Mind the (Performance) Gap - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 07:45, 7 February 2021

2021-02-07T07:45:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 7 February 2021
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	* QUANTUM project.		* QUANTUM project.

−	[[Category:~~Publications_/_reports~~]] [[Category:~~Research_/_Innovation~~]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Sustainability]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Commentary]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Designing Buildings at 07:41, 30 November 2019

2019-11-30T07:41:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:41, 30 November 2019
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	* Performance of exemplar buildings in use: Bridging the performance gap FB 78.		* Performance of exemplar buildings in use: Bridging the performance gap FB 78.
	* Performance.		* Performance.
		+	* QUANTUM project.

−	[[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Sustainability]]	+	[[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Designing Buildings at 09:02, 17 March 2019

2019-03-17T09:02:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:02, 17 March 2019
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	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:Mind-the-gap-~~882368 640~~.jpg]]	+	\| [[File:Mind-the-gap-882368_640.jpg\|link=File:Mind-the-gap-882368_640.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective.		\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective.
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	A performance gap has been identified between the predicted performance of buildings at the design stages and how they actually perform once construction has been completed. This is an area which requires urgent consideration and attention, to ensure clients are getting the standard of building they pay for and that carbon emission targets are achieved.		A performance gap has been identified between the predicted performance of buildings at the design stages and how they actually perform once construction has been completed. This is an area which requires urgent consideration and attention, to ensure clients are getting the standard of building they pay for and that carbon emission targets are achieved.

−	With the building regulatory process lacking necessary rigidity, due to the inadequate nature of periodic inspections, this creates a difficult yet critical area of the construction industry ~~which requires immediate improvement~~.	+	With the building regulatory process lacking necessary rigidity, due to the inadequate nature of periodic inspections, this creates a difficult yet critical area of the construction industry.

−	~~Potentially this~~ can occur for a number of reasons, including; poor workmanship and on-site practice, substitution of materials from those originally specified, a lack of inspection and validation, contractors not fully understanding the importance of details or being unaware of updates or changes to legislation. Due to familiarity, some building contractors will want to construct certain details in the same way as they have done on previous projects, and there is always the possibility of poor site conditions meaning that important details are not constructed as intended.	+	Problems can occur for a number of reasons, including; poor workmanship and on-site practice, substitution of materials from those originally specified, a lack of inspection and validation, contractors not fully understanding the importance of details or being unaware of updates or changes to legislation. Due to familiarity, some building contractors will want to construct certain details in the same way as they have done on previous projects, and there is always the possibility of poor site conditions meaning that important details are not constructed as intended.

	The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective, investigating issues to do with low energy design via a case study methodology. The study identifies issues in relation to on-site practice, verification and lack of communication between design team members before investigating how technological advancements and BIM processes can potentially assist.		The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective, investigating issues to do with low energy design via a case study methodology. The study identifies issues in relation to on-site practice, verification and lack of communication between design team members before investigating how technological advancements and BIM processes can potentially assist.
Line 25:		Line 25:
	This creates an opportunity to be rectified through the use of a technology driven solution. There are many BIM related technologies which could be used to aid this, each with their own strengths and benefits, and these are merely a fraction of the technologies available which could be used in closing the performance gap. As knowledge and understanding of BIM processes has advanced, the wider benefits created by such new technologies and approaches to building design and management are beginning to be realised.		This creates an opportunity to be rectified through the use of a technology driven solution. There are many BIM related technologies which could be used to aid this, each with their own strengths and benefits, and these are merely a fraction of the technologies available which could be used in closing the performance gap. As knowledge and understanding of BIM processes has advanced, the wider benefits created by such new technologies and approaches to building design and management are beginning to be realised.

−	The allegations against current standards of on-site verification have been validated recently in the UK by publications of both the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety Interim Report in the aftermath of the Grenfell tragedy (HMSO, 2017) and the Independent Inquiry into the Construction of Edinburgh Schools (City of Edinburgh Council, 2017). These publications highlighted issues within current regulatory processes and quality assurance respectively.	+	The allegations against current standards of on-site verification have been validated recently in the UK by publications of both the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety Interim Report in the aftermath of the Grenfell fire tragedy (HMSO, 2017) and the Independent Inquiry into the Construction of Edinburgh Schools (City of Edinburgh Council, 2017). These publications highlighted issues within current regulatory processes and quality assurance respectively.

	The report concludes by proposing a scaffolding approach which could allow for a more robust design and inspection system, potentially closing the performance gap.		The report concludes by proposing a scaffolding approach which could allow for a more robust design and inspection system, potentially closing the performance gap.

		+	-----
	The report, by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report).		The report, by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report).

−	~~-----~~
	This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University.		This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University.

Designing Buildings at 08:57, 17 March 2019

2019-03-17T08:57:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:57, 17 March 2019
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	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:~~Mind_the_performance_gap.jpg\|link=File:Mind_the_performance_gap~~.jpg]]	+	\| [[File:Mind-the-gap-882368 640.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective.		\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective.

Designing Buildings at 08:52, 17 March 2019

2019-03-17T08:52:56Z

Designing Buildings at 08:23, 17 March 2019

2019-03-17T08:23:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:23, 17 March 2019
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−	This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). This study highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland<br />	+	{\|
		+	\| [[File:Mind the performance gap.jpg]]
		+	\|-
		+	\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). This study highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland<br />
	perspective.		perspective.
		+	\|}

	On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.		On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.

Designing Buildings at 08:19, 17 March 2019

2019-03-17T08:19:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:19, 17 March 2019
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−	This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report).	+	This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). This study highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland<br />
		+	perspective.

	On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.		On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.

Designing Buildings: Created page with "This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, ..."

2019-03-17T08:18:09Z

Created page with "This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, ..."

New page

This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report).

On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.

This has become a hugely important factor, especially in relation to building performance. Potential clients and homeowners are becoming more informed and aware of new and improved energy efficiency measures within the construction industry in relation to performance related aspects. Low energy design calls for a reconsideration of how buildings are designed and constructed, with materials and detailing being a key part of the process.

A performance gap has been identified between the predicted performance of buildings at the design stages and how they actually perform once construction has been completed. This is an area which requires urgent consideration and attention, mainly to ensure clients are getting the standard of building they pay for and that carbon emission targets are achieved.

With the building regulatory process lacking necessary rigidity, due to the inadequate nature of periodic inspections, this creates a difficult yet critical area of the construction industry which requires immediate improvement. The methodology currently within the construction sector results in details and materials chosen in terms of achieving a certain building performance, that are potentially not being constructed as per the previously approved or as designed drawings.

Potentially this can occur for a number of reasons including poor workmanship and on-site practice, substitution of materials from those originally specified, a lack of inspection and validation in terms of what is being constructed, contractors not fully understanding the importance of the detail or being unaware of updates or changes to legislation. Due to familiarity, some building contractors will want to construct certain details in the same way as they have done on previous projects, and there is always the possibility of poor site conditions meaning that important details are not constructed as intended.

The award-winning report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective, investigating issues to do with low energy design via a case study methodology. The study identifies issues in relation to on-site practice, verification and lack of communication between design team members before investigating how technological advancements and BIM processes can potentially assist.

The building design process has evolved to become more focused on science and materials, however the principle of separation between design and construction still very much exists. When a particular design reaches construction stage the inspection visits are intermittent and only at specific phases of the project, it is impossible to assess all aspects of on-site construction compliance as some of the work will inevitably be covered up by the time the visits happen. This is a common problem.

Whilst in some instances the changes made on-site may still achieve compliance, in others, changes to the approved designs or details could have a negative impact on the performance of the building in terms of its energy efficiency and performance in relation to fire. Taking the worst-case scenario, such practice could potentially have a catastrophic effect on safety, endangering lives. This is the scale of importance the report conveys.

Whilst the actual legislation, in terms of required outcomes, and the approved technical guidance documents would generally appear fit-for-purpose, there is a lack of a standardised and robust methodology to ensure compliance and consequently building performance. If higher-performing buildings are to become the norm this needs to change, advancing more intelligent design, regulatory and validation processes.

This creates an opportunity to be rectified through the use of a technology driven solution. There are many BIM related technologies which could be used to aid this, each with their own strengths and benefits, and these are merely a fraction of the technologies available which could be used in closing the performance gap. As knowledge and understanding of BIM processes has advanced, the wider benefits created by such new technologies and approaches to building design and management are beginning to be realised.

