Reservoir construction - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:56, 10 February 2022

2022-02-10T08:56:10Z

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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =
		+
		+	[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/259667/pb14070-water-bill-glossary.pdf Water Bill, Glossary: water terms], published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs in November 2013, defines a reservoir as: ‘A natural or artificial lake where water is collected and stored until needed. Reservoirs can be used for irrigation, recreation, providing water supply for municipal needs, hydroelectric power or controlling water flow.’

	There are two basic types of reservoir:		There are two basic types of reservoir:

Editor at 18:46, 31 January 2022

2022-01-31T18:46:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 31 January 2022
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	* Geomembranes such as high and low-density polyethylene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC, and synthetic rubbers.		* Geomembranes such as high and low-density polyethylene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC, and synthetic rubbers.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki ==~~=	+

	* Basement excavation.		* Basement excavation.
	* Basement waterproofing.		* Basement waterproofing.
		+	* Cistern.
	* Coastal defences.		* Coastal defences.
	* Dove Stone Hydropower.		* Dove Stone Hydropower.

Designing Buildings at 08:26, 11 October 2020

2020-10-11T08:26:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:26, 11 October 2020
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	* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R., College of Estate Management (1994)		* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R., College of Estate Management (1994)

−	[[Category:Water]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Designing Buildings at 07:56, 11 February 2020

2020-02-11T07:56:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:56, 11 February 2020
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	* Dove Stone Hydropower.		* Dove Stone Hydropower.
	* Dredging.		* Dredging.
		+	* Dual purpose reservoirs.
	* Groundwater.		* Groundwater.
	* Groundwater control in urban areas.		* Groundwater control in urban areas.

Designing Buildings at 14:12, 29 March 2019

2019-03-29T14:12:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 29 March 2019
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	* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R., College of Estate Management (1994)		* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R., College of Estate Management (1994)

−	[[Category:Construction_techniques]]	+	[[Category:Water]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Editor at 14:56, 5 March 2018

2018-03-05T14:56:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:56, 5 March 2018
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	* River engineering.		* River engineering.
	* Sewer construction.		* Sewer construction.
		+	* Structural waterproofing consultant.
	* Swimming pool construction.		* Swimming pool construction.
	* Tunnelling.		* Tunnelling.

Editor at 13:33, 11 April 2017

2017-04-11T13:33:25Z

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	In-ground storage tanks or reservoirs used for storing substances such as LNG may be lined or unlined, depending on the water table height and the nature of the soil.		In-ground storage tanks or reservoirs used for storing substances such as LNG may be lined or unlined, depending on the water table height and the nature of the soil.

−	The most common linings are metal-lined tanks with concrete walls and floors. Excavation is undertaken, a concrete tank cast and a metal lining fixed. The metal lining is normally nickel-steel or aluminium alloy, as these are capable of withstanding temperatures of below -~~160-degrees~~ (the temperature at which natural gas liquefies).	+	The most common linings are metal-lined tanks with concrete walls and floors. Excavation is undertaken, a concrete tank cast and a metal lining fixed. The metal lining is normally nickel-steel or aluminium alloy, as these are capable of withstanding temperatures of below -160ºC (the temperature at which natural gas liquefies).

	Other linings are used depending on the type of liquid to be stored. In particular, concrete must be protected from acids and sulphates which are very damaging. The types of lining can be either:		Other linings are used depending on the type of liquid to be stored. In particular, concrete must be protected from acids and sulphates which are very damaging. The types of lining can be either:
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	* Groundwater control in urban areas.		* Groundwater control in urban areas.
	* Highway drainage.		* Highway drainage.
		+	* Land reclamation.
	* River engineering.		* River engineering.
	* Sewer construction.		* Sewer construction.

Editor at 14:38, 28 March 2017

2017-03-28T14:38:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:38, 28 March 2017
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	* Dove Stone Hydropower.		* Dove Stone Hydropower.
	* Dredging.		* Dredging.
		+	* Groundwater.
	* Groundwater control in urban areas.		* Groundwater control in urban areas.
	* Highway drainage.		* Highway drainage.

Editor at 12:52, 15 November 2016

2016-11-15T12:52:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:52, 15 November 2016
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	* Coastal defences.		* Coastal defences.
	* Dove Stone Hydropower.		* Dove Stone Hydropower.
		+	* Dredging.
	* Groundwater control in urban areas.		* Groundwater control in urban areas.
	* Highway drainage.		* Highway drainage.

Designing Buildings at 09:09, 22 September 2016

2016-09-22T09:09:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:09, 22 September 2016
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−	[[File:Abberton-reservoir.jpg]]	+	[[File:Abberton-reservoir.jpg\|link=File:Abberton-reservoir.jpg]]

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	There are two basic types of reservoir~~. Open impounding reservoirs are those for the catchment of crude water, while service reservoirs are those used in water distribution and should be enclosed for protection.~~	+	There are two basic types of reservoir:

−	~~A similar type~~ of ~~structure,~~ in ~~terms of design~~ and ~~construction, are liquid-retaining tanks which are generally used~~ for ~~industrial and public utility storage of liquid natural gas (LNG), oil products, and so on~~.	+	* Open impounding reservoirs are for the catchment of 'crude' water.
		+	* Service reservoirs are used in water distribution and should be enclosed for protection.

−	~~The principle~~ of ~~all open impounding reservoirs is the same~~, in ~~that they all consist~~ of ~~a dam across a valley to impound a natural stream of water. They include overflow weirs~~, ~~draw~~-~~off points~~ and ~~cut-off walling~~, ~~or similar construction~~, ~~to intercept stray water which may flow beneath the dam. The water quality is then improved by a treatment plant~~.	+	A similar type of structure, in terms of design and construction, liquid-retaining tanks which are generally used for industrial and public utility storage of liquid natural gas (LNG), oil products, and so on.

−	They tend to be constructed in an elevated position, as this reduces the pumping requirement, and means that the structure can take a very simple form in the ground~~. Constructing a reservoir above ground may be much more complex and require columns~~.	+	The principle of all open impounding reservoirs is the same, in that they consist of a dam across a valley to impound a natural stream of water. Typically they include overflow weirs, draw-off points and cut-off walling, or similar constructions, to intercept stray water which may flow beneath the dam. The water quality is improved by a treatment plant.
		+
		+	They tend to be constructed in an elevated position, as this reduces the pumping requirement, and means that the structure can take a very simple form in the ground.

	= Construction =		= Construction =

−	[[File:Reservoir.jpg]]	+	[[File:Reservoir.jpg\|link=File:Reservoir.jpg]]

−	The construction of reservoirs and liquid-retaining tanks ~~will be~~ determined by ~~the type (and temperature) of liquid being stored; the size and shape of the tank; whether it will be in or above the ground; and the type of tank, i.e. open or closed, lined or unlined, and so on.~~	+	The construction of reservoirs and liquid-retaining tanks is determined by:

−	~~Open impounding reservoirs can be constructed from a range~~ of ~~materials, such as rock, earth, concrete or composites depending on~~ the ~~reservoir~~ size and ~~earth type~~. ~~An earthen embankment should have a watertight concrete face~~ or ~~a centre core~~ of ~~clay~~ or ~~concrete~~.	+	* The type (and temperature) of the liquid being stored.
		+	* The size and shape of the tank.
		+	* Whether it will be in or above the ground.
		+	* The type of tank, i.e. open or closed, lined, unlined, and so on.

−	The geological conditions must be assessed, as this will determine the type of material to be used in constructing the tank or floor ~~so as~~ to prevent ~~chemical~~ degradation, cracking, settlement or movement. Cracking can be controlled by the use of construction joints to accommodate movement. The type of cement used, its temperature during construction, and the wall dimensions will determine the spacing of the joints.	+	Open impounding reservoirs can be constructed from a range of materials, such as rock, earth, concrete or composites, depending on the reservoir size and earth type. An earthen embankment should have a watertight concrete face or a core of clay or concrete.
		+
		+	The geological conditions must be assessed, as this will determine the type of material to be used in constructing the tank or floor to prevent degradation, cracking, settlement or movement. Cracking can be controlled by the use of construction joints to accommodate movement. The type of cement used, its temperature during construction, and the wall dimensions will determine the spacing of the joints.

	Rectangular tanks are commonly designed as simple slabs cantilevered from the floor. The corners restrain against deflection. Circular tanks can be designed as ring tension structures with ring reinforcement restricting the wall’s outward deflection, or as simple cantilever structures.		Rectangular tanks are commonly designed as simple slabs cantilevered from the floor. The corners restrain against deflection. Circular tanks can be designed as ring tension structures with ring reinforcement restricting the wall’s outward deflection, or as simple cantilever structures.

