Grouting in civil engineering - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 13:07, 31 August 2020

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	* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46303-0 978-0-471-46303-0]		* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46303-0 978-0-471-46303-0]

−	[[Category:~~Articles_needing_more_work~~]] [[Category:~~Construction_techniques~~]] [[Category:~~Products_/_components~~]] [[Category:~~DCN_Product_Knowledge~~]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Designing Buildings at 06:50, 7 February 2020

2020-02-07T06:50:19Z

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	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or ~~[[Types_of_stone\|~~rock]] formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways ~~in which~~ ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works~~. Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells~~.	+	Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or rock formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works.

−	Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, under-reaming, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and other applications.	+	Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells. Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, under-reaming, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and other applications.

	Different materials may be used for grouting depending upon factors such as the soil or rock type and the area to be grouted. However, the basic process is the same: the soil or rock is injected with fluid grout which sets and reduces or acts as a sealant on the material’s permeability.		Different materials may be used for grouting depending upon factors such as the soil or rock type and the area to be grouted. However, the basic process is the same: the soil or rock is injected with fluid grout which sets and reduces or acts as a sealant on the material’s permeability.
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	Typically, grouting is carried out by driving pipes or boring holes into the ground, and then pumping the grout solution at high pressure through inserted tubes.		Typically, grouting is carried out by driving pipes or boring holes into the ground, and then pumping the grout solution at high pressure through inserted tubes.

−	The extent of grouting required for a particular area is determined ~~through~~ investigation of ground conditions and ~~the~~ calculation of a drilling pattern. This considers the size, spacing and depth of the holes required. The type of grout and the particular ground conditions will influence the spacing of the holes.	+	The extent of grouting required for a particular area is determined by investigation of ground conditions and calculation of a drilling pattern. This considers the size, spacing and depth of the holes required. The type of grout and the particular ground conditions will influence the spacing of the holes.

	Site conditions will influence the tools used for the boring process, but pneumatic tools, diamond drills or wash-boring are the most common. Alluvial soils are prone to collapse and so holes are usually cased.		Site conditions will influence the tools used for the boring process, but pneumatic tools, diamond drills or wash-boring are the most common. Alluvial soils are prone to collapse and so holes are usually cased.
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	=== Bentonite grouting ===		=== Bentonite grouting ===

−	Bentonite is produced from clay which has thixotropic ~~(loadbearing)~~ properties and forms a highly water-resistant gel which, when mixed with additives, can create a permanent barrier to water flow. This is used where soil particles are too small for cement grouting, most commonly to combat seepage in alluvial soils beneath the foundations of dams or other water-bound structures.	+	Bentonite is produced from clay which has thixotropic properties and forms a highly water-resistant gel which, when mixed with additives, can create a permanent barrier to water flow. This is used where soil particles are too small for cement grouting, most commonly to combat seepage in alluvial soils beneath the foundations of dams or other water-bound structures. For more information, see Bentonite.
−		+
−	For more information, see Bentonite.	+

	=== Chemical grouting ===		=== Chemical grouting ===
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	* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46303-0 978-0-471-46303-0]		* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46303-0 978-0-471-46303-0]

−	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]]

Editor at 12:43, 5 February 2020

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	* Water engineering.		* Water engineering.

−	=== External references ===	+	= External references =

	* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)		* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)

Editor at 12:31, 5 February 2020

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	Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or [[Types_of_stone\|rock]] formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways in which ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works. Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells.		Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or [[Types_of_stone\|rock]] formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways in which ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works. Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells.

−	Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, ~~underreaming~~, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and ~~so on~~.	+	Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, under-reaming, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and other applications.

−	Different materials may be used for grouting depending upon the soil or rock type, the area to be grouted~~, and so on~~. However, the basic process is the same: the soil or rock is injected with fluid grout which sets and reduces or acts as a sealant on the material’s permeability.	+	Different materials may be used for grouting depending upon factors such as the soil or rock type and the area to be grouted. However, the basic process is the same: the soil or rock is injected with fluid grout which sets and reduces or acts as a sealant on the material’s permeability.

