Lighthouse - Revision history

Editor at 10:37, 17 September 2021

2021-09-17T10:37:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:37, 17 September 2021
Line 62:		Line 62:
	* Seashaken Houses: A lighthouse history from Eddystone to Fastnet.		* Seashaken Houses: A lighthouse history from Eddystone to Fastnet.
	* Thames barrier.		* Thames barrier.
		+	* Three pieces of infrastructure that have saved lives.
	* Tidal lagoon power.		* Tidal lagoon power.
	* Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective.		* Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective.

−	[[Category:~~Conservation~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Definition~~]] [[Category:~~History~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Editor at 18:08, 10 December 2020

2020-12-10T18:08:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:08, 10 December 2020
Line 54:		Line 54:
	* Conserving Cornish harbours.		* Conserving Cornish harbours.
	* Dam construction.		* Dam construction.
		+	* Freestone.
	* Hydroelectricity.		* Hydroelectricity.
	* Hydropower.		* Hydropower.

Editor at 20:39, 26 October 2020

2020-10-26T20:39:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:39, 26 October 2020
Line 56:		Line 56:
	* Hydroelectricity.		* Hydroelectricity.
	* Hydropower.		* Hydropower.
		+	* Martello tower.
	* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.		* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.
	* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.		* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.
Line 63:		Line 64:
	* Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective.		* Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:History]]

Designing Buildings at 13:35, 25 January 2020

2020-01-25T13:35:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:35, 25 January 2020
Line 61:		Line 61:
	* Thames barrier.		* Thames barrier.
	* Tidal lagoon power.		* Tidal lagoon power.
		+	* Waterfronts Revisited: European ports in a historic and global perspective.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]

Designing Buildings at 08:47, 18 January 2020

2020-01-18T08:47:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:47, 18 January 2020
Line 58:		Line 58:
	* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.		* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.
	* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.		* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.
		+	* Seashaken Houses: A lighthouse history from Eddystone to Fastnet.
	* Thames barrier.		* Thames barrier.
	* Tidal lagoon power.		* Tidal lagoon power.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]

Designing Buildings at 13:36, 22 November 2019

2019-11-22T13:36:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:36, 22 November 2019
Line 10:		Line 10:

	Due to advances in communications technology in the early part of the 21st century, modern lighthouses may feature an array of signalling equipment, including radio and radar beacons, and sound fog signals (for obscured weather). Lighthouses with such radio aids can also serve as guidance to aircraft and can also be located inland.		Due to advances in communications technology in the early part of the 21st century, modern lighthouses may feature an array of signalling equipment, including radio and radar beacons, and sound fog signals (for obscured weather). Lighthouses with such radio aids can also serve as guidance to aircraft and can also be located inland.
−
−	~~Because of these advances in navigational aids, some lighthouses have been decommissioned.~~

	= History =		= History =
Line 37:		Line 35:
	= Construction =		= Construction =

−	Lighthouses can be constructed as fixed structures on land or sea ~~– in which case a submarine foundation will be required~~. The latter can be problematic to construct given the cost and specialist construction techniques required to withstand tides, currents, sea action, ice and the potential for bottom erosion. However, when a fixed structure is impracticable, floating buoys (with lights around 7m above the water line) can be used as small warning elements; on a larger scale, lightships (with lights on mastheads) can be permanently moored at the required locations. However, offshore stations anchored to the sea bottom are expensive to build and operate ~~because they are permanently manned. They are therefore often replaced by offshore stations anchored to the sea bottom~~. More popular in the US, these are typically steel structures, similar to oil rigs but much smaller, and comprise living quarters, a helicopter deck, machinery area and tall mast carrying the ~~main~~ shipping light ~~and above it~~ a radio beacon antenna ~~topped by~~ a warning light for aviation.	+	Lighthouses can be constructed as fixed structures on land or sea.
		+
		+	The latter can be problematic to construct given the cost and specialist construction techniques required to withstand tides, currents, sea action, ice and the potential for bottom erosion. Offshore stations anchored to the sea bottom are expensive to build and operate. More popular in the US, these are typically steel structures, similar to oil rigs but much smaller, and comprise living quarters, a helicopter deck, machinery area and a tall mast carrying the shipping light, a radio beacon antenna and a warning light for aviation.
		+
		+	When a fixed structure is impracticable, floating buoys (with lights around 7m above the water line) can be used as small warning elements; on a larger scale, lightships (with lights on mastheads) can be permanently moored at the required locations.

	= Manual v automated =		= Manual v automated =

−	Throughout history, lighthouses have usually required keepers to maintain the beacon and ensure it ~~operated~~ at the right time and in the required manner. However, the advent of GPS in the latter part of the 20th century and other improvements in maritime safety have, in many cases, seen the decline of the non-automated lighthouse. Today’s beacons are likely to comprise solar panels and batteries powering a single light mounted on a steel-framed tower.	+	Throughout history, lighthouses have usually required lighthouse keepers to maintain the beacon and ensure it operates at the right time and in the required manner. However, the advent of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in the latter part of the 20th century and other improvements in maritime safety have, in many cases, seen the decline of the non-automated lighthouse. Today’s beacons are likely to comprise solar panels and batteries powering a single light mounted on a steel-framed tower.
		+
		+	Because of these advances in navigational systems, some lighthouses have been decommissioned entirely.

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

	* A review of Scotland's historic lighthouses.		* A review of Scotland's historic lighthouses.
−	* Bearing capacity.
	* Cardiff tidal lagoon.		* Cardiff tidal lagoon.
−	* ~~Concept structural design of buildings~~.	+	* Coastal defences.
−	* ~~Construction materials~~.	+	* Conserving Cornish harbours.
	* Dam construction.		* Dam construction.
−	* Deflection.
−	* Elements of structure in buildings.
−	* Force.
	* Hydroelectricity.		* Hydroelectricity.
	* Hydropower.		* Hydropower.
	* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.		* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.
	* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.		* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.
−	* Passive water efficiency measures.
−	* Scotland’s new guide on managing climate-change risk to historic sites
−	* Structure definition.
	* Thames barrier.		* Thames barrier.
−	* The challenges and opportunities of conservation in the Highlands and Islands.
−	* The design of temporary structures and wind adjacent to tall buildings.
	* Tidal lagoon power.		* Tidal lagoon power.
−	* Tube structural system.
−	* Types of structural load.
−	* Water engineering.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]

Designing Buildings at 13:16, 22 November 2019

2019-11-22T13:16:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:16, 22 November 2019
Line 7:		Line 7:
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Lighthouses are structures located in or adjacent to navigable waters and are designed to warn passing shipping of the danger from nearby land, reefs and rocky outcrops. During the day, the lighthouse serves as a visual guide for navigation; at night or in poor light ~~conditions~~, it reveals its position by a flashing beacon located at the top of the structure. Conventional lighthouses are typically tall, slender tower structures, usually circular in plan and tapering towards the beacon at the top.	+	Lighthouses are structures located in or adjacent to navigable waters and are designed to warn passing shipping of the danger from nearby land, reefs and rocky outcrops. During the day, the lighthouse serves as a visual guide for navigation; at night or in poor light, it reveals its position by a flashing beacon located at the top of the structure. Conventional lighthouses are typically tall, slender tower structures, usually circular in plan and tapering towards the beacon at the top. The light from a modern lighthouse can be seen up to 17 miles away.

−	~~The light from a modern lighthouse can be seen up to 17 miles away.~~ Due to advances in communications technology in the early part of the 21st century, modern lighthouses may feature an array of signalling equipment, including radio and radar beacons, and sound fog signals (for obscured weather). Lighthouses with such radio aids can also serve as guidance to aircraft and can also be located inland.	+	Due to advances in communications technology in the early part of the 21st century, modern lighthouses may feature an array of signalling equipment, including radio and radar beacons, and sound fog signals (for obscured weather). Lighthouses with such radio aids can also serve as guidance to aircraft and can also be located inland.
		+
		+	Because of these advances in navigational aids, some lighthouses have been decommissioned.

	= History =		= History =
Line 20:		Line 22:

	One of the pioneering examples was by John Smeaton, a civil engineer who in 1759 completed the remodelling of Winstanley’s lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks in the English Channel. Smeaton used hydraulic lime as mortar between granite blocks secured with dovetail joints and marble dowels. Together with the tapered profile, the result was a very stable structure which effectively dissipated wind forces and was to become the prototype for the modern lighthouse, influencing many future engineers.		One of the pioneering examples was by John Smeaton, a civil engineer who in 1759 completed the remodelling of Winstanley’s lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks in the English Channel. Smeaton used hydraulic lime as mortar between granite blocks secured with dovetail joints and marble dowels. Together with the tapered profile, the result was a very stable structure which effectively dissipated wind forces and was to become the prototype for the modern lighthouse, influencing many future engineers.
		+
		+	Robert Louis Stevenson's family constructed a large number of lighthouses, in particular around the coast of Scotland, many in very exposed and inaccessible locations.

	= Materials =		= Materials =
Line 29:		Line 33:
	= Light =		= Light =

−	In ancient lighthouses, beacons were created by wood fires burnt in braziers. Coal was used for this purpose up to the end of the 18th century after which animal or vegetable oils were burnt in ~~special~~ lamps. At one point, batteries of candles were used, such as in Smeaton’s light. After around 1850, mineral oil was burned in a series of wicks. Around the end of the 19th century, a further advance, involved burners vaporising mineral oil on a mantle, producing an extremely high brilliance light. This would more often than not be channelled through a lens, such as of the Fresnel type, to focus the light. However, the most significant advance was the introduction of high-intensity electric incandescent lamps: these are clean, safe, adaptable, allow accurate focusing of the optical apparatus and provide a readily-varied concentration of candlepower.	+	In ancient lighthouses, beacons were created by wood fires burnt in braziers. Coal was used for this purpose up to the end of the 18th century after which animal or vegetable oils were burnt in lamps. At one point, batteries of candles were used, such as in Smeaton’s light. After around 1850, mineral oil was burned in a series of wicks. Around the end of the 19th century, a further advance, involved burners vaporising mineral oil on a mantle, producing an extremely high brilliance light. This would more often than not be channelled through a lens, such as of the Fresnel type, to focus the light. However, the most significant advance was the introduction of high-intensity electric incandescent lamps: these are clean, safe, adaptable, allow accurate focusing of the optical apparatus and provide a readily-varied concentration of candlepower.

	= Construction =		= Construction =

Editor at 18:34, 20 November 2019

2019-11-20T18:34:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 20 November 2019
Line 41:		Line 41:
	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

−	A review of ~~Scotland’s~~ historic lighthouses.	+	* A review of Scotland's historic lighthouses.
−		+
	* Bearing capacity.		* Bearing capacity.
	* Cardiff tidal lagoon.		* Cardiff tidal lagoon.

Editor at 18:32, 20 November 2019

2019-11-20T18:32:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:32, 20 November 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:Lismore-~~4pixabay 800~~.jpg]]	+	\| [[File:Lismore-4pixabay_800.jpg\|link=File:Lismore-4pixabay_800.jpg]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| Lismore lighthouse, built in 1833 by Robert Stevenson. Image by tr_7 from Pixabay.		\| Lismore lighthouse, built in 1833 by Robert Stevenson. Image by tr_7 from Pixabay.
Line 41:		Line 41:
	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

−	* A review of Scotland’s historic lighthouses.	+	A review of Scotland’s historic lighthouses.
−	* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.	+
−	* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.	+
−	* Scotland’s new guide on managing climate-change risk to historic sites	+
−	* The challenges and opportunities of conservation in the Highlands and Islands.	+
−	* Cardiff tidal lagoon.	+
−	* Dam construction.	+
−	* Hydroelectricity.	+
−	* Hydropower.	+
−	* Passive water efficiency measures.	+
−	* Tidal lagoon power.	+
−	* Thames barrier.	+
−	* Water engineering.	+
	* Bearing capacity.		* Bearing capacity.
		+	* Cardiff tidal lagoon.
	* Concept structural design of buildings.		* Concept structural design of buildings.
	* Construction materials.		* Construction materials.
		+	* Dam construction.
	* Deflection.		* Deflection.
	* Elements of structure in buildings.		* Elements of structure in buildings.
	* Force.		* Force.
		+	* Hydroelectricity.
		+	* Hydropower.
		+	* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.
		+	* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.
		+	* Passive water efficiency measures.
		+	* Scotland’s new guide on managing climate-change risk to historic sites
	* Structure definition.		* Structure definition.
		+	* Thames barrier.
		+	* The challenges and opportunities of conservation in the Highlands and Islands.
	* The design of temporary structures and wind adjacent to tall buildings.		* The design of temporary structures and wind adjacent to tall buildings.
		+	* Tidal lagoon power.
	* Tube structural system.		* Tube structural system.
	* Types of structural load.		* Types of structural load.
		+	* Water engineering.

	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]		[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]

Editor: Created page with "{| | File:Lismore-4pixabay 800.jpg |- | Lismore lighthouse, built in 1833 by Robert Stevenson. Image by tr_7 from Pixabay. |} = Introduction = Lighthouses are structures lo..."

2019-11-20T18:29:58Z

Created page with "{| | File:Lismore-4pixabay 800.jpg |- | Lismore lighthouse, built in 1833 by Robert Stevenson. Image by tr_7 from Pixabay. |} = Introduction = Lighthouses are structures lo..."

New page

{|
| [[File:Lismore-4pixabay 800.jpg]]
|-
| Lismore lighthouse, built in 1833 by Robert Stevenson. Image by tr_7 from Pixabay.
|}

= Introduction =

Lighthouses are structures located in or adjacent to navigable waters and are designed to warn passing shipping of the danger from nearby land, reefs and rocky outcrops. During the day, the lighthouse serves as a visual guide for navigation; at night or in poor light conditions, it reveals its position by a flashing beacon located at the top of the structure. Conventional lighthouses are typically tall, slender tower structures, usually circular in plan and tapering towards the beacon at the top.

The light from a modern lighthouse can be seen up to 17 miles away. Due to advances in communications technology in the early part of the 21st century, modern lighthouses may feature an array of signalling equipment, including radio and radar beacons, and sound fog signals (for obscured weather). Lighthouses with such radio aids can also serve as guidance to aircraft and can also be located inland.

= History =

One of the earliest lighthouses was the Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt, completed in 247 BC but thought to have been destroyed by an earthquake around 1350 AD. It has been considered one of the wonders of the ancient world. The Romans also built lighthouses, such as those on either side of the English Channel at Dover and Boulogne. The lighthouse was taken to a high art in the 19th century, particularly in the UK which saw many examples built, such as:

* Eddystone, Plymouth (1882), built of granite, height 40m (see below).
* Lismore, Scotland (1833), freestone/limewashed rubble, height 26m.
* Bishop Rock, Scilly Isles, (1858-1887), granite, height 44m.

One of the pioneering examples was by John Smeaton, a civil engineer who in 1759 completed the remodelling of Winstanley’s lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks in the English Channel. Smeaton used hydraulic lime as mortar between granite blocks secured with dovetail joints and marble dowels. Together with the tapered profile, the result was a very stable structure which effectively dissipated wind forces and was to become the prototype for the modern lighthouse, influencing many future engineers.

= Materials =

Masonry has been the predominant building material due to its weight and resistance to weathering, particularly against aggressive coastal environments comprising sea action, ice thrust and wind overturn. Other materials can include concrete, brick, cast iron and steel. Lanterns and fixtures were often made of bronze due to its resistance to corrosion.

Lismore, Scotland (pictured) is a typical 19th century-style lighthouse, with a diameter of 5.8m at the base and walls of 1.4m minimum wall thickness. The masonry is coursed lime-washed rubble, with painted dressings of freestone; the stone is said to have been quarried at Loch Aline nearby. The parapet-walk runs around the light room which is a cast iron superstructure pierced by two rows of square glass panes.

= Light =

In ancient lighthouses, beacons were created by wood fires burnt in braziers. Coal was used for this purpose up to the end of the 18th century after which animal or vegetable oils were burnt in special lamps. At one point, batteries of candles were used, such as in Smeaton’s light. After around 1850, mineral oil was burned in a series of wicks. Around the end of the 19th century, a further advance, involved burners vaporising mineral oil on a mantle, producing an extremely high brilliance light. This would more often than not be channelled through a lens, such as of the Fresnel type, to focus the light. However, the most significant advance was the introduction of high-intensity electric incandescent lamps: these are clean, safe, adaptable, allow accurate focusing of the optical apparatus and provide a readily-varied concentration of candlepower.

= Construction =

Lighthouses can be constructed as fixed structures on land or sea – in which case a submarine foundation will be required. The latter can be problematic to construct given the cost and specialist construction techniques required to withstand tides, currents, sea action, ice and the potential for bottom erosion. However, when a fixed structure is impracticable, floating buoys (with lights around 7m above the water line) can be used as small warning elements; on a larger scale, lightships (with lights on mastheads) can be permanently moored at the required locations. However, offshore stations anchored to the sea bottom are expensive to build and operate because they are permanently manned. They are therefore often replaced by offshore stations anchored to the sea bottom. More popular in the US, these are typically steel structures, similar to oil rigs but much smaller, and comprise living quarters, a helicopter deck, machinery area and tall mast carrying the main shipping light and above it a radio beacon antenna topped by a warning light for aviation.

= Manual v automated =

Throughout history, lighthouses have usually required keepers to maintain the beacon and ensure it operated at the right time and in the required manner. However, the advent of GPS in the latter part of the 20th century and other improvements in maritime safety have, in many cases, seen the decline of the non-automated lighthouse. Today’s beacons are likely to comprise solar panels and batteries powering a single light mounted on a steel-framed tower.

= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

* A review of Scotland’s historic lighthouses.
* Matthew Davidson stonemason and civil engineer.
* New architecture of Scotland’s west coast.
* Scotland’s new guide on managing climate-change risk to historic sites
* The challenges and opportunities of conservation in the Highlands and Islands.
* Cardiff tidal lagoon.
* Dam construction.
* Hydroelectricity.
* Hydropower.
* Passive water efficiency measures.
* Tidal lagoon power.
* Thames barrier.
* Water engineering.
* Bearing capacity.
* Concept structural design of buildings.
* Construction materials.
* Deflection.
* Elements of structure in buildings.
* Force.
* Structure definition.
* The design of temporary structures and wind adjacent to tall buildings.
* Tube structural system.
* Types of structural load.

[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]]