Mechanisms of structural failure - Revision history

Editor at 14:28, 11 February 2022

2022-02-11T14:28:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:28, 11 February 2022
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	* Strut.		* Strut.
	* The future infrastructure of Scotland.		* The future infrastructure of Scotland.
		+	* Ties.
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Design]]

Editor at 16:32, 10 February 2022

2022-02-10T16:32:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 10 February 2022
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	Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction. To mitigate these failures the structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure to propose an appropriate material, adequate cross section and a proper structural system.		Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction. To mitigate these failures the structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure to propose an appropriate material, adequate cross section and a proper structural system.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Biaxial bending.		* Biaxial bending.
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	* Smarter systems predicting failure.		* Smarter systems predicting failure.
	* Structural failures.		* Structural failures.
		+	* Strut.
	* The future infrastructure of Scotland.		* The future infrastructure of Scotland.
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Design]]

136.158.32.20 at 13:49, 8 November 2021

2021-11-08T13:49:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 8 November 2021
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	* Force.		* Force.
	* Ground heave.		* Ground heave.
−	* Housing defects	+	* Housing defects.
	* In Plain Sight: reducing the risk of infrastructure failure.		* In Plain Sight: reducing the risk of infrastructure failure.
	* Latent defects.		* Latent defects.

136.158.32.20 at 13:49, 8 November 2021

2021-11-08T13:49:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 8 November 2021
Line 75:		Line 75:
	* Force.		* Force.
	* Ground heave.		* Ground heave.
−	* Housing defects.	+	* Housing defects
	* In Plain Sight: reducing the risk of infrastructure failure.		* In Plain Sight: reducing the risk of infrastructure failure.
	* Latent defects.		* Latent defects.

Editor at 11:34, 15 September 2020

2020-09-15T11:34:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:34, 15 September 2020
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	* Smarter systems predicting failure.		* Smarter systems predicting failure.
	* Structural failures.		* Structural failures.
		+	* The future infrastructure of Scotland.
	* Wall tie failure.		* Wall tie failure.

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 06:07, 23 May 2019

2019-05-23T06:07:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:07, 23 May 2019
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	Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction. To mitigate these failures the structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure to propose an appropriate material, adequate cross section and a proper structural system.		Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction. To mitigate these failures the structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure to propose an appropriate material, adequate cross section and a proper structural system.
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
		+
		+	* Biaxial bending.
		+	* Building failure.
		+	* Consolidation.
		+	* Cracking and building movement.
		+	* Defects.
		+	* Defects in brickwork.
		+	* Defects in dot and dab.
		+	* Defects in stonework.
		+	* Failure of cast iron beams.
		+	* Failure to mention asbestos.
		+	* Flat roof defects.
		+	* Flooring defects.
		+	* Force.
		+	* Ground heave.
		+	* Housing defects.
		+	* In Plain Sight: reducing the risk of infrastructure failure.
		+	* Latent defects.
		+	* Patent defects.
		+	* Roofing defects.
		+	* Shear force.
		+	* Smarter systems predicting failure.
		+	* Structural failures.
		+	* Wall tie failure.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 06:06, 23 May 2019

2019-05-23T06:06:30Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:06, 23 May 2019
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−	Introduction	+	{{:Standard_text\|Articles needing more work}}
		+
		+	= Introduction =

	Structural failure refers to defects in which a load bearing component of the building is unable to support and transfer loads to another element. Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component may be caused by:		Structural failure refers to defects in which a load bearing component of the building is unable to support and transfer loads to another element. Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component may be caused by:
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	\| Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses.		\| Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses.
	\|}		\|}
−
−	~~Strengthening~~

	For a member to withstand loads against buckling failure it should be designed to reduce its slenderness by increasing its cross-sectional dimension.		For a member to withstand loads against buckling failure it should be designed to reduce its slenderness by increasing its cross-sectional dimension.
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	For economical reasons consider bracing a member as cheaper and easier than increasing its cross sectional dimensions this is uneconomical.		For economical reasons consider bracing a member as cheaper and easier than increasing its cross sectional dimensions this is uneconomical.