	Grouting is relatively costly and so wastage must be controlled. This is achieved by the use of additives which improve the gelling properties of the grout and limit its spread through the ground.		Grouting is relatively costly and so wastage must be controlled. This is achieved by the use of additives which improve the gelling properties of the grout and limit its spread through the ground.
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	= Injection methods =		= Injection methods =

−	Typically, grouting is carried out is by driving pipes or boring holes into the ground, and then pumping the grout solution at high pressure through inserted tubes.	+	Typically, grouting is carried out by driving pipes or boring holes into the ground, and then pumping the grout solution at high pressure through inserted tubes.

	The extent of grouting required for a particular area is determined through investigation of ground conditions and the calculation of a drilling pattern. This considers the size, spacing and depth of the holes required. The type of grout and the particular ground conditions will influence the spacing of the holes.		The extent of grouting required for a particular area is determined through investigation of ground conditions and the calculation of a drilling pattern. This considers the size, spacing and depth of the holes required. The type of grout and the particular ground conditions will influence the spacing of the holes.
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	Site conditions will influence the tools used for the boring process, but pneumatic tools, diamond drills or wash-boring are the most common. Alluvial soils are prone to collapse and so holes are usually cased.		Site conditions will influence the tools used for the boring process, but pneumatic tools, diamond drills or wash-boring are the most common. Alluvial soils are prone to collapse and so holes are usually cased.

−	The ~~pressure of the~~ grout injection is dependent on soil conditions, and in-situ testing may be carried out before the correct pressure is determined. Pressures usually range from 1 N/mm2 for sands to 7 N/mm2 for rock.	+	The grout injection pressure is dependent on soil conditions, and in-situ testing may be carried out before the correct pressure is determined. Pressures usually range from 1 N/mm2 for sands to 7 N/mm2 for rock.

	= Grouting materials =		= Grouting materials =
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	=== Cement grouting ===		=== Cement grouting ===

−	Cement (or cementitious grout) is used for ~~grouting materials with a~~ high permeability. Neat cement and water or a mixture of sand (4 parts) to cement (1 part) is the usual composition.	+	Cement (or cementitious grout) is used for high-permeability ground. Neat cement and water or a mixture of sand (4 parts) to cement (1 part) is the usual composition.

	Holes are bored in a radius around the area to be excavated before being injected with a thin grout, the viscosity of which is then increased by reducing the water-cement ratio. If required, secondary holes are bored between the primary holes to ensure the complete grouting of the area.		Holes are bored in a radius around the area to be excavated before being injected with a thin grout, the viscosity of which is then increased by reducing the water-cement ratio. If required, secondary holes are bored between the primary holes to ensure the complete grouting of the area.
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	=== Bentonite grouting ===		=== Bentonite grouting ===

−	Bentonite is produced from clay which has thixotropic properties~~, meaning it~~ forms a highly water-resistant gel which, when mixed with additives, can create a permanent barrier to water flow. This is used where soil particles are too small for cement grouting, most commonly to combat seepage in alluvial soils beneath the foundations of dams or other water-bound structures.	+	Bentonite is produced from clay which has thixotropic (loadbearing) properties and forms a highly water-resistant gel which, when mixed with additives, can create a permanent barrier to water flow. This is used where soil particles are too small for cement grouting, most commonly to combat seepage in alluvial soils beneath the foundations of dams or other water-bound structures.

	For more information, see Bentonite.		For more information, see Bentonite.
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	=== Chemical grouting ===		=== Chemical grouting ===

−	Chemical grouting is used in soils of medium to coarse grading. Materials such as sodium silicate and calcium chloride are mixed together in liquid form and solidified into a gel. There are two main processes:	+	Chemical grouting is used in soils of medium- to coarse-grading. Materials such as sodium silicate and calcium chloride are mixed together in liquid form and solidified into a gel. There are two main processes:

−	* ‘Two-shot’ process: ~~Pipes~~ are driven into the ground. One chemical is injected followed by another meaning that the reaction, and soil strengthening, is rapid.	+	* ‘Two-shot’ process: pipes are driven into the ground. One chemical is injected followed by another meaning that the reaction, and soil strengthening, is rapid.
−	* ‘One-shot’ process: ~~This~~ involves chemical mixing prior to injection, with the hardening being delayed by the composition. This allows for wider borehole spacing.	+	* ‘One-shot’ process: this involves chemical mixing prior to injection, with the hardening being delayed by the composition. This allows for wider borehole spacing.

	Chemical grouting has the advantages of allowing economical spacing of bore holes, greater penetration of the grout, and more flexibility in terms of the time of grouting.		Chemical grouting has the advantages of allowing economical spacing of bore holes, greater penetration of the grout, and more flexibility in terms of the time of grouting.
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	=== Resin grouting ===		=== Resin grouting ===

−	As opposed to chemical grouts, resin grouts have a very low viscosity ~~which~~ are able to penetrate fine sands. The type of resin used depends on the chemical content of the local water table and may result in different times for setting. Common types include:	+	As opposed to chemical grouts, resin grouts have a very low viscosity and are able to penetrate fine sands. The type of resin used depends on the chemical content of the local water table and may result in different times for setting. Common types include:

	* Tannin-based grouts.		* Tannin-based grouts.
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	Bitumen emulsion can serve as a suitable grouting material that can be injected into fine sands as an impermeable barrier to water. Soil strength will not be increased, but cut-off walls beneath dams and other water-bound structures can be formed effectively.		Bitumen emulsion can serve as a suitable grouting material that can be injected into fine sands as an impermeable barrier to water. Soil strength will not be increased, but cut-off walls beneath dams and other water-bound structures can be formed effectively.

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Alluvium.		* Alluvium.

76.9.79.159 at 03:01, 12 December 2018

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	* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)		* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)
−	* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages	+	* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number ISBN] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46303-0 978-0-471-46303-0]

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

64.118.123.73 at 03:09, 11 December 2018

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	* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)		* ‘Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction’ (3rd ed.), HOLMES, R. (1995)
		+	* Warner, J, (2004) Practical Handbook of Grouting, Soil, Rock and Structures, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., 720 pages

−	[[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:Construction_techniques]] [[Category:Products_/_components]]

Editor at 12:13, 30 April 2018

2018-04-30T12:13:37Z

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	* Temporary works.		* Temporary works.
	* Screw piles.		* Screw piles.
		+	* Socket piles.
	* Underpinning.		* Underpinning.
	* Underreaming.		* Underreaming.

Editor at 15:24, 23 April 2018

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	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===

		+	* Alluvium.
	* Bentonite.		* Bentonite.
	* Bridge construction.		* Bridge construction.

Editor at 14:15, 23 April 2018

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−	[[File:Jet-Grouting.jpg]]	+	[[File:Jet-Grouting.jpg\|link=File:Jet-Grouting.jpg]]

	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

−	Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or rock formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways in which ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works. Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells.	+	Grouting in civil engineering refers to the injection of pumpable materials into a soil or [[Types_of_stone\|rock]] formation to change its physical characteristics. It is one of the ways in which ground water can be controlled during civil engineering works. Grouting is suitable where soil permeability would create a heavy demand on pumping or where ground conditions mean it may be economically inefficient to bore wells.

	Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, underreaming, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and so on.		Grout may also be used in the formation of pile foundations, ground anchors, underreaming, underpinning, in road construction, dam construction, and so on.

Editor at 13:42, 23 April 2018

2018-04-23T13:42:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:42, 23 April 2018
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		+	[[File:Jet-Grouting.jpg]]
		+
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =