Japanese knotweed identification and eradication - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 10:49, 28 February 2023

2023-02-28T10:49:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:49, 28 February 2023
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	* DEFRA, [https://www.gov.uk/japanese-knotweed-giant-hogweed-and-other-invasive-plants Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants].		* DEFRA, [https://www.gov.uk/japanese-knotweed-giant-hogweed-and-other-invasive-plants Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants].
	* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].		* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].
−	* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].
	* Garden Buildings Direct. The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition).		* Garden Buildings Direct. The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition).

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]] [[Category:Surrey_Hills_AONB]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]] [[Category:Surrey_Hills_AONB]]

Designing Buildings at 11:42, 15 February 2023

2023-02-15T11:42:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 15 February 2023
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	This article was created by --[[User:Nicolas_Seal\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)		This article was created by --[[User:Nicolas_Seal\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Deleterious materials.		* Deleterious materials.
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	* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].		* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].
	* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].		* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].
−	* Garden Buildings Direct. ~~[http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/~~ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].	+	* Garden Buildings Direct. The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition).

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation~~]] [[Category:Surrey_Hills_AONB~~]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]] [[Category:Surrey_Hills_AONB]]

Designing Buildings at 11:02, 15 February 2021

2021-02-15T11:02:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 15 February 2021
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	* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].		* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Surrey_Hills_AONB]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Designing Buildings at 11:30, 10 February 2021

2021-02-10T11:30:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 10 February 2021
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	* Environmental legislation.		* Environmental legislation.
	* Ecological survey.		* Ecological survey.
		+	* Invasive non-native species.
	* London Invasive Species Initiative.		* London Invasive Species Initiative.
	* Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.		* Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.

Designing Buildings: Removed protection from "Japanese knotweed identification and eradication"

2020-10-19T07:22:59Z

Removed protection from "Japanese knotweed identification and eradication"

← Older revision

Revision as of 07:22, 19 October 2020

Designing Buildings at 07:22, 19 October 2020

2020-10-19T07:22:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:22, 19 October 2020
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	This article was created by --[[User:Nicolas_Seal\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)		This article was created by --[[User:Nicolas_Seal\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Deleterious materials.		* Deleterious materials.
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	* Environmental legislation.		* Environmental legislation.
	* Ecological survey.		* Ecological survey.
		+	* London Invasive Species Initiative.
	* Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.		* Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.
	* Protected species.		* Protected species.
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	* Wildlife and Countryside Act.		* Wildlife and Countryside Act.

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981].		* The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981].

Designing Buildings at 08:01, 11 October 2020

2020-10-11T08:01:52Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:01, 11 October 2020
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	* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].		* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].

−	[[Category:~~Other_legislation~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Legislation~~]] [[Category:~~Policy~~]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:~~Property_law~~]] [[Category:~~Regulations~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Regulation~~]] [[Category:~~Client_procedures~~]] [[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:~~Products_/_components~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Product_Knowledge~~]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Editor at 10:52, 7 November 2017

2017-11-07T10:52:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:52, 7 November 2017
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	= What is Japanese knotweed? =		= What is Japanese knotweed? =

−	Japanese knotweed, the country’s most invasive weed, was imported into the UK around 1820. It grows very quickly and has now spread to every county of the UK. It is causing significant problems for owners and occupiers of affected land, and for developers and contractors on development land. The plant has an extensive root system that spreads horizontally to great depth. If the root system is not killed or removed in its entirety, it will continue to grow, infesting more land and exacerbating the problems it causes.	+	Japanese knotweed, the country’s most invasive weed, was imported into the UK around 1820. It grows very quickly and has now spread to every county of the UK. It is causing significant problems for owners and occupiers of affected land, and for developers and contractors on development land.
		+
		+	The plant has an extensive root system that spreads horizontally to great depth. If the root system is not killed or removed in its entirety, it will continue to grow, infesting more land and exacerbating the problems it causes.

	= How is Japanese knotweed identified? =		= How is Japanese knotweed identified? =
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	Early identification of the plant is essential to prevent disturbance of ground within infested areas. Ground disturbance results in rapid spread of knotweed to other areas on or off site, which has significant legal ramifications.		Early identification of the plant is essential to prevent disturbance of ground within infested areas. Ground disturbance results in rapid spread of knotweed to other areas on or off site, which has significant legal ramifications.