−	Service reservoirs require the construction of a roof structure. Where the roof is to be connected to the top of the walls, ~~design measures~~ should be able to resist against ~~excessive~~ pressures caused by the expansion of the roof slab. Examples of such measures include ~~the following~~:	+	Service reservoirs require the construction of a roof structure. Where the roof is to be connected to the top of the walls, they should be able to resist against pressures caused by the expansion of the roof slab. Examples of such measures include:

	* A layer of compressible material, such as foamed plastic, placed between the tank walls and the ground.		* A layer of compressible material, such as foamed plastic, placed between the tank walls and the ground.
−	* ~~Roof~~ slab rested on sliding joints made of bituminous material, stainless steel, multi-layer rubber, and so on.	+	* A roof slab rested on sliding joints made of bituminous material, stainless steel, multi-layer rubber, and so on.
	* Cantilevered from columns, allowing roof and walls to move freely.		* Cantilevered from columns, allowing roof and walls to move freely.

	== Floors ==		== Floors ==

−	The floor of reservoirs and tanks must be constructed so as to control and reduce shrinkage. The techniques used in the control of shrinkage include ~~the following~~:	+	The floor of reservoirs and tanks must be constructed so as to control and reduce shrinkage. The techniques used in the control of shrinkage include:

	* Laying a floor in alternate bays or ‘chess-board’ squares, with intervals of a few days in between; however, while this can eliminate a lot of the primary cooling shrinkage it will not control the hardening shrinkage.		* Laying a floor in alternate bays or ‘chess-board’ squares, with intervals of a few days in between; however, while this can eliminate a lot of the primary cooling shrinkage it will not control the hardening shrinkage.
	* Allowing the slab to move freely on a sliding layer of synthetic material with adequate expansion joints.		* Allowing the slab to move freely on a sliding layer of synthetic material with adequate expansion joints.
−	* ~~Restrain~~ the slab on a rough concrete sub-floor, restricting shrinkage cracks. Continuity is provided at the joints by rebar.	+	* Restraining the slab on a rough concrete sub-floor, restricting shrinkage cracks. Continuity is provided at the joints by rebar.
−		+
−	~~Suspended floors, on columns or piles, are designed as normal concrete suspended floors~~.	+

	== Lining ==		== Lining ==
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	In-ground storage tanks or reservoirs used for storing substances such as LNG may be lined or unlined, depending on the water table height and the nature of the soil.		In-ground storage tanks or reservoirs used for storing substances such as LNG may be lined or unlined, depending on the water table height and the nature of the soil.

−	The most common are metal-lined tanks with concrete walls and floors. Excavation is undertaken, a concrete tank cast and a metal lining fixed. The metal lining is normally nickel-steel or aluminium alloy, as these are capable of withstanding temperatures of below -160-degrees (the temperature at which natural gas liquefies).	+	The most common linings are metal-lined tanks with concrete walls and floors. Excavation is undertaken, a concrete tank cast and a metal lining fixed. The metal lining is normally nickel-steel or aluminium alloy, as these are capable of withstanding temperatures of below -160-degrees (the temperature at which natural gas liquefies).

	Other linings are used depending on the type of liquid to be stored. In particular, concrete must be protected from acids and sulphates which are very damaging. The types of lining can be either:		Other linings are used depending on the type of liquid to be stored. In particular, concrete must be protected from acids and sulphates which are very damaging. The types of lining can be either:

−	* Protective linings ~~are~~ designed to resist corrosion ~~and~~ can be made of glass, acid-resisting asphalt, wax, lead, and other soft metals.	+	* Protective linings designed to resist corrosion, which can be made of glass, acid-resisting asphalt, wax, lead, and other soft metals.
−	* ‘Sacrificial’ linings ~~are those~~ that do not resist ~~the~~ corrosive action but can be renewed at certain periods when the tank is emptied. This is usually a cheap form of cover such as cement mortar rendering.	+	* ‘Sacrificial’ linings that do not resist corrosive action but can be renewed at certain periods when the tank is emptied. This is usually a cheap form of cover such as cement mortar rendering.

	== Waterproofing ==		== Waterproofing ==
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	* Paints.		* Paints.
	* Renderings which contain a waterproofing additive.		* Renderings which contain a waterproofing additive.
−	* Geomembranes such as high- and low-density polyethylene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC, and synthetic rubbers.	+	* Geomembranes such as high and low-density polyethylene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC, and synthetic rubbers.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =