Limestone for building - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 09:59, 19 May 2022

2022-05-19T09:59:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:59, 19 May 2022
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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Limestone is a sedimentary rock that was laid ~~down~~ at the bottom of shallow lakes and seas and compacted over four geological eras: Cretaceous, Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous, spanning 70 – 345 million years ~~ago~~.	+	Limestone is a sedimentary rock that was laid at the bottom of shallow lakes and seas and compacted over four geological eras: Cretaceous, Jurassic, Permian and Carboniferous, spanning 70 – 345 million years.

	= Formation =		= Formation =

−	~~By ‘sedimentary’ it is meant~~ that the particles which make up limestone ~~originated from other places but~~ were transported and deposited mainly by water but also by wind~~. Limestone often comprises the skeletal remains of marine organisms such as corals and molluscs which are the primary source of calcite in limestone although other sources do occur~~. Chemically, limestone comprises different forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).	+	Sedimentary means that the particles which make up limestone were transported and deposited as sediment, mainly by water but also by wind. Chemically, limestone comprises different forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

−	The presence of marine organisms and other fossil inclusions ~~often~~ form an attractive feature when the stone is polished or honed.	+	Limestone often includes the skeletal remains of marine organisms such as corals and molluscs which are the primary source of calcite, although other sources do occur. The presence of these marine organisms and other fossil inclusions can form an attractive feature when the stone is polished or honed.

	= Varieties =		= Varieties =

−	Forming over such an extended geological timescale has resulted in different types of limestone, each with characteristic properties, ~~ranging from~~ chalk, ragstone ~~and~~ clunch, ~~through to~~ oolitic and liassic limestones~~, to~~ dolomitic and carboniferous varieties.	+	Forming over such an extended geological timescale has resulted in different types of limestone, each with characteristic properties, including; chalk, ragstone, clunch, oolitic and liassic limestones as well as dolomitic and carboniferous varieties.

	Due to the presence of a variety of minerals, limestone presents numerous colours, ranging from grey Portland stone, to creamy Bath stone, the brown limestone of Dorset and the dark grey Purbeck stone, also from Dorset. Purbeck can be polished to give a faux marble effect and so came to be known as ‘Purbeck marble’, popular in the 19th century for high quality architectural interior decoration and thin columns.		Due to the presence of a variety of minerals, limestone presents numerous colours, ranging from grey Portland stone, to creamy Bath stone, the brown limestone of Dorset and the dark grey Purbeck stone, also from Dorset. Purbeck can be polished to give a faux marble effect and so came to be known as ‘Purbeck marble’, popular in the 19th century for high quality architectural interior decoration and thin columns.
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	= Uses in construction =		= Uses in construction =

−	Limestone can ~~either~~ be categorised as ‘soft’ or ‘hard’. As a building material, it is both abundant and versatile and has been used globally, but ~~especially~~ in Europe and the US. Global landmarks include the pyramids of Egypt, numerous Gothic cathedrals in Europe, particularly France, and Italian city walls and castles. St Paul’s Cathedral in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren is built from Portland stone.	+	Limestone can be categorised as ‘soft’ or ‘hard’. As a building material, it is both abundant and versatile and has been used globally, but in particular in Europe and the US. Global landmarks include the pyramids of Egypt, numerous Gothic cathedrals in Europe, particularly France, and Italian city walls and castles. St Paul’s Cathedral in London, designed by Sir Christopher Wren is built from Portland stone.

−	During the 19th and early 20th centuries limestone, particularly Portland stone, became popular in the UK for building banks, civic buildings and educational establishments, many of which were in the classical style. More recently, a notable use of a creamy-coloured limestone from France was Foster + Partners' Great Court in the British Museum, London.	+	During the 19th and early 20th centuries, limestone, particularly Portland stone, became popular in the UK for building banks, civic buildings and educational establishments, many of which were in the classical style. More recently, a notable use of a creamy-coloured limestone from France was Foster + Partners' Great Court in the British Museum, London.

	Limestone is relatively easy to cut and carve (some limestone varieties are easier to work than others but it is ‘softer’ than some sandstones) and its uses in construction are wide ranging, including:		Limestone is relatively easy to cut and carve (some limestone varieties are easier to work than others but it is ‘softer’ than some sandstones) and its uses in construction are wide ranging, including:

Designing Buildings at 07:02, 11 May 2022

2022-05-11T07:02:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 11 May 2022
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	* As a decorative element in residences, such as for gardens and fireplace surrounds.		* As a decorative element in residences, such as for gardens and fireplace surrounds.

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Bungaroush.		* Bungaroush.
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	* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.		* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.
	* Limestone calcined clay cement LC3.		* Limestone calcined clay cement LC3.
		+	* Limewash.
	* Kentish ragstone.		* Kentish ragstone.
	* Knapping.		* Knapping.
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	* Natural stone tiles.		* Natural stone tiles.
	* Natural stone.		* Natural stone.
−	* Patio stone.
	* Penarth Alabaster.		* Penarth Alabaster.
	* Portland Stone.		* Portland Stone.
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	* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.		* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.

−	[[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Editor at 18:56, 11 October 2021

2021-10-11T18:56:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:56, 11 October 2021
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	* Penarth Alabaster.		* Penarth Alabaster.
	* Portland Stone.		* Portland Stone.
		+	* Purbeck marble.
	* Roof slates.		* Roof slates.
	* Sourcing stone to repair Exeter Cathedral.		* Sourcing stone to repair Exeter Cathedral.

Editor at 17:17, 23 August 2021

2021-08-23T17:17:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 23 August 2021
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	* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.		* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.
	* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.		* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.
		+	* Limestone calcined clay cement LC3.
	* Kentish ragstone.		* Kentish ragstone.
	* Knapping.		* Knapping.

Editor at 18:33, 11 December 2020

2020-12-11T18:33:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:33, 11 December 2020
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	* Bungaroush.		* Bungaroush.
	* Choosing stone.		* Choosing stone.
		+	* Clunch.
	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.
	* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.		* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.

Editor at 18:08, 10 December 2020

2020-12-10T18:08:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:08, 10 December 2020
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	* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.		* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.
	* Flint.		* Flint.
		+	* Freestone.
	* Inspecting stone sample panels.		* Inspecting stone sample panels.
	* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.		* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.

Editor at 20:16, 30 October 2020

2020-10-30T20:16:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:16, 30 October 2020
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

		+	* Bungaroush.
	* Choosing stone.		* Choosing stone.
	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.

Editor at 19:48, 29 September 2020

2020-09-29T19:48:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:48, 29 September 2020
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	* Defects in stonework.		* Defects in stonework.
	* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.		* Finding stone to conserve historic buildings.
		+	* Flint.
	* Inspecting stone sample panels.		* Inspecting stone sample panels.
	* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.		* Iraq, Afghanistan, Gulf War Memorial.

Editor at 17:32, 26 August 2020

2020-08-26T17:32:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:32, 26 August 2020
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	* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.		* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.

−	[[Category:~~DCN_Guidance~~]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]]

Editor at 17:32, 26 August 2020

2020-08-26T17:32:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:32, 26 August 2020
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	* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.		* Julian Opie Art Wall CitizenM Tower of London Hotel.
	* Kentish ragstone.		* Kentish ragstone.
		+	* Knapping.
	* Masonry.		* Masonry.
	* Modern Stonemasonry.		* Modern Stonemasonry.
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	* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.		* Use of Stone in Monks Lantern Weybridge.

−	[[Category:~~Education~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Education_and_Training~~]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:Education]] [[Category:History]]