−	Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.~~<br />~~	+	Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.
−		+

	The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.		The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.
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	[[File:800PX-~1.JPG\|338px\|link=File:800PX-~1.JPG]]		[[File:800PX-~1.JPG\|338px\|link=File:800PX-~1.JPG]]
−
−

	= Developing a site with Japanese knotweed =		= Developing a site with Japanese knotweed =

−	If a developer has a site infested with knotweed, then complete eradication of the knotweed should be the goal. This is not easy, but tried and tested methods do exist, and when undertaken correctly can provide the desired result. However developers should be wary, there are many pitfalls. The old adage ‘you get what you pay for’ applies to the knotweed eradication market.	+	If a developer has a site infested with knotweed, then complete eradication of the knotweed should be the goal. This is not easy, but tried and tested methods do exist, and when undertaken correctly can provide the desired result. However, developers should be wary, there are many pitfalls. The old adage ‘you get what you pay for’ applies to the knotweed eradication market.

	== The legislation ==		== The legislation ==
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	Herbicide treatment is typically applied either as a foliar spray or by stem injection. There is concern within the Japanese knotweed eradication industry regarding the effectiveness of stem injection as an eradication technique. Discussion has centred on whether stem injection simply kills the above ground part of the plant, leaving the rhizome system alive but in a state of temporary dormancy.		Herbicide treatment is typically applied either as a foliar spray or by stem injection. There is concern within the Japanese knotweed eradication industry regarding the effectiveness of stem injection as an eradication technique. Discussion has centred on whether stem injection simply kills the above ground part of the plant, leaving the rhizome system alive but in a state of temporary dormancy.

−	However application by foliar spray is tried and tested, and if done correctly can kill knotweed.	+	However, application by foliar spray is tried and tested, and if done correctly can kill knotweed.

	=== Physical removal ===		=== Physical removal ===
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	Japanese knotweed has a particular characteristic known in the industry as ‘dormancy’ - the plant can be shocked into a state of temporary dormancy by herbicide application. It may look as if the problem has been resolved at the surface, when in fact viable root rhizome remains in the ground, ready to resurface when the conditions are favourable to the plant.		Japanese knotweed has a particular characteristic known in the industry as ‘dormancy’ - the plant can be shocked into a state of temporary dormancy by herbicide application. It may look as if the problem has been resolved at the surface, when in fact viable root rhizome remains in the ground, ready to resurface when the conditions are favourable to the plant.

−	As Japanese knotweed roots can easily be at least 2m deep, and as the rhizomes spread laterally into areas which may appear unaffected, the risk is clear. In these circumstances a contractor may then accidentally disturb hidden rhizomes and fragment and spread them to other areas of the site, and possibly off site. This would significantly increase the scale of the problem, the cost of remediation and would be a breach environmental legislation.	+	As Japanese knotweed roots can easily be at least 2 m deep, and as the rhizomes spread laterally into areas which may appear unaffected, the risk is clear. In these circumstances a contractor may then accidentally disturb hidden rhizomes and fragment and spread them to other areas of the site, and possibly off site. This would significantly increase the scale of the problem, the cost of remediation and would be a breach environmental legislation.

	= Current solutions =		= Current solutions =
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	* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].		* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].

−	[[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]	+	[[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:DCN_Legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:DCN_Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:DCN_Regulation]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Designing Buildings at 09:36, 4 July 2017

2017-07-04T09:36:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:36, 4 July 2017
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	Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.<br />		Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.<br />
−	~~<br />~~	+
−	The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.	+
		+	The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.

	Accurate identification is essential. Some contractor companies offer a free identification service if you email them an image.		Accurate identification is essential. Some contractor companies offer a free identification service if you email them an image.
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	* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].		* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].
	* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].		* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].
		+	* Garden Buildings Direct. [http://www.gardenbuildingsdirect.co.uk/blog/japanese-knotweed/ The Definitive Guide to Japanese Knotweed (2017 edition)].

	[[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]		[[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]

Editor at 15:46, 8 August 2016

2016-08-08T15:46:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 8 August 2016
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−
	= What is Japanese knotweed? =		= What is Japanese knotweed? =

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	Early identification of the plant is essential to prevent disturbance of ground within infested areas. Ground disturbance results in rapid spread of knotweed to other areas on or off site, which has significant legal ramifications.		Early identification of the plant is essential to prevent disturbance of ground within infested areas. Ground disturbance results in rapid spread of knotweed to other areas on or off site, which has significant legal ramifications.

−	Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.<br/><br/>The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.	+	Japanese knotweed is usually fairly distinctive as it is a tall (2-3m high) plant. However, being perennial it appearance changes with the seasons, starting with new shoots in spring, growing to its full height by July. It flowers in August or September before dying back in November leaving brittle leafless canes in winter, making it more difficult to identify.<br />
		+	<br />
		+	The appearance of the plant can be substantially altered by application of certain herbicides, making the identification of Japanese knotweed more difficult to the untrained eye. Where these have not been completely effective the knotweed re-growth returns with stunted plants, not exceeding waist height, with small leaves and spindly stems.

	Accurate identification is essential. Some contractor companies offer a free identification service if you email them an image.		Accurate identification is essential. Some contractor companies offer a free identification service if you email them an image.

	The images here show:		The images here show:
−	~~#The stems and new leaves - these appear in spring~~
−	~~#Japanese knotweed in flower in the summer.~~
−	~~#The leaves turning brown in the autumn.~~
−	~~#Dead canes in winter.~~

−	~~[[File:Japanese knotweed 800px~~-~~Knotweed.jpg\|333px\|~~Japanese knotweed ~~800px-Knotweed~~.~~jpg\|alt=Japanese knotweed 800px-Knotweed~~.~~jpg]]~~	+	# The stems and new leaves - these appear in spring
		+	# Japanese knotweed in flower in the summer.
		+	# The leaves turning brown in the autumn.
		+	# Dead canes in winter.

−	[[File:~~Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica MdE 2~~.jpg\|333px\|~~Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica MdE 2.jpg\|alt~~=~~Japanese knotweed Fallopia japonica MdE 2~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Japanese_knotweed_800px-Knotweed.jpg\|333px\|link=File:Japanese_knotweed_800px-Knotweed.jpg]]

−	[[File:~~Japanese knotweed 2~~.jpg\|~~334px~~\|~~Japanese knotweed 2~~.jpg\|~~alt~~=~~Japanese knotweed 2~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Japanese_knotweed_Fallopia_japonica_MdE_2.jpg\|333px\|link=File:Japanese_knotweed_Fallopia_japonica_MdE_2.jpg]]
		+
		+	[[File:Japanese_knotweed_2.jpg\|334px\|link=File:Japanese_knotweed_2.jpg]]
		+
		+	[[File:800PX-~1.JPG\|338px\|link=File:800PX-~1.JPG]]

−	~~[[File:800PX-~1.JPG\|338px\|800PX-~1.JPG\|alt=800PX-~1.JPG]]~~

−	~~<br/>~~

	= Developing a site with Japanese knotweed =		= Developing a site with Japanese knotweed =
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	It's important to ensure the knotweed company selected has the skills, experience and resources to completely eradicate the knotweed, as well as the financial stability to be able to honour any guarantees they may offer. It is advisable to check their credentials, their financial security and their trading record.		It's important to ensure the knotweed company selected has the skills, experience and resources to completely eradicate the knotweed, as well as the financial stability to be able to honour any guarantees they may offer. It is advisable to check their credentials, their financial security and their trading record.

−	----	+	-----
−		+	This article was created by --[[User:Nicolas_Seal\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)
−	This article was created by --[[User~~%3ANicolas%20Seal~~\|Nicolas Seal]] 14:21, 25 September 2012 (BST)	+

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
−	*Deleterious materials	+
−	*Environmental legislation.	+	* Deleterious materials.
−	*Ecological survey.	+	* Dry rot fungus.
−	*Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.	+	* Environmental legislation.
−	*Protected species.	+	* Ecological survey.
−	*Tree preservation order.	+	* Pre-purchase Japanese knotweed risk report.
−	*Tree rights.	+	* Protected species.
−	*Wildlife and Countryside Act.	+	* Tree preservation order.
		+	* Tree rights.
		+	* Wildlife and Countryside Act.

	=== External references ===		=== External references ===
−	*The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981].
−	*The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents Environmental Protection Act 1990].
−	*DEFRA, [https://www.gov.uk/japanese-knotweed-giant-hogweed-and-other-invasive-plants Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants].
−	*Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].
−	*Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].

−	[[Category:Other_legislation]]	+	* The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/69 Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981].
−	[[Category:Policy]]	+	* The [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/43/contents Environmental Protection Act 1990].
−	[[Category:Property_law]]	+	* DEFRA, [https://www.gov.uk/japanese-knotweed-giant-hogweed-and-other-invasive-plants Japanese knotweed, giant hogweed and other invasive plants].
−	[[Category:Regulations]]	+	* Environment Agency [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/japanese-knotweed-managing-on-development-sites Knotweed Code of Practice].
−	[[Category:Client_procedures]]	+	* Japanese Knotweed. [http://japaneseknotweed.co.uk/identify_japanese_knotweed/page/recognising_knotweed Recognising knotweed].
−	[[Category:Construction_techniques]]	+
−	[[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Other_legislation]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Property_law]] [[Category:Regulations]] [[Category:Client_procedures]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:Property_development]]
−	[[Category:Property_development]]	+