The allegation against current standards of on-site verification has been validated recently in the United Kingdom (UK) by publications of both the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety Interim Report in the aftermath of the Grenfell tragedy (HMSO, 2017) and the Independent Inquiry into the Construction of Edinburgh Schools (City of Edinburgh Council, 2017). These publications highlighted issues within current regulatory processes and quality assurance respectively.

The report concludes by proposing a scaffolding approach which could allow for a more robust design and inspection system, potentially closing the performance gap.

The report, by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The judge’s comments were:

{|
| An interesting and relevant subject to Architectural Technology identifying the problems between designed performance and as built performance alongside the lifespan characteristics. The dynamic nature of the position and placement of materials and components plus their assembly are identified and is theoretically promising with a clear method and structure. Intelligent, informative and a professional introduction with clear aims, objectives and good analysis.
|}

This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University.

--[[User:CIAT|CIAT]]

= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

* Architectural technician.
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* Architectural technologist.
* Architectural Technology Awards 2017.
* Architectural Technology Awards 2018.
* Building performance evaluation programme.
* Building performance metrics.
* Building performance.
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* CIAT.
* Closing the gap between design and as-built performance.
* Emission rates.
* Performance gap.
* Performance of exemplar buildings in use: Bridging the performance gap FB 78.
* Performance.

[[Category:Publications_/_reports]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:52, 17 March 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:~~Mind the performance gap~~.jpg]]	+	\| [[File:Mind_the_performance_gap.jpg\|link=File:Mind_the_performance_gap.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
−	\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). ~~This study~~ highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland~~<br />~~	+	\| This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, author of a report that was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective.
−	perspective.	+
	\|}		\|}

−	On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.	+	On-site verification, BIM, digital technologies, building performance – these are all terms that raise interest and sometimes even red flags within the construction industry today. Over recent years not only has the demand for low-energy buildings increased but also the drive to improve the image of the construction sector, not just in Northern Ireland, but globally.

−	This has become a hugely important factor, especially in relation to building performance. Potential clients and homeowners are becoming ~~more~~ informed and aware of new and improved energy efficiency measures ~~within the construction industry in relation to performance related aspects~~. Low energy design calls for a reconsideration of how buildings are designed and constructed, with materials and detailing being a key part of the process.	+	This has become a hugely important factor, especially in relation to building performance. Potential clients and homeowners are becoming better informed and aware of new and improved energy efficiency measures. Low-energy design calls for a reconsideration of how buildings are designed and constructed, with materials and detailing being a key part of the process.

−	A performance gap has been identified between the predicted performance of buildings at the design stages and how they actually perform once construction has been completed. This is an area which requires urgent consideration and attention, ~~mainly~~ to ensure clients are getting the standard of building they pay for and that carbon emission targets are achieved.	+	A performance gap has been identified between the predicted performance of buildings at the design stages and how they actually perform once construction has been completed. This is an area which requires urgent consideration and attention, to ensure clients are getting the standard of building they pay for and that carbon emission targets are achieved.

−	With the building regulatory process lacking necessary rigidity, due to the inadequate nature of periodic inspections, this creates a difficult yet critical area of the construction industry which requires immediate improvement. The methodology currently within the construction sector results in details and materials chosen in terms of achieving a certain building performance, that are potentially not being constructed as per the previously approved or as designed drawings.	+	With the building regulatory process lacking necessary rigidity, due to the inadequate nature of periodic inspections, this creates a difficult yet critical area of the construction industry which requires immediate improvement.

−	Potentially this can occur for a number of reasons including poor workmanship and on-site practice, substitution of materials from those originally specified, a lack of inspection and validation ~~in terms of what is being constructed~~, contractors not fully understanding the importance of ~~the detail~~ or being unaware of updates or changes to legislation. Due to familiarity, some building contractors will want to construct certain details in the same way as they have done on previous projects, and there is always the possibility of poor site conditions meaning that important details are not constructed as intended.	+	Potentially this can occur for a number of reasons, including; poor workmanship and on-site practice, substitution of materials from those originally specified, a lack of inspection and validation, contractors not fully understanding the importance of details or being unaware of updates or changes to legislation. Due to familiarity, some building contractors will want to construct certain details in the same way as they have done on previous projects, and there is always the possibility of poor site conditions meaning that important details are not constructed as intended.

