Rammed earth - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:07, 31 October 2021

2021-10-31T08:07:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 31 October 2021
Line 51:		Line 51:
	* Earth building.		* Earth building.
	* Earthen construction.		* Earthen construction.
		+	* Mud brick in Iran.
	* Subsoil.		* Subsoil.
	* The use of adobe in construction.		* The use of adobe in construction.

Designing Buildings at 08:46, 30 October 2021

2021-10-30T08:46:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 30 October 2021
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	One high profile example of rammed earth in the UK can be found at the entrance of the Eden Project in Cornwall. Many aspects of the Eden Project championed sustainability, and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with the organisation's environmental ambitions.		One high profile example of rammed earth in the UK can be found at the entrance of the Eden Project in Cornwall. Many aspects of the Eden Project championed sustainability, and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with the organisation's environmental ambitions.

−	= Related articles =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Architectural styles.		* Architectural styles.
Line 53:		Line 53:
	* Subsoil.		* Subsoil.
	* The use of adobe in construction.		* The use of adobe in construction.
		+	* Vernacular earthen architecture.
	* What are walls made of?		* What are walls made of?

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Designing Buildings at 06:38, 28 September 2021

2021-09-28T06:38:38Z

Editor at 17:25, 27 September 2021

2021-09-27T17:25:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 27 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
−	\|width="100%"\|	+	\|width="100%"\| [[File:RammedEarth.jpeg\|link=File:RammedEarth.jpeg]] A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms that are filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.
−	[[File:RammedEarth.jpeg\|link=File:RammedEarth.jpeg]]	+
−	A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms that are filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.	+
	\|}		\|}

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) ~~and~~ then compressed (or tamped) by manual or mechanical means to manufacture foundations, floors and walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.	+	The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (in a technique sometimes referred to as shuttering). The mixture is then compressed (or tamped) by manual or mechanical means to manufacture foundations, floors and walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.

	The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.		The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.
Line 21:		Line 19:
	= Modern use =		= Modern use =

−	Significant monuments and common architecture built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. The popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of ~~production~~.	+	Significant monuments and common architecture built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. The popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of construction.

	In the late 20th century, its popularity surged again amongst architects who had a rising interest in environmental sensitivity and locally sourced - and readily available - materials. These components can include chalk, lime, gravel, sand, silt or clay. Ideally, the soil should be high in sand and low in clay, with modern formulations reinforced by other structures such as beams or grids.		In the late 20th century, its popularity surged again amongst architects who had a rising interest in environmental sensitivity and locally sourced - and readily available - materials. These components can include chalk, lime, gravel, sand, silt or clay. Ideally, the soil should be high in sand and low in clay, with modern formulations reinforced by other structures such as beams or grids.

Editor at 17:14, 27 September 2021

2021-09-27T17:14:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:14, 27 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
−	\|width="100%"\| [[File:RammedEarth.jpeg]]~~<br />~~	+	\|width="100%"\|
		+	[[File:RammedEarth.jpeg\|link=File:RammedEarth.jpeg]]
	A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms that are filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.		A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms that are filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.
	\|}		\|}
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	{\|		{\|
	\|width="100%"\|		\|width="100%"\|
−	[[File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg]]	+	[[File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg\|link=File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg]]

	After five years, the corner of the wall at the entrance of the Eden Project already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably was not deemed too significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.		After five years, the corner of the wall at the entrance of the Eden Project already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably was not deemed too significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.
Line 47:		Line 48:
	= Related articles =		= Related articles =

−	Architectural styles	+	* Architectural styles.
−		+	* Britain's historic paving.
−	Earth building	+	* Clay in construction.
−		+	* Earth building.
−	Earthen construction	+	* Earthen construction.
−		+	* Subsoil.
−	~~What are walls made of?~~	+	* The use of adobe in construction.
−		+	* What are walls made of?
−	The use of adobe in construction	+
−		+
−	~~Subsoil~~	+
−		+
−	~~Britain's historic paving~~	+

−	~~Clay in construction~~	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Definitions]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Editor at 17:12, 27 September 2021

2021-09-27T17:12:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:12, 27 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Introduction	+	{\|
		+	\|width="100%"\| [[File:RammedEarth.jpeg]]<br />
		+	A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms that are filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.
		+	\|}
		+
		+	= Introduction =

	The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) and then compressed (or tamped) by manual or mechanical means to manufacture foundations, floors and walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.		The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) and then compressed (or tamped) by manual or mechanical means to manufacture foundations, floors and walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.
Line 5:		Line 10:
	The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.		The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.

−	History	+	= History =

	The rammed earth technique is an ancient method of construction, with evidence of its use dating as far back as the Neolithic Period. Early rammed earth structures were made from a mix of clay-rich soil, water and natural stabilisers (such as animal urine, animal blood, plant fibres and so on).		The rammed earth technique is an ancient method of construction, with evidence of its use dating as far back as the Neolithic Period. Early rammed earth structures were made from a mix of clay-rich soil, water and natural stabilisers (such as animal urine, animal blood, plant fibres and so on).
Line 13:		Line 18:
	This building method was also common in China, where early evidence of rammed earth structures has survived from the second imperial dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Several centuries later, large portions of the Great Wall of China (primarily built during the Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644), were also constructed with this method of construction.		This building method was also common in China, where early evidence of rammed earth structures has survived from the second imperial dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Several centuries later, large portions of the Great Wall of China (primarily built during the Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644), were also constructed with this method of construction.

−	Modern use	+	= Modern use =

	Significant monuments and common architecture built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. The popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of production.		Significant monuments and common architecture built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. The popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of production.
Line 23:		Line 28:
	Wall thicknesses are usually at least 30 cm, which creates conditions for high thermal capacity and moderate temperature fluctuations. Insulation can be incorporated to improve thermal performance, and protection measures (such as overhangs) can be added to prevent damage caused by water. Surfaces can also be finished with plaster, bitumen or linseed oil.		Wall thicknesses are usually at least 30 cm, which creates conditions for high thermal capacity and moderate temperature fluctuations. Insulation can be incorporated to improve thermal performance, and protection measures (such as overhangs) can be added to prevent damage caused by water. Surfaces can also be finished with plaster, bitumen or linseed oil.

−	Practical considerations	+	= Practical considerations =

	When successfully produced, rammed earth components exhibit good compressive strength, durability and aesthetic appeal, in some instances. However, the success of rammed earth construction in a practical sense may be primarily dependent on climate conditions and availability of suitable materials.		When successfully produced, rammed earth components exhibit good compressive strength, durability and aesthetic appeal, in some instances. However, the success of rammed earth construction in a practical sense may be primarily dependent on climate conditions and availability of suitable materials.
Line 31:		Line 36:
	In the UK, there has been some interest in rammed earth construction methods. However, the country’s climate has prevented it from becoming widely adopted.		In the UK, there has been some interest in rammed earth construction methods. However, the country’s climate has prevented it from becoming widely adopted.

−	~~One high profile example of rammed earth can be found at the entrance of the environmentally minded Eden Project in Cornwall.~~	+	{\|
−		+	\|width="100%"\|
−	~~Caption.~~	+	[[File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg]]
−		+
−	Many aspects of the Eden Project champion environmental sustainability and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with these environmental aspirations. After five years, the corner of the wall already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably was not deemed too significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.	+
−		+
−	~~https~~:~~//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project~~.jpg	+
−		+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	~~<br />~~	+
−		+
−		+
−	~~Photograph © Andrew Dunn, 17 September 2005.~~	+
−		+
−	~~Website: http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/~~	+

−	~~<br />~~	+	After five years, the corner of the wall at the entrance of the Eden Project already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably was not deemed too significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.
		+	\|}

		+	One high profile example of rammed earth in the UK can be found at the entrance of the environmentally minded Eden Project in Cornwall. Many aspects of the Eden Project championed sustainability, and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with the organisation's environmental ambitions.

−	Related articles	+	= Related articles =

	Architectural styles		Architectural styles

Editor: Created page with "Introduction The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) and then compressed (or tamped) by ..."

2021-09-27T17:04:16Z

Created page with "Introduction The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) and then compressed (or tamped) by ..."

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Introduction

The rammed earth construction method is the process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering) and then compressed (or tamped) by manual or mechanical means to manufacture foundations, floors and walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.

The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.

History

The rammed earth technique is an ancient method of construction, with evidence of its use dating as far back as the Neolithic Period. Early rammed earth structures were made from a mix of clay-rich soil, water and natural stabilisers (such as animal urine, animal blood, plant fibres and so on).

Rammed earth was used in many parts of the world including South America, India, the Middle East and Africa. Throughout history, this method was infrequently employed throughout Europe, although some examples survive in France. It was more popular in parts of Spain. Significant portions of the Alhambra in Grenada (built chiefly between 1238 and 1358) were constructed using this method.

This building method was also common in China, where early evidence of rammed earth structures has survived from the second imperial dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Several centuries later, large portions of the Great Wall of China (primarily built during the Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644), were also constructed with this method of construction.

Modern use

Significant monuments and common architecture built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. The popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of production.

In the late 20th century, its popularity surged again amongst architects who had a rising interest in environmental sensitivity and locally sourced - and readily available - materials. These components can include chalk, lime, gravel, sand, silt or clay. Ideally, the soil should be high in sand and low in clay, with modern formulations reinforced by other structures such as beams or grids.

Cement can also be added to the mixture to improve the stabilisation characteristics. This formulation, which has become general practice in Australia, is sometimes referred to as stabilised rammed earth (SRE) or cement-stabilised rammed earth (CSRE). It is acknowledged that the addition of cement can reduce the sustainable appeal of this specific rammed earth formulation.

Wall thicknesses are usually at least 30 cm, which creates conditions for high thermal capacity and moderate temperature fluctuations. Insulation can be incorporated to improve thermal performance, and protection measures (such as overhangs) can be added to prevent damage caused by water. Surfaces can also be finished with plaster, bitumen or linseed oil.

Practical considerations

When successfully produced, rammed earth components exhibit good compressive strength, durability and aesthetic appeal, in some instances. However, the success of rammed earth construction in a practical sense may be primarily dependent on climate conditions and availability of suitable materials.

The method typically works best in locations with high humidity and relatively moderate temperatures. In colder climates, rammed earth walls may need additional insulators, while in locations with high rainfall, they will require protection from rain.

In the UK, there has been some interest in rammed earth construction methods. However, the country’s climate has prevented it from becoming widely adopted.

One high profile example of rammed earth can be found at the entrance of the environmentally minded Eden Project in Cornwall.

Caption.

Many aspects of the Eden Project champion environmental sustainability and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with these environmental aspirations. After five years, the corner of the wall already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably was not deemed too significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Rammed_earth_wall_-_Eden_Project.jpg

<br />
<br />

Photograph © Andrew Dunn, 17 September 2005.

Website: http://www.andrewdunnphoto.com/

<br />

Related articles

Architectural styles

Earth building

Earthen construction

What are walls made of?

The use of adobe in construction

Subsoil

Britain's historic paving

Clay in construction

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:38, 28 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
−	~~\|width="100%"~~\| [[File:RammedEarth.jpeg\|link=File:RammedEarth.jpeg]] A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms ~~that are~~ filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.	+	\| [[File:RammedEarth.jpeg\|link=File:RammedEarth.jpeg]] A typical rammed earth framework consists of two parallel forms filled in with a layer of damp earth, which may include sand, gravel, clay and possibly some type of stabilising agent to produce a freestanding rammed earth block.
	\|}		\|}

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	The rammed earth construction method is ~~the~~ process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (~~in a technique sometimes referred to as~~ shuttering). The mixture is then compressed (or tamped) ~~by manual~~ or ~~mechanical means~~ to ~~manufacture~~ foundations, floors ~~and~~ walls. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.	+	The rammed earth construction method is a process of compacting a mixture of soils or aggregates into formwork (or shuttering). The mixture is then compressed (or tamped) manually or mechanically, to form foundations, floors, walls and so on. When made into walls, these rammed earth components are sometimes referred to as pise.

−	The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.	+	The layers can be rammed continually until the component is complete, with no need to wait for each layer to dry out. The formwork is then removed and a solid, hard building component is produced.

	= History =		= History =

−	The rammed earth technique is an ancient method of construction, with evidence of its use dating as far back as the Neolithic Period. Early rammed earth structures were made from a ~~mix~~ of clay-rich soil, water and natural stabilisers (such as animal urine, animal blood, plant fibres and so on).	+	The rammed earth technique is an ancient method of construction, with evidence of its use dating as far back as the Neolithic Period. Early rammed earth structures were made from a mixture of clay-rich soil, water and natural stabilisers (such as animal urine, animal blood, plant fibres and so on).

−	Rammed earth was used in many parts of the world including South America, India, the Middle East and Africa. ~~Throughout history, this~~ method was ~~infrequently~~ employed ~~throughout~~ Europe, although some examples survive in France~~. It~~ was more popular in parts of Spain. Significant portions of the Alhambra in Grenada (built chiefly between 1238 and 1358) were constructed using this method.	+	Rammed earth was used in many parts of the world including South America, India, the Middle East and Africa. This method was not frequently employed in Europe, although some examples survive in France, and it was more popular in parts of Spain. Significant portions of the Alhambra in Grenada (built chiefly between 1238 and 1358) were constructed using this method.

−	This building method was ~~also~~ common in China, where early evidence of rammed earth structures has survived from the second imperial dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Several centuries later, large portions of the Great Wall of China (primarily built during the Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644), were also constructed ~~with~~ this method ~~of construction~~.	+	This building method was common in China, where early evidence of rammed earth structures has survived from the second imperial dynasty (202 BC to 220 AD). Several centuries later, large portions of the Great Wall of China (primarily built during the Ming dynasty 1368 to 1644), were also constructed using this method.

	= Modern use =		= Modern use =

−	Significant monuments and common ~~architecture~~ built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. ~~The~~ popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of construction.	+	Significant monuments and more common architectural structures built using this method have survived into the 21st century, demonstrating its durability. However, the popularity of rammed earth throughout most parts of the world declined with the introduction of modern materials and methods of construction.

−	In the late 20th century, its popularity surged again amongst architects ~~who had a rising~~ interest in environmental sensitivity and locally sourced - and readily available - materials. These components can include chalk, lime, gravel, sand, silt or clay. Ideally, the soil should be high in sand and low in clay, with modern formulations reinforced by other structures such as beams ~~or grids~~.	+	In the late 20th century, its popularity surged again amongst architects with an interest in environmental sensitivity and locally sourced - and readily available - materials. These components can include chalk, lime, gravel, sand, silt or clay. Ideally, the soil should be high in sand and low in clay, with modern formulations reinforced by other structures such as beams.

−	Cement can also be added to the mixture to improve ~~the~~ stabilisation characteristics. This formulation, which has become general practice in Australia, is sometimes referred to as stabilised rammed earth (SRE) or cement-stabilised rammed earth (CSRE). It is acknowledged that the addition of cement can reduce the ~~sustainable appeal~~ of this ~~specific rammed earth~~ formulation.	+	Cement can also be added to the mixture to improve stabilisation characteristics. This formulation, which has become general practice in Australia, is sometimes referred to as stabilised rammed earth (SRE) or cement-stabilised rammed earth (CSRE). It is acknowledged that the addition of cement can reduce the sustainability of this formulation.

	Wall thicknesses are usually at least 30 cm, which creates conditions for high thermal capacity and moderate temperature fluctuations. Insulation can be incorporated to improve thermal performance, and protection measures (such as overhangs) can be added to prevent damage caused by water. Surfaces can also be finished with plaster, bitumen or linseed oil.		Wall thicknesses are usually at least 30 cm, which creates conditions for high thermal capacity and moderate temperature fluctuations. Insulation can be incorporated to improve thermal performance, and protection measures (such as overhangs) can be added to prevent damage caused by water. Surfaces can also be finished with plaster, bitumen or linseed oil.
Line 29:		Line 29:
	= Practical considerations =		= Practical considerations =

−	When successfully produced, rammed earth components exhibit good compressive strength, durability and aesthetic appeal~~, in some instances~~. However, the success of rammed earth construction in a practical sense may be ~~primarily~~ dependent on climate conditions and availability of suitable materials.	+	When successfully produced, rammed earth components can exhibit good compressive strength, durability and aesthetic appeal. However, the success of rammed earth construction in a practical sense may be dependent on climate conditions and the availability of suitable materials.

−	The method typically works best in locations with high humidity and relatively moderate temperatures. In colder climates, rammed earth walls may need additional ~~insulators~~, while in locations with high rainfall, they will require protection from rain.	+	The method typically works best in locations with high humidity and relatively moderate temperatures. In colder climates, rammed earth walls may need additional insulation, while in locations with high rainfall, they will require protection from rain.

	In the UK, there has been some interest in rammed earth construction methods. However, the country’s climate has prevented it from becoming widely adopted.		In the UK, there has been some interest in rammed earth construction methods. However, the country’s climate has prevented it from becoming widely adopted.
Line 39:		Line 39:
	[[File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg\|link=File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg]]		[[File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg\|link=File:RammedEarthEdenProject.jpg]]

−	After five years, the corner of the wall at the entrance of the Eden Project already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably ~~was~~ not ~~deemed too~~ significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.	+	After five years, the corner of the wall at the entrance of the Eden Project already showed surface damage. Although, given the thickness of the walls this probably is not significant and may be partly down to lack of testing and education about this method.
	\|}		\|}

−	One high profile example of rammed earth in the UK can be found at the entrance of the ~~environmentally minded~~ Eden Project in Cornwall. Many aspects of the Eden Project championed sustainability, and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with the organisation's environmental ambitions.	+	One high profile example of rammed earth in the UK can be found at the entrance of the Eden Project in Cornwall. Many aspects of the Eden Project championed sustainability, and due to their thermal mass, rammed earth walls fit in with the organisation's environmental ambitions.

	= Related articles =		= Related articles =