−	Conclusion	+	= Conclusion =

−	Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling ~~forms~~ the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction~~, to~~ mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure ~~for him~~ to propose ~~sufficient type of~~ material, adequate cross ~~dimensions of structural member~~ and ~~envisage~~ a proper structural system ~~that will support a structure in a given period of time~~.	+	Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling are the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction. To mitigate these failures the structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure to propose an appropriate material, adequate cross section and a proper structural system.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]

Designing Buildings at 06:03, 23 May 2019

2019-05-23T06:03:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:03, 23 May 2019
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−	~~CAUSES OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE~~	+	Introduction

−	Structural failure refers to defects ~~that happen due to inability of the~~ load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.	+	Structural failure refers to defects in which a load bearing component of the building is unable to support and transfer loads to another element. Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component may be caused by:

−	~~Structural failure develops due~~ to ~~breakdown~~ in the ~~performance~~ of the materials ~~in a structural component this is caused by~~	+	* Erroneous construction: Failure of the engineer to supervise all the construction activities at the site resulting in faults to construction elements which later develop into failure; issues like use of salty sand in making concrete, use of poor grade steel not as specified, improper tightening of torque nuts, bad welds and so on.
		+	* Improper design: Failure of the engineer to account for all the loads the structure is to carry, application of erroneous design theories, use of inaccurate data, not taking account of the impacts of repetitive or impulsive stresses, improper use of materials, misunderstanding of properties and so on.
		+	* Foundation failures: Failure of the ground on which the foundation rests to carry load, causing displacements, altering the stress distribution to the whole structure and so on.
		+	* Overloading: Excess loads that are applied beyond that which had been anticipated, these loads might be due to vibrating earthquake, heavy snow loads, hurricanes, storage, change of use and so on.
		+	* Innovation: New types of structures subject to unexpected failures.

−	* Erroneous construction	+	= Compressive and tensile failure =

−	~~Failure of~~ the ~~engineer to supervise all the construction activities at the site cause faults to construction elements which later develop~~ failure~~; issues like use of salty sand~~ in ~~making concrete, use~~ of ~~poor steel grade not as specified, improper tightening of torque nuts, bad welds and other erratic practices known~~ to ~~construction workers do accelerate~~ the ~~failure~~ of the ~~structure~~.	+	Compressive failure can be sudden and catastrophic, apparent by cross breaks caused by the excessive longitudinal compression or bending. Tensile failure can be detected by stretching in the sizes of the member. These elongations come along with cracks that orient perpendicular to the direction of the tensile forces.

−	* Improper design	+	= Bending failure =

−	~~This~~ is the ~~failure~~ of the ~~engineer to account all the loads the structure is to carry, application~~ of the ~~erroneous design theories~~, ~~use of inaccurate data, ignorance of the impacts of repetitive~~ or ~~impulsive stresses, improper use of materials and misunderstanding of their properties~~.	+	Bending is the bowing deformation of a beam or other member under load. Bending stress can be slow or sudden depending on the nature of the force applied, whether compressive or tensile forces.

−	* Foundation failures	+	= Shear failure =

−	~~The~~ failure of ~~the soil stratum on which the foundation rests underneath ground level to carry load~~, ~~cause displacements~~, ~~altering~~ the ~~stress distribution to the whole structure~~.	+	Shear failure is principally an internal splitting force caused by two forces acting in opposite directions at a distance to one another along the cross section of a structural member. Shear cracks are diagonal, for example, appearing in the web of a beam.

−	* Overloading	+	= Buckling failure =

−	~~These are excess loads that are applied beyond the expected amount, these loads might be due to vibrating earthquake, heavy snow loads and winds of hurricanes.~~	+	Buckling is a creasing failure by crumpling of a longitudinal structural member loaded eccentrically with a compressive force. It occurs to long and slender members subject to axial compressive stress. Buckling load is a compressive load at which a column or strut begins to buckle. Steel columns are more prone to buckling than concrete columns because they are more slender. Also slender beams and floor joists fail due to compressive stresses resulting from the bending.
−		+
−	* Unforeseeable modes of failure.	+
−		+
−	~~New types of structures are subjected to unexpected failures which failure properties were not well understood or studied.~~	+
−		+
−	Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.	+
−		+
−	~~MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE~~	+
−		+
−	~~COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE~~	+
−		+
−	~~Compressive failure~~ is sudden and catastrophic. Always cross breaks caused by the excessive longitudinal compression or bending. Tensile failure can be detected by the stretching in the sizes of the member showing ample signs of the failure of the component. These elongations come along with cracks that orient perpendicular to the direction of the tensile forces.	+
−		+
−	~~BENDING FAILURE~~	+
−		+
−	~~Bending is the bowing deformation of~~ a beam or other member under load. Bending stress can be of slow or sudden failure depending on the nature of the force applied on the structure whether compressive or tensile forces. Shear failure is likely the same to bending failure due to that, shear stress to a structural member is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses. Shear is principally an internal splitting force caused by two forces acting in opposite directions at a distance to one another along the cross section of a structural member. Shear cracks are diagonal normally appearing in the web of a beam due to exceeding shear stresses to shear strength of the material.	+
−		+
−	~~BUCKLING FAILURE~~	+
−		+
−	~~Buckling is the sudden~~ creasing failure by crumpling of a longitudinal structural member loaded eccentrically with a compressive force. It occurs to long and slender members ~~subjected~~ to axial compressive stress~~, slender member is one that its length is much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions~~. Buckling load~~, the~~ compressive load at which a column or strut begins to buckle. Steel columns are more prone to buckling than concrete columns because they are more slender. Also slender beams and floor joists fail due to compressive stresses resulting from the bending.	+

	Buckling Vs. Bending		Buckling Vs. Bending
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	\| Bending		\| Bending
	\|-		\|-
−	\| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load	+	\| Occurs when the load reaches a certain critical value known as Critical load
	\| Occurs under all magnitudes of loads applied to a structural component.		\| Occurs under all magnitudes of loads applied to a structural component.
	\|-		\|-
−	\| Buckling takes place abruptly~~, a failure that does not lead to a complete collapse of the structure~~.	+	\| Buckling takes place abruptly.
−	\| May be sudden or gradual, it gives warning signs to failure of the structural component before complete collapse.	+	\| May be sudden or gradual, it gives warning signs of failure of the structural component before complete collapse.
	\|-		\|-
−	\| Buckling under load ~~member becomes~~ unstable, but will generally not fracture	+	\| Buckling under load members become unstable, but will generally not fracture
	\| Bending under load member deflects, it may start to develop some cracks.		\| Bending under load member deflects, it may start to develop some cracks.
	\|-		\|-
−	\| Instability caused by buckling in one member lead to excessive stresses in other members causing progressive collapse of the whole structure.	+	\| Instability caused by buckling in one member can lead to excessive stresses in other members causing progressive collapse of the whole structure.
	\| The defects developed due to bending stress cause less effect to progressive failure of the whole structure.		\| The defects developed due to bending stress cause less effect to progressive failure of the whole structure.
−	\|-
−	~~\| Important consideration in the design of columns and load bearing walls.~~
−	~~\| Important design consideration to beams and slabs.~~
	\|-		\|-
	\| Buckling is due to axial stresses applied along the longitudinal axis of the member.		\| Buckling is due to axial stresses applied along the longitudinal axis of the member.
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	Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling forms the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction, to mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure for him to propose sufficient type of material, adequate cross dimensions of structural member and envisage a proper structural system that will support a structure in a given period of time.		Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling forms the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction, to mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure for him to propose sufficient type of material, adequate cross dimensions of structural member and envisage a proper structural system that will support a structure in a given period of time.

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Design]]

Yoktani at 14:23, 15 March 2019

2019-03-15T14:23:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 15 March 2019
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−	~~MECHANISMS~~ OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE	+	CAUSES OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

	Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.		Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.
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	Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.		Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.
		+
		+	MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

	COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE		COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE
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	{\|		{\|
−	~~\|width="50%"~~\| Buckling	+	\| Buckling
−	~~\|width="50%"~~\| Bending	+	\| Bending
	\|-		\|-
	\| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load		\| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load

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2019-03-15T14:16:34Z

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MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL FAILURE

Structural failure refers to defects that happen due to inability of the load bearing component of the building to support and transfer loads to another element.

Structural failure develops due to breakdown in the performance of the materials in a structural component this is caused by

* Erroneous construction

Failure of the engineer to supervise all the construction activities at the site cause faults to construction elements which later develop failure; issues like use of salty sand in making concrete, use of poor steel grade not as specified, improper tightening of torque nuts, bad welds and other erratic practices known to construction workers do accelerate the failure of the structure.

* Improper design

This is the failure of the engineer to account all the loads the structure is to carry, application of the erroneous design theories, use of inaccurate data, ignorance of the impacts of repetitive or impulsive stresses, improper use of materials and misunderstanding of their properties.

* Foundation failures

The failure of the soil stratum on which the foundation rests underneath ground level to carry load, cause displacements, altering the stress distribution to the whole structure.

* Overloading

These are excess loads that are applied beyond the expected amount, these loads might be due to vibrating earthquake, heavy snow loads and winds of hurricanes.

* Unforeseeable modes of failure.

New types of structures are subjected to unexpected failures which failure properties were not well understood or studied.

Structural failures are determined by the type of the action of the stresses induced in a particular structural component it can be tensile, compression or combination of both tensile and compression forces.

COMPRESSIVE AND TENSILE FAILURE

Compressive failure is sudden and catastrophic. Always cross breaks caused by the excessive longitudinal compression or bending. Tensile failure can be detected by the stretching in the sizes of the member showing ample signs of the failure of the component. These elongations come along with cracks that orient perpendicular to the direction of the tensile forces.

BENDING FAILURE

Bending is the bowing deformation of a beam or other member under load. Bending stress can be of slow or sudden failure depending on the nature of the force applied on the structure whether compressive or tensile forces. Shear failure is likely the same to bending failure due to that, shear stress to a structural member is a combination of compressive and tensile stresses. Shear is principally an internal splitting force caused by two forces acting in opposite directions at a distance to one another along the cross section of a structural member. Shear cracks are diagonal normally appearing in the web of a beam due to exceeding shear stresses to shear strength of the material.

BUCKLING FAILURE

Buckling is the sudden creasing failure by crumpling of a longitudinal structural member loaded eccentrically with a compressive force. It occurs to long and slender members subjected to axial compressive stress, slender member is one that its length is much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions. Buckling load, the compressive load at which a column or strut begins to buckle. Steel columns are more prone to buckling than concrete columns because they are more slender. Also slender beams and floor joists fail due to compressive stresses resulting from the bending.

Buckling Vs. Bending

{|
|width="50%"| Buckling
|width="50%"| Bending
|-
| Occurs when the load reaches to a certain critical value known as Critical load
| Occurs under all magnitudes of loads applied to a structural component.
|-
| Buckling takes place abruptly, a failure that does not lead to a complete collapse of the structure.
| May be sudden or gradual, it gives warning signs to failure of the structural component before complete collapse.
|-
| Buckling under load member becomes unstable, but will generally not fracture
| Bending under load member deflects, it may start to develop some cracks.
|-
| Instability caused by buckling in one member lead to excessive stresses in other members causing progressive collapse of the whole structure.
| The defects developed due to bending stress cause less effect to progressive failure of the whole structure.
|-
| Important consideration in the design of columns and load bearing walls.
| Important design consideration to beams and slabs.
|-
| Buckling is due to axial stresses applied along the longitudinal axis of the member.
| Bending is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses.
|}

Strengthening

For a member to withstand loads against buckling failure it should be designed to reduce its slenderness by increasing its cross-sectional dimension.

Bracing a member at its intermediate points along its length or height

For economical reasons consider bracing a member as cheaper and easier than increasing its cross sectional dimensions this is uneconomical.

Conclusion

Compressive, tensile, bending and buckling forms the basic types of structural failure for construction elements. These are caused due to faults in design and construction, to mitigate these failures structural engineer has to properly study properties of the structural materials, loads to be applied and the use of the structure for him to propose sufficient type of material, adequate cross dimensions of structural member and envisage a proper structural system that will support a structure in a given period of time.

[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]