−	The ~~award-winning~~ report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective, investigating issues to do with low energy design via a case study methodology. The study identifies issues in relation to on-site practice, verification and lack of communication between design team members before investigating how technological advancements and BIM processes can potentially assist.	+	The report highlights the performance gap from a Northern Ireland perspective, investigating issues to do with low energy design via a case study methodology. The study identifies issues in relation to on-site practice, verification and lack of communication between design team members before investigating how technological advancements and BIM processes can potentially assist.

−	The building design process has evolved to become more focused on science and materials, however the principle of separation between design and construction still very much exists. When a particular design reaches construction stage the inspection visits are intermittent and only at specific phases of the project~~, it~~ is impossible to assess all aspects of on-site construction compliance as some of the work will inevitably be covered up by the time the visits happen. This is a common problem.	+	The building design process has evolved to become more focused on science and materials, however the principle of separation between design and construction still very much exists. When a particular design reaches construction stage the inspection visits are intermittent and only at specific phases of the project. It is impossible to assess all aspects of on-site construction compliance as some of the work will inevitably be covered up by the time the visits happen. This is a common problem.

	Whilst in some instances the changes made on-site may still achieve compliance, in others, changes to the approved designs or details could have a negative impact on the performance of the building in terms of its energy efficiency and performance in relation to fire. Taking the worst-case scenario, such practice could potentially have a catastrophic effect on safety, endangering lives. This is the scale of importance the report conveys.		Whilst in some instances the changes made on-site may still achieve compliance, in others, changes to the approved designs or details could have a negative impact on the performance of the building in terms of its energy efficiency and performance in relation to fire. Taking the worst-case scenario, such practice could potentially have a catastrophic effect on safety, endangering lives. This is the scale of importance the report conveys.
Line 26:		Line 25:
	This creates an opportunity to be rectified through the use of a technology driven solution. There are many BIM related technologies which could be used to aid this, each with their own strengths and benefits, and these are merely a fraction of the technologies available which could be used in closing the performance gap. As knowledge and understanding of BIM processes has advanced, the wider benefits created by such new technologies and approaches to building design and management are beginning to be realised.		This creates an opportunity to be rectified through the use of a technology driven solution. There are many BIM related technologies which could be used to aid this, each with their own strengths and benefits, and these are merely a fraction of the technologies available which could be used in closing the performance gap. As knowledge and understanding of BIM processes has advanced, the wider benefits created by such new technologies and approaches to building design and management are beginning to be realised.

−	The ~~allegation~~ against current standards of on-site verification ~~has~~ been validated recently in the ~~United Kingdom (~~UK) by publications of both the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety Interim Report in the aftermath of the Grenfell tragedy (HMSO, 2017) and the Independent Inquiry into the Construction of Edinburgh Schools (City of Edinburgh Council, 2017). These publications highlighted issues within current regulatory processes and quality assurance respectively.	+	The allegations against current standards of on-site verification have been validated recently in the UK by publications of both the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety Interim Report in the aftermath of the Grenfell tragedy (HMSO, 2017) and the Independent Inquiry into the Construction of Edinburgh Schools (City of Edinburgh Council, 2017). These publications highlighted issues within current regulatory processes and quality assurance respectively.

	The report concludes by proposing a scaffolding approach which could allow for a more robust design and inspection system, potentially closing the performance gap.		The report concludes by proposing a scaffolding approach which could allow for a more robust design and inspection system, potentially closing the performance gap.

−	The report, by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report). ~~The judge’s comments were:~~	+	The report, by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University, was awarded the 2018 CIAT student award for excellence in architectural technology (report).
−		+
−	{\|	+
−	\| An interesting and relevant subject to Architectural Technology identifying the problems between designed performance and as built performance alongside the lifespan characteristics. The dynamic nature of the position and placement of materials and components plus their assembly are identified and is theoretically promising with a clear method and structure. Intelligent, informative and a professional introduction with clear aims, objectives and good analysis.	+
−	\|}	+

		+	-----
	This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University.		This article originally appeared in [http://library.myebook.com/UBM/architectural-technology-journal-127-autumn-2018/1468/ CIAT’s Architectural Technology Journal], Issue 127, published in Autumn 2018. It was written by Erin O’Kane, Ulster University.