a single Ionic scroll) emerging from the leaves in the base. Also, Composite volutes often appear as four thin, separate angled entities.

−	~~Like the Tuscan order, the~~ Composite ~~order was a late Roman development~~. ~~It was not given its own classification until the Renaissance~~.	+	[[File:Composite.Somerset.290.jpg]]

−	Somerset House~~, London, 1776,~~ William Chambers	+	Somerset House by William Chambers (1776-96) uses the Composite Classical order.

−	~~Chambers applied a less enriched Composite order on the sprawling complex of London’s Somerset House (built 1776~~-~~96)~~, ~~his principal architectural work. Here he used~~ a ~~plain Ionic entablature, perhaps more fitting for a government office building, where his enriched entablature would be better suited for a palace or a church~~	+	-----
−		+	Like the Tuscan order, the Composite order was a late Roman development. It was not given its own classification until the Renaissance.
−	the ~~Arch of Trajan at Beneveneto~~	+

−	Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

	* Antiquities.		* Antiquities.

Editor at 17:27, 4 May 2020

2020-05-04T17:27:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 4 May 2020
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) ~~introduced in the third century AD were~~ based on combinations of the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders. The Roman Classical orders determined three key characteristics:	+	Roman Classical orders (Tuscan and Composite) are based on combinations of - and variations on - the Etruscan and Greek Classical orders that preceded them. The Roman Classical orders determined three key characteristics:

	# The style of columns.		# The style of columns.
Line 12:		Line 12:

	To the ancient Romans, the sizes of columns varied according to the extent of the building, so the Classical orders were not based on a fixed unit of measurement. Rather, the intention was to ensure that all parts of any building were proportionate and in harmony with one another.		To the ancient Romans, the sizes of columns varied according to the extent of the building, so the Classical orders were not based on a fixed unit of measurement. Rather, the intention was to ensure that all parts of any building were proportionate and in harmony with one another.
−
−	Because the sizes of columns varied according to the extent of the building, the orders were not based on a fixed unit of measurement. Rather, the intention was to ensure that all parts of any building were proportionate and in harmony with one another.

	The Roman architect Vitruvius, in the time of Augustus, studied examples of the orders and presented his 'ideal' proportions for each in his treatise, De Architectura (English: On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture). Sixteenth century Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi de Vignola recodified these rules for the Italian Renaissance and his forms of orders are probably the best known to this day.		The Roman architect Vitruvius, in the time of Augustus, studied examples of the orders and presented his 'ideal' proportions for each in his treatise, De Architectura (English: On architecture, published as Ten Books on Architecture). Sixteenth century Italian architect Giacomo Barozzi de Vignola recodified these rules for the Italian Renaissance and his forms of orders are probably the best known to this day.
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	= Elements =		= Elements =

−	Roman architecture followed a structured system of proportions that related individual architectural components to the whole building. This system was developed according to several pre-existing orders.	+	Roman Classical architecture followed a structured system of proportions that related individual architectural components to the whole building. This system was developed according to several pre-existing orders.

−	Each order ~~consists~~ of an upright support called a column that ~~extends~~ from a base at the bottom to a shaft in the middle and a capital at the top.It, in turn, ~~supports~~ a horizontal element called the entablature, which is divided further into three parts:	+	Each order consisted of an upright support called a column that extended from a base at the bottom to a shaft in the middle and a capital at the top.It, in turn, supported a horizontal element called the entablature, which was divided further into three parts:

	* The architrave (lowest part).		* The architrave (lowest part).
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	* The cornice (top part).		* The cornice (top part).

−	These elements were sometimes elaborated with decorative moulding and ornamentation. Each component of a Classical order was sized and arranged according to an overall proportioning system based on the height and diameter of the columns.	+	These elements were sometimes elaborated with decorative moulding and ornamentation. Each component of the Classical order was sized and arranged according to an overall proportioning system based on the height and diameter of the columns.

	= Tuscan =		= Tuscan =
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	The Tuscan Classical order was a hybrid style that took the Greek Doric order of the seventh century BC and the Greek Ionic order of the sixth century BC and merged them with the Etruscan architectural tradition that developed in Tuscany concurrently with its Greek counterparts.		The Tuscan Classical order was a hybrid style that took the Greek Doric order of the seventh century BC and the Greek Ionic order of the sixth century BC and merged them with the Etruscan architectural tradition that developed in Tuscany concurrently with its Greek counterparts.

−	The Tuscan Classical order first appeared in early Roman times (as seen in the Roman Amphitheatre in Verona, initially built in 30 AD). It re-emerged more widely in the mid-16th century~~. It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart~~.	+	The Tuscan Classical order first appeared in early Roman times (as seen in the Roman Amphitheatre in Verona, initially built in 30 AD). It re-emerged more widely in the mid-16th century.

−	It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.	+	It was highly influenced by the simplicity of the Greek Doric order but applied the ratios and proportions of the Ionic order in columns that were placed widely apart. It also incorporated elements of Etruscan architecture, which often used wooden columns that were decoratively painted. Instead of carved stone, bases and capitals of Etruscan columns incorporated painted terracotta decorations.

−	The omission of carving is one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which ~~includes~~ simplistic ~~entablature~~ that ~~lacks~~ triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style ~~can be~~ identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which ~~can be~~ either round or square.	+	The omission of carving was one of the most easily identifiable aspects of the Tuscan Classical order (which included simplistic entablatures that lacked triglyphs or other ornamental carvings). The style was identified by the unadorned rounded cap at the top of the columns and the plain bottom base, which was either round or square.

	Due to its strength, the Tuscan order was frequently incorporated into the design used for castles, fortresses, military buildings and other places that needed to project a sense of fortification. It was also commonly used in Georgian architecture and gardens, and it is often seen in fence posts or gates where only two columns are required.		Due to its strength, the Tuscan order was frequently incorporated into the design used for castles, fortresses, military buildings and other places that needed to project a sense of fortification. It was also commonly used in Georgian architecture and gardens, and it is often seen in fence posts or gates where only two columns are required.

−	The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It is sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719 - 1790).	+	The Tuscan order was not recognised as its own formal architectural style until the Italian Renaissance. It was sometimes referred to as the Gigantic Order as it was labelled by the Italian architect, Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi (1719-1790).

	A relatively rare church in the Tuscan order is St Paul's, Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633). According to an often repeated story, recorded by Horace Walpole, Lord Bedford gave Jones a very low budget and asked him for a simple church "not much better than a barn", to which the architect replied "Then you shall have the handsomest barn in England".		A relatively rare church in the Tuscan order is St Paul's, Covent Garden by Inigo Jones (1633). According to an often repeated story, recorded by Horace Walpole, Lord Bedford gave Jones a very low budget and asked him for a simple church "not much better than a barn", to which the architect replied "Then you shall have the handsomest barn in England".