Inspecting historic fibrous plaster ceilings - Revision history

Editor at 18:44, 16 December 2021

2021-12-16T18:44:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 16 December 2021
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	* The use of lime mortar in building conservation.		* The use of lime mortar in building conservation.
	* Types of mortar.		* Types of mortar.
		+	* Types of suspended ceiling systems.

	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Conservation]]		[[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Designing Buildings at 09:33, 7 November 2021

2021-11-07T09:33:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:33, 7 November 2021
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	--[[User:Institute_of_Historic_Building_Conservation\|Institute of Historic Building Conservation]]		--[[User:Institute_of_Historic_Building_Conservation\|Institute of Historic Building Conservation]]

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Ceiling.		* Ceiling.
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	* IHBC articles.		* IHBC articles.
	* Lime mortar.		* Lime mortar.
		+	* Lime plaster.
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
	* Plaster.		* Plaster.
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	* Types of mortar.		* Types of mortar.

−	~~[[Category:Conservation]]~~ [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Conservation]]

Designing Buildings at 09:04, 7 December 2020

2020-12-07T09:04:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:04, 7 December 2020
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	* Types of mortar.		* Types of mortar.

−	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Designing Buildings at 13:29, 18 November 2018

2018-11-18T13:29:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 18 November 2018
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	-----		-----
−	This ~~articles~~ originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).	+	This article originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).

	--[[User:Institute_of_Historic_Building_Conservation\|Institute of Historic Building Conservation]]		--[[User:Institute_of_Historic_Building_Conservation\|Institute of Historic Building Conservation]]

Designing Buildings: Protected "Inspecting historic fibrous plaster ceilings" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

2018-11-11T11:15:19Z

Protected "Inspecting historic fibrous plaster ceilings" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

← Older revision

Revision as of 11:15, 11 November 2018

Designing Buildings at 11:14, 11 November 2018

2018-11-11T11:14:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:14, 11 November 2018
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	The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.		The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.

−	[[File:~~Ceiling inspection process~~.png]]	+	[[File:Ceiling_inspection_process.png\|link=File:Ceiling_inspection_process.png]]

	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.		The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.
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	* Types of mortar.		* Types of mortar.

−	[[Category:Conservation]]	+	[[Category:Conservation]] [[Category:History]] [[Category:Health_and_safety_/_CDM]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]]

Designing Buildings at 11:13, 11 November 2018

2018-11-11T11:13:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 11 November 2018
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	{\|		{\|
−	\| [[File:~~Fibrous ceiling~~.png]]	+	\| [[File:Fibrous_ceiling.png\|link=File:Fibrous_ceiling.png]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| The void over a fibrous plaster ceiling, showing the fibrous plaster panels fixed to the original timber structure (below), with new reinforcement wads attached to new timber (above) (Photo: Richard Ireland, © Historic England).		\| The void over a fibrous plaster ceiling, showing the fibrous plaster panels fixed to the original timber structure (below), with new reinforcement wads attached to new timber (above) (Photo: Richard Ireland, © Historic England).
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	The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.		The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.
		+
		+	[[File:Ceiling inspection process.png]]

	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.		The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.
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	* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence?		* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence?

		+	-----
	This articles originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).		This articles originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).
		+
		+	--[[User:Institute_of_Historic_Building_Conservation\|Institute of Historic Building Conservation]]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

Designing Buildings at 11:12, 11 November 2018

2018-11-11T11:12:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 November 2018
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	The risk of collapse of fibrous plaster ceilings is being addressed by a review of current practices throughout the theatre industry.		The risk of collapse of fibrous plaster ceilings is being addressed by a review of current practices throughout the theatre industry.
		+
		+	{\|
		+	\| [[File:Fibrous ceiling.png]]
		+	\|-
		+	\| The void over a fibrous plaster ceiling, showing the fibrous plaster panels fixed to the original timber structure (below), with new reinforcement wads attached to new timber (above) (Photo: Richard Ireland, © Historic England).
		+	\|}

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

Designing Buildings at 11:03, 11 November 2018

2018-11-11T11:03:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, 11 November 2018
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	All fibrous plaster ceilings, like those of plaster and lath, may be at risk of collapse if inadequately monitored, maintained and repaired. Ceiling collapse can cause serious injury or fatality. Failure can occur in suspended ceilings through natural ageing of unreinforced wads under strain, and both suspended and fixed ceilings are vulnerable to water damage from leaky roofs or plumbing. The overall condition can also be compromised by failure of structural elements, or by mechanical installations.		All fibrous plaster ceilings, like those of plaster and lath, may be at risk of collapse if inadequately monitored, maintained and repaired. Ceiling collapse can cause serious injury or fatality. Failure can occur in suspended ceilings through natural ageing of unreinforced wads under strain, and both suspended and fixed ceilings are vulnerable to water damage from leaky roofs or plumbing. The overall condition can also be compromised by failure of structural elements, or by mechanical installations.

−	In 2013 the collapse of an area of fibrous plaster ceiling in the Apollo Theatre, London, injured a number of people. Such incidences are extremely rare. Following this incident, building and health-and-safety professionals reviewed current practice throughout the industry, and recognised a need for improvements to survey standards and competency requirements. With representatives from the theatre sector, swift action was taken to draw up guidelines to ensure that ceilings are properly inspected and maintained. The outcome was the promulgation of Guidance Note 20: Advice to Theatre Owners and Managers Regarding Suspended Fibrous Plaster Ceilings: survey, certification, record keeping etc by the ABTT (Association of British Theatre Technicians)~~, available at http://www.abtt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ABTTGuidance- Note-20-19May2015.pdf~~. This was based on consultation between the ABTT, the Health and Safety Executive, the Theatres Trust, theatre owners (Society of London Theatre and UK Theatre), building professionals, heritage representatives and specialist fibrous plaster companies.	+	In 2013 the collapse of an area of fibrous plaster ceiling in the Apollo Theatre, London, injured a number of people. Such incidences are extremely rare. Following this incident, building and health-and-safety professionals reviewed current practice throughout the industry, and recognised a need for improvements to survey standards and competency requirements. With representatives from the theatre sector, swift action was taken to draw up guidelines to ensure that ceilings are properly inspected and maintained. The outcome was the promulgation of Guidance Note 20: Advice to Theatre Owners and Managers Regarding Suspended Fibrous Plaster Ceilings: survey, certification, record keeping etc by the ABTT (Association of British Theatre Technicians). This was based on consultation between the ABTT, the Health and Safety Executive, the Theatres Trust, theatre owners (Society of London Theatre and UK Theatre), building professionals, heritage representatives and specialist fibrous plaster companies.

−	The guidance is addressed to theatres, where suspended ceilings are common. It constitutes the standard required to give formal certification that the premises are safe for public access. All theatres were required to carry out inspections following its recommendations by 1 September 2016. However, it is relevant to any building where fibrous plaster ceilings are found ~~(see HSE statement [http://news.hse.gov.uk/2016/07/27/ http://news.hse.gov.uk/2016/07/27/]suspended-ceiling-inspection/)~~. Architects and surveyors responsible for buildings of the period described above are advised to identify if suspended ceilings are present, and follow recommendations in the guidance. As fixed ceilings can also fail, they should be subject to the same considerations. Fibrous plaster is easily distinguished from lath and plaster by a very hollow sound upon tapping.	+	The guidance is addressed to theatres, where suspended ceilings are common. It constitutes the standard required to give formal certification that the premises are safe for public access. All theatres were required to carry out inspections following its recommendations by 1 September 2016. However, it is relevant to any building where fibrous plaster ceilings are found. Architects and surveyors responsible for buildings of the period described above are advised to identify if suspended ceilings are present, and follow recommendations in the guidance. As fixed ceilings can also fail, they should be subject to the same considerations. Fibrous plaster is easily distinguished from lath and plaster by a very hollow sound upon tapping.

	This article summarises the ABTT guidance with regard to inspection and how it would be carried out in all buildings. The document should be consulted for its full recommendations.		This article summarises the ABTT guidance with regard to inspection and how it would be carried out in all buildings. The document should be consulted for its full recommendations.
Line 76:		Line 76:
	The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.		The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.

−	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency ~~([http://www.thefis.org/about-us/special-interest-forums/heritage http://www.thefis.org/about-us/special-interest-forums/heritage]-plastering-forum/heritage-buildings/)~~. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.	+	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency. Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.

	= References =		= References =
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	* Association of British Theatre Technicians, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, District Surveyors Association, Institute of Licensing (2015), David Adams (ed) Technical Standards for Places of Entertainment, Entertainment Technology Press, Great Shelford, Cambridge		* Association of British Theatre Technicians, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, District Surveyors Association, Institute of Licensing (2015), David Adams (ed) Technical Standards for Places of Entertainment, Entertainment Technology Press, Great Shelford, Cambridge
	* Harrison, David (1999) ‘Dramatic plasterwork: fibrous plaster in theatres’, Building Conservation Directory		* Harrison, David (1999) ‘Dramatic plasterwork: fibrous plaster in theatres’, Building Conservation Directory
−	* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence? ~~[http://www.hse.gov.uk/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/]competence/what-iscompetence.htm~~	+	* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence?

	This articles originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).		This articles originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).
Line 91:		Line 91:
	* Conservation officer.		* Conservation officer.
	* Conservation.		* Conservation.
−	* Gypsum.
	* Hot-mixed mortars: the new lime revival		* Hot-mixed mortars: the new lime revival
	* IHBC articles.		* IHBC articles.

Designing Buildings at 11:01, 11 November 2018

2018-11-11T11:01:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:01, 11 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
	The risk of collapse of fibrous plaster ceilings is being addressed by a review of current practices throughout the theatre industry.		The risk of collapse of fibrous plaster ceilings is being addressed by a review of current practices throughout the theatre industry.
		+
		+	= Introduction =

	Fibrous plaster is composed of gypsum plaster reinforced with sheets of hessian and timber. Its advantages were numerous: relatively light in weight; cheap to produce; fabricated off-site; and quickly installed. Fibrous plaster ceilings were either fixed (nailed directly to the structure or on to an intermediate timber system); or suspended (secured by means of ‘wads’ of hessian and plaster, sometimes reinforced with wire, to a framework of timber battens fastened to the structure).		Fibrous plaster is composed of gypsum plaster reinforced with sheets of hessian and timber. Its advantages were numerous: relatively light in weight; cheap to produce; fabricated off-site; and quickly installed. Fibrous plaster ceilings were either fixed (nailed directly to the structure or on to an intermediate timber system); or suspended (secured by means of ‘wads’ of hessian and plaster, sometimes reinforced with wire, to a framework of timber battens fastened to the structure).
Line 9:		Line 11:
	All fibrous plaster ceilings, like those of plaster and lath, may be at risk of collapse if inadequately monitored, maintained and repaired. Ceiling collapse can cause serious injury or fatality. Failure can occur in suspended ceilings through natural ageing of unreinforced wads under strain, and both suspended and fixed ceilings are vulnerable to water damage from leaky roofs or plumbing. The overall condition can also be compromised by failure of structural elements, or by mechanical installations.		All fibrous plaster ceilings, like those of plaster and lath, may be at risk of collapse if inadequately monitored, maintained and repaired. Ceiling collapse can cause serious injury or fatality. Failure can occur in suspended ceilings through natural ageing of unreinforced wads under strain, and both suspended and fixed ceilings are vulnerable to water damage from leaky roofs or plumbing. The overall condition can also be compromised by failure of structural elements, or by mechanical installations.

−	In 2013 the collapse of an area of fibrous plaster ceiling in the Apollo Theatre, London, injured a number of people. Such incidences are extremely rare. Following this incident, building and health-and-safety professionals reviewed current practice throughout the industry, and recognised a need for improvements to survey standards and competency requirements. With representatives from the theatre sector, swift action was taken to draw up guidelines to ensure that ceilings are properly inspected and maintained. The outcome was the promulgation of Guidance Note 20: Advice to Theatre Owners and Managers Regarding Suspended Fibrous Plaster Ceilings: survey, certification, record keeping etc by the ABTT (Association of British Theatre Technicians), available at www.abtt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ABTTGuidance- Note-20-19May2015.pdf. This was based on consultation between the ABTT, the Health and Safety Executive, the Theatres Trust, theatre owners (Society of London Theatre and UK Theatre), building professionals, heritage representatives and specialist fibrous plaster companies.	+	In 2013 the collapse of an area of fibrous plaster ceiling in the Apollo Theatre, London, injured a number of people. Such incidences are extremely rare. Following this incident, building and health-and-safety professionals reviewed current practice throughout the industry, and recognised a need for improvements to survey standards and competency requirements. With representatives from the theatre sector, swift action was taken to draw up guidelines to ensure that ceilings are properly inspected and maintained. The outcome was the promulgation of Guidance Note 20: Advice to Theatre Owners and Managers Regarding Suspended Fibrous Plaster Ceilings: survey, certification, record keeping etc by the ABTT (Association of British Theatre Technicians), available at http://www.abtt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ABTTGuidance- Note-20-19May2015.pdf. This was based on consultation between the ABTT, the Health and Safety Executive, the Theatres Trust, theatre owners (Society of London Theatre and UK Theatre), building professionals, heritage representatives and specialist fibrous plaster companies.

−	The guidance is addressed to theatres, where suspended ceilings are common. It constitutes the standard required to give formal certification that the premises are safe for public access. All theatres were required to carry out inspections following its recommendations by 1 September 2016. However, it is relevant to any building where fibrous plaster ceilings are found (see HSE statement http://news.hse.gov.uk/2016/07/27/ suspended-ceiling-inspection/). Architects and surveyors responsible for buildings of the period described above are advised to identify if suspended ceilings are present, and follow recommendations in the guidance. As fixed ceilings can also fail, they should be subject to the same considerations. Fibrous plaster is easily distinguished from lath and plaster by a very hollow sound upon tapping.	+	The guidance is addressed to theatres, where suspended ceilings are common. It constitutes the standard required to give formal certification that the premises are safe for public access. All theatres were required to carry out inspections following its recommendations by 1 September 2016. However, it is relevant to any building where fibrous plaster ceilings are found (see HSE statement [http://news.hse.gov.uk/2016/07/27/ http://news.hse.gov.uk/2016/07/27/]suspended-ceiling-inspection/). Architects and surveyors responsible for buildings of the period described above are advised to identify if suspended ceilings are present, and follow recommendations in the guidance. As fixed ceilings can also fail, they should be subject to the same considerations. Fibrous plaster is easily distinguished from lath and plaster by a very hollow sound upon tapping.

	This article summarises the ABTT guidance with regard to inspection and how it would be carried out in all buildings. The document should be consulted for its full recommendations.		This article summarises the ABTT guidance with regard to inspection and how it would be carried out in all buildings. The document should be consulted for its full recommendations.

−	Summary of ABTT Guidance Note 20	+	= Summary of ABTT Guidance Note 20 =

	The principles		The principles
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	* Inspection, repair work and maintenance should be carried out by competent persons of sufficient demonstrable experience (both in the technical aspects of the work, and compliance with current health-and-safety regulations) in the inspection and maintenance of theatres with suspended fibrous plaster ceilings.		* Inspection, repair work and maintenance should be carried out by competent persons of sufficient demonstrable experience (both in the technical aspects of the work, and compliance with current health-and-safety regulations) in the inspection and maintenance of theatres with suspended fibrous plaster ceilings.

−	Practical application of the guidance	+	= Practical application of the guidance =
−		+
−	~~The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a~~	+

−	baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.	+	The following table frames the processes recommended in the guidance. Where funds are not available for a baseline survey, it proposes a preliminary survey to assess and manage risk. This is also recommended by the FIS (Finishes and Interiors Sector), the trade association for plasterers.

−	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency (http://www.thefis.org/about-us/special-interest-forums/heritage -plastering-forum/heritage-buildings/). Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.	+	The ABTT guidance note constitutes the new standard by which all fibrous plaster ceilings should be assessed. The heightened awareness of fibrous plaster ceilings is prompting other initiatives. The FIS has a dedicated heritage group that has created additional guidance on survey format and determination of competency ([http://www.thefis.org/about-us/special-interest-forums/heritage http://www.thefis.org/about-us/special-interest-forums/heritage]-plastering-forum/heritage-buildings/). Historic England is working with various partners, including the Theatres Trust, the FIS and specialist fibrous plaster companies, on several research streams to better understand and manage this material.

−	References	+	= References =

	* Association of British Theatre Technicians, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, District Surveyors Association, Institute of Licensing (2015), David Adams (ed) Technical Standards for Places of Entertainment, Entertainment Technology Press, Great Shelford, Cambridge		* Association of British Theatre Technicians, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, District Surveyors Association, Institute of Licensing (2015), David Adams (ed) Technical Standards for Places of Entertainment, Entertainment Technology Press, Great Shelford, Cambridge
	* Harrison, David (1999) ‘Dramatic plasterwork: fibrous plaster in theatres’, Building Conservation Directory		* Harrison, David (1999) ‘Dramatic plasterwork: fibrous plaster in theatres’, Building Conservation Directory
−	* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence?	+	* Health and Safety Executive, What is Competence? [http://www.hse.gov.uk/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/]competence/what-iscompetence.htm
−	* http://www.hse.gov.uk/ competence/what-iscompetence.htm	+

−	This articles originally appeared ~~as ‘Hot-mixed mortars: the new lime revival’~~ in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).	+	This articles originally appeared in IHBC’s [https://ihbconline.co.uk/cont_arch/?p=1055 Context 154], published in May 2018. It was written by John Stewart, senior architectural conservator at Historic England, and co-editor of Mortars, Renders and Plasters (Ashgate, 2012).

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =

		+	* Ceiling.
	* Conservation officer.		* Conservation officer.
	* Conservation.		* Conservation.
−	* ~~Finding stone to conserve historic buildings~~.	+	* Gypsum.
	* Hot-mixed mortars: the new lime revival		* Hot-mixed mortars: the new lime revival
	* IHBC articles.		* IHBC articles.
	* Lime mortar.		* Lime mortar.
	* Mortar.		* Mortar.
−	* Mortar analysis for specifiers.
	* Plaster.		* Plaster.
−	* Sourcing stone to repair Exeter Cathedral.
	* Stucco.		* Stucco.
	* The Institute of Historic Building Conservation.		* The Institute of Historic Building Conservation.
	* The use of lime mortar in building conservation.		* The use of lime mortar in building conservation.
	* Types of mortar.		* Types of mortar.
−	* Types of stone.

	[[Category:Conservation]]		[[Category:Conservation]]