One World Trade Center - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 08:19, 16 November 2020

2020-11-16T08:19:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 16 November 2020
Line 58:		Line 58:
	* World Trade Center - [https://www.wtc.com Official site]		* World Trade Center - [https://www.wtc.com Official site]

−	[[Category:~~International~~]] [[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Project_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Editor at 10:00, 5 April 2017

2017-04-05T10:00:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:00, 5 April 2017
Line 42:		Line 42:
	* Empire State Building.		* Empire State Building.
	* Flatiron Building.		* Flatiron Building.
		+	* Lotte World Tower.
	* Megatall.		* Megatall.
	* Ping An Finance Centre.		* Ping An Finance Centre.
Line 57:		Line 58:
	* World Trade Center - [https://www.wtc.com Official site]		* World Trade Center - [https://www.wtc.com Official site]

−	[[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]	+	[[Category:International]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]]

Editor at 09:33, 28 March 2017

2017-03-28T09:33:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 28 March 2017
Line 43:		Line 43:
	* Flatiron Building.		* Flatiron Building.
	* Megatall.		* Megatall.
		+	* Ping An Finance Centre.
	* Rockefeller Center.		* Rockefeller Center.
	* Skyscraper.		* Skyscraper.

Editor at 15:42, 26 January 2017

2017-01-26T15:42:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:42, 26 January 2017
Line 47:		Line 47:
	* Tallest buildings in the world.		* Tallest buildings in the world.
	* The Oculus.		* The Oculus.
		+	* The Pentagon.
	* The Shard.		* The Shard.
	* The White House.		* The White House.

Editor at 16:35, 22 December 2016

2016-12-22T16:35:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 22 December 2016
Line 43:		Line 43:
	* Flatiron Building.		* Flatiron Building.
	* Megatall.		* Megatall.
		+	* Rockefeller Center.
	* Skyscraper.		* Skyscraper.
	* Tallest buildings in the world.		* Tallest buildings in the world.

Designing Buildings at 14:54, 13 October 2016

2016-10-13T14:54:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:54, 13 October 2016
Line 7:		Line 7:
	1 WTC has a total height of 1,776 ft (541 m), an intentional reference to 1776, the year the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.		1 WTC has a total height of 1,776 ft (541 m), an intentional reference to 1776, the year the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.

−	Despite controversy about whether the mast on top of the skyscraper should be included in the measurement, the Council on Tall Buildings and Habitat (CTBUH) decided that it constitutes a spire, as it is a permanent part of the architecture. This means ~~that~~ it can be classed as the tallest building in the USA, and currently the fourth-tallest in the world.	+	Despite controversy about whether the mast on top of the skyscraper should be included in the measurement, the Council on Tall Buildings and Habitat (CTBUH) decided that it constitutes a spire, as it is a permanent part of the architecture. This means it can be classed as the tallest building in the USA, and currently (2016) the fourth-tallest in the world.

	It is also the most expensive skyscraper of all time, having cost $3.9 billion (£2.5 billion), the first tall building to exceed $2 billion.		It is also the most expensive skyscraper of all time, having cost $3.9 billion (£2.5 billion), the first tall building to exceed $2 billion.
−
−	~~The ‘One World Observatory’, an enclosed observation deck, opened in 2015 and is already a popular tourist attraction.~~

	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =
Line 23:		Line 21:
	From the 20th storey upwards, the square edges of the cubic base are chamfered back. This creates 8 tall isosceles triangles which form an elongated square antiprism. The tower is a perfect octagon near its centre, and culminates in a square glass parapet, oriented 45-degrees from the base.		From the 20th storey upwards, the square edges of the cubic base are chamfered back. This creates 8 tall isosceles triangles which form an elongated square antiprism. The tower is a perfect octagon near its centre, and culminates in a square glass parapet, oriented 45-degrees from the base.

−	The crystalline form of the parapet creates a vibrant kaleidoscope effect, with light refracting in different directions throughout the day.	+	The 'crystalline' form of the parapet creates a vibrant kaleidoscope effect, with light refracting in different directions throughout the day.

−	At the top of the building a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast contains a broadcasting antenna which rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected from the spire at night and reaches more 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.	+	At the top of the building a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast contains a broadcasting antenna which rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected from the spire at night and reaches more than 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.

−	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete ~~in the~~ stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These help it withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, ~~the~~ window-less concrete walls are blast-resistant and protect against ground-level attacks. This has drawn criticism for being too 'paranoid' and resembling an 'over-ground concrete bunker'.	+	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These help it withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, window-less concrete walls are blast-resistant and protect against ground-level attacks. This has drawn criticism for being too 'paranoid' and resembling an 'over-ground concrete bunker'.

−	A number of sustainable ~~architecture~~ features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior ~~was~~ built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum daylight penetration, while artificial lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.	+	A number of sustainable features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior were built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum daylight penetration, while artificial lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.

	Construction work began in April 2006, and in April 2012 it became the city’s tallest structure when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. Topping out was achieved in August 2012, and in May 2013 the spire was completed. The building was officially opened in November 2014.		Construction work began in April 2006, and in April 2012 it became the city’s tallest structure when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. Topping out was achieved in August 2012, and in May 2013 the spire was completed. The building was officially opened in November 2014.
		+
		+	The ‘One World Observatory’, an enclosed observation deck, opened in 2015 and is already a popular tourist attraction.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 14:46, 13 October 2016

2016-10-13T14:46:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 13 October 2016
Line 19:		Line 19:
	In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation held a competition to decide how to redevelop the Ground Zero site and memorialise 9/11. A design by Daniel Libeskind was eventually selected as the winner, under the name of the ‘Freedom Tower’.		In 2002, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation held a competition to decide how to redevelop the Ground Zero site and memorialise 9/11. A design by Daniel Libeskind was eventually selected as the winner, under the name of the ‘Freedom Tower’.

−	This design was then adapted and changed by David Childs of SOM, with further redesigns taking place in 2005 after the New York Police Department raised concerns ~~over~~ safety. Redesigns included a 57 m (187 ft) concrete base, or ‘podium’, to make the building more secure. The original plan for the base to be covered in decorative prismatic glass was also scrapped, in favour of a simpler, steel-and-glass façade.	+	This design was then adapted and changed by David Childs of SOM, with further redesigns taking place in 2005 after the New York Police Department raised concerns about safety. Redesigns included a 57 m (187 ft) concrete base, or ‘podium’, to make the building more secure. The original plan for the base to be covered in decorative prismatic glass was also scrapped, in favour of a simpler, steel-and-glass façade.

−	From the 20th storey upwards, the square edges of the cubic base are chamfered back. This ~~shapes the building into~~ 8 tall isosceles triangles~~, or~~ an elongated square antiprism. The tower ~~forms~~ a perfect octagon near its centre, and culminates in a square glass parapet, oriented 45-degrees from the base.	+	From the 20th storey upwards, the square edges of the cubic base are chamfered back. This creates 8 tall isosceles triangles which form an elongated square antiprism. The tower is a perfect octagon near its centre, and culminates in a square glass parapet, oriented 45-degrees from the base.

−	The crystalline form of the parapet creates a vibrant kaleidoscope effect, with light refracting in different ~~ways~~ throughout the day.	+	The crystalline form of the parapet creates a vibrant kaleidoscope effect, with light refracting in different directions throughout the day.

−	At the top of the building is a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast ~~containing~~ a broadcasting antenna~~. It~~ rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected ~~at night~~ from the spire ~~which~~ reaches ~~over~~ 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.	+	At the top of the building a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast contains a broadcasting antenna which rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected from the spire at night and reaches more 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.

−	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete in the stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These ~~slabs are designed to~~ withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, window-less concrete walls ~~reaching 56 m (185 ft) in height were designed to be~~ blast-resistant and protect against ~~other~~ ground-level attacks. This has drawn criticism for being too 'paranoid' and resembling an 'over-ground concrete bunker'.	+	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete in the stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These help it withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, the window-less concrete walls are blast-resistant and protect against ground-level attacks. This has drawn criticism for being too 'paranoid' and resembling an 'over-ground concrete bunker'.

−	A number of sustainable architecture features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior was built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum ~~sunlight ingress~~, while ~~interior~~ lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.	+	A number of sustainable architecture features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior was built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum daylight penetration, while artificial lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.

−	Construction work began in April 2006, and in April 2012 it became the city’s tallest structure when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. Topping out was achieved in August 2012, ~~while~~ in May 2013 the spire ~~- and total height –~~ was completed. The building was officially opened in November 2014.	+	Construction work began in April 2006, and in April 2012 it became the city’s tallest structure when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. Topping out was achieved in August 2012, and in May 2013 the spire was completed. The building was officially opened in November 2014.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

86.152.145.23 at 14:39, 13 October 2016

2016-10-13T14:39:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:39, 13 October 2016
Line 3:		Line 3:
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	One World Trade Center (1 WTC) is a supertall ~~office~~ skyscraper ~~rebuilt~~ on the Lower Manhattan site of the Twin Towers which were destroyed on 9/11.	+	One World Trade Center (1 WTC) is a 'supertall' skyscraper built on the Lower Manhattan site of the Twin Towers which were destroyed on 9/11. It was designed by architect David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM).

−	~~The building was designed by the architect David Childs~~ of ~~the firm Skidmore~~, ~~Owings & Merrill~~ (~~SOM~~).	+	1 WTC has a total height of 1,776 ft (541 m), an intentional reference to 1776, the year the United States Declaration of Independence was signed.

−	~~It has a total height~~ of 1,~~776 ft~~ (~~541 m~~), ~~an intentional reference to 1776~~, the ~~year~~ the ~~United States Declaration of Independence was signed~~.	+	Despite controversy about whether the mast on top of the skyscraper should be included in the measurement, the Council on Tall Buildings and Habitat (CTBUH) decided that it constitutes a spire, as it is a permanent part of the architecture. This means that it can be classed as the tallest building in the USA, and currently the fourth-tallest in the world.

−	~~Despite controversy over whether~~ the ~~mast on top~~ of ~~the skyscraper should be included in the measurement~~, ~~the Council on Tall Buildings and Habitat~~ (~~CTBUH~~) ~~decided that it constituted a spire~~, ~~since it was a permanent part of~~ the ~~architecture. This meant that it could be classed as the tallest~~ building ~~in the USA, and currently the fourth-tallest in the world~~.	+	It is also the most expensive skyscraper of all time, having cost $3.9 billion (£2.5 billion), the first tall building to exceed $2 billion.

−	~~The building is also the most expensive skyscraper of all time, having cost $3.9 billion (£2.5 billion). It was the first tall building to ever exceed $2 billion.~~	+	The ‘One World Observatory’, an enclosed observation deck, opened in 2015 and is already a popular tourist attraction.
−		+
−	The ‘One World Observatory’, an enclosed observation deck, opened in 2015 and is a popular tourist attraction.	+

	= Design and construction =		= Design and construction =

Editor at 14:31, 13 October 2016

2016-10-13T14:31:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:31, 13 October 2016
Line 47:		Line 47:
	* Skyscraper.		* Skyscraper.
	* Tallest buildings in the world.		* Tallest buildings in the world.
		+	* The Oculus.
	* The Shard.		* The Shard.
		+	* The White House.
	* Trump Tower New York.		* Trump Tower New York.

Editor at 14:22, 13 October 2016

2016-10-13T14:22:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 13 October 2016
Line 29:		Line 29:
	At the top of the building is a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast containing a broadcasting antenna. It rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected at night from the spire which reaches over 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.		At the top of the building is a 124 m (408 ft) sculpted mast containing a broadcasting antenna. It rises from a circular support platform and is secured by a system of cables. A beam of light is projected at night from the spire which reaches over 300 m (1,000 ft) above the tower.

−	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete in the stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These slabs are designed to withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, window-less concrete walls reaching 56 m (185 ft) in height were designed to be blast-resistant and protect against other ground-level attacks.	+	The building has a core of 3 ft thick reinforced concrete in the stairwells, elevator shafts, and risers. These slabs are designed to withstand high winds and earthquakes. At the base, window-less concrete walls reaching 56 m (185 ft) in height were designed to be blast-resistant and protect against other ground-level attacks. This has drawn criticism for being too 'paranoid' and resembling an 'over-ground concrete bunker'.

	A number of sustainable architecture features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior was built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum sunlight ingress, while interior lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.		A number of sustainable architecture features were incorporated in the building. Much of the structure and interior was built from recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles. In addition, ultra-clear glass windows allow maximum sunlight ingress, while interior lighting is programmed to automatically control the brightness on clear days. Rainwater-collecting tanks help to cool the tower and irrigate landscaping, reducing water consumption by an estimated 30% beyond the saving in a typical water-efficient building in New York. Heating is generated by steam, with limited oil or natural gas utilities on-site.