Gross internal area GIA - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 06:36, 14 August 2026

2026-08-14T06:36:07Z

Designing Buildings at 08:46, 27 January 2023

2023-01-27T08:46:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:46, 27 January 2023
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		+	[[File:Measurement-gafbb49133 1280.jpg]]
		+
		+	= What are the different ways of measuring the areas of buildings? =
		+
	The area of a building can be measured in a number of different ways:		The area of a building can be measured in a number of different ways:

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	* Gross internal area (GIA) or gross internal floor area (GIFA).		* Gross internal area (GIA) or gross internal floor area (GIFA).
	* Net internal area (NIA).		* Net internal area (NIA).
		+	* Total useful floor area (TUFA).
		+	* Usable floor area.

	It is very important when describing the area of a building to be clear about which measure is being used, for example in planning applications, building regulation applications, property sales, lease negotiations, rating valuations, and so on.		It is very important when describing the area of a building to be clear about which measure is being used, for example in planning applications, building regulation applications, property sales, lease negotiations, rating valuations, and so on.

−	The UK government’s Valuation Office Agency (VOA) [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measuring-practice-for-voa-property-valuations/code-of-measuring-practice-definitions-for-rating-purposes Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes] suggests that gross internal area includes:	+	= What is gross internal area? =
		+
		+	The UK government’s Valuation Office Agency (VOA) [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measuring-practice-for-voa-property-valuations/code-of-measuring-practice-definitions-for-rating-purposes Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes] suggests that gross internal area (GIA) includes:

	* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.		* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.
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	The VOA code is in general agreement with RICS Guidance Note, A guide for Property Professionals, 6th Edition Code of measuring practice 2007, other than, areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m which are excluded from the VOA measurement.		The VOA code is in general agreement with RICS Guidance Note, A guide for Property Professionals, 6th Edition Code of measuring practice 2007, other than, areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m which are excluded from the VOA measurement.

−	~~NB:~~ NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work, defines ‘gross internal floor area’ (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) as:	+	NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work, defines ‘gross internal floor area’ (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) as: ‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’
−		+
−	‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’	+

	According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:		According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:

Designing Buildings at 08:36, 27 October 2021

2021-10-27T08:36:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:36, 27 October 2021
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	(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]		(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]

−	= Related articles on Designing Buildings ~~Wiki~~ =	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

	* Area.		* Area.
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	* Space.		* Space.
	* Total useful floor area.		* Total useful floor area.
		+	* Treated floor area.

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Designing Buildings at 06:48, 30 August 2020

2020-08-30T06:48:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:48, 30 August 2020
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	* Total useful floor area.		* Total useful floor area.

−	[[Category:~~Standards_/_measurements~~]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Designing Buildings at 13:56, 30 January 2019

2019-01-30T13:56:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:56, 30 January 2019
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	* Gross development area.		* Gross development area.
	* Gross external area.		* Gross external area.
		+	* Gross site area.
	* International Property Measurement Standards.		* International Property Measurement Standards.
	* Measurement.		* Measurement.
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	* Total useful floor area.		* Total useful floor area.

−	[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]	+	[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:DCN_Standard]]

Designing Buildings at 13:40, 30 January 2019

2019-01-30T13:40:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:40, 30 January 2019
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	* Cost per m2 of gross internal floor area.		* Cost per m2 of gross internal floor area.
	* Floor area ratio.		* Floor area ratio.
		+	* Gross development area.
	* Gross external area.		* Gross external area.
	* International Property Measurement Standards.		* International Property Measurement Standards.

Editor at 11:43, 17 September 2018

2018-09-17T11:43:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 17 September 2018
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	* Net internal area (NIA).		* Net internal area (NIA).

−	It is very important when describing the area of a building to be clear about which measure is being used, for example in planning applications, building regulation applications, property sales, lease negotiations, rating valuations and so on.	+	It is very important when describing the area of a building to be clear about which measure is being used, for example in planning applications, building regulation applications, property sales, lease negotiations, rating valuations, and so on.

	The UK government’s Valuation Office Agency (VOA) [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measuring-practice-for-voa-property-valuations/code-of-measuring-practice-definitions-for-rating-purposes Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes] suggests that gross internal area includes:		The UK government’s Valuation Office Agency (VOA) [https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measuring-practice-for-voa-property-valuations/code-of-measuring-practice-definitions-for-rating-purposes Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes] suggests that gross internal area includes:
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	According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:		According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:

−	* Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions	+	* Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions.
−	* Columns, piers chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like	+	* Columns, piers chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like.
	* Atria and entrance halls with clear height above, measured at base level only		* Atria and entrance halls with clear height above, measured at base level only
−	* Internal open sided balconies, walkways, and the like	+	* Internal open sided balconies, walkways, and the like.
−	* Structural, raked or stepped floors are treated as a level floor measured horizontally	+	* Structural, raked or stepped floors are treated as a level floor measured horizontally.
−	* Horizontal floors with permanent access below structural, raked or stepped floors	+	* Horizontal floors with permanent access below structural, raked or stepped floors.
−	* Corridors of a permanent essential nature (e.g. fire corridors, smoke lobbies, etc.)	+	* Corridors of a permanent essential nature (e.g. fire corridors, smoke lobbies, etc.).
−	* Mezzanine areas intended for use with permanent access	+	* Mezzanine areas intended for use with permanent access.
−	* Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above main roof level	+	* Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above main roof level.
−	* Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, cleaners’ rooms and the like	+	* Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, cleaners’ rooms and the like.
−	* Projection rooms	+	* Projection rooms.
−	* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors	+	* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors.
−	* Loading bays	+	* Loading bays.
−	* Areas with headroom of less than 1.5 m	+	* Areas with headroom of less than 1.5 m.
−	* Pavement vaults	+	* Pavement vaults.
−	* Garages	+	* Garages.
−	* Conservatories	+	* Conservatories.

	It excludes:		It excludes:

−	* Perimeter wall thickness and external projections	+	* Perimeter wall thickness and external projections.
−	* External open-sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes	+	* External open-sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes.
−	* Canopies	+	* Canopies.
−	* Voids over or under structural, raked or stepped floors	+	* Voids over or under structural, raked or stepped floors.
−	* Greenhouses, garden stores, fuel stores and the like in residential property	+	* Greenhouses, garden stores, fuel stores and the like in residential property.

	And that:		And that:
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	(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]		(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

		+	* Area.
	* Cost per m2 of gross internal floor area.		* Cost per m2 of gross internal floor area.
	* Floor area ratio.		* Floor area ratio.

Editor at 09:26, 7 September 2018

2018-09-07T09:26:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:26, 7 September 2018
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	* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.		* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.
	* Service accommodation such as WCs, showers, and changing rooms.		* Service accommodation such as WCs, showers, and changing rooms.
−	* Columns, piers, whether free standing or projecting inwards from an external wall, chimney breasts, lift wells, stairwells and so on.	+	* Columns, piers, whether free standing or projecting inwards from an external wall, chimney breasts, lift wells, stairwells, and so on.
	* Lift rooms, plant rooms, tank rooms, fuel stores, whether or not above roof level.		* Lift rooms, plant rooms, tank rooms, fuel stores, whether or not above roof level.
	* Open-sided covered areas (should be stated separately).		* Open-sided covered areas (should be stated separately).
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	The VOA code is in general agreement with RICS Guidance Note, A guide for Property Professionals, 6th Edition Code of measuring practice 2007, other than, areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m which are excluded from the VOA measurement.		The VOA code is in general agreement with RICS Guidance Note, A guide for Property Professionals, 6th Edition Code of measuring practice 2007, other than, areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m which are excluded from the VOA measurement.

−	NB, NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work, defines ‘gross internal floor area’ (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) as:	+	NB: NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work, defines ‘gross internal floor area’ (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) as:

	‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’		‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’
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	* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors		* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors
	* Loading bays		* Loading bays
−	* Areas with headroom of less than 1.5m	+	* Areas with headroom of less than 1.5 m
	* Pavement vaults		* Pavement vaults
	* Garages		* Garages
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	* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.		* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.

−	Ref [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/]	+	(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =
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	* Net internal area.		* Net internal area.
	* Site area.		* Site area.
		+	* Space.
	* Total useful floor area.		* Total useful floor area.

	[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]		[[Category:Standards_/_measurements]]

Designing Buildings at 13:48, 13 July 2018

2018-07-13T13:48:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:48, 13 July 2018
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	* Areas in the roof space intended for use with permanent access should be included in the measurement of upper floors and measured to internal face of the enclosing wall or the roof at floor level.		* Areas in the roof space intended for use with permanent access should be included in the measurement of upper floors and measured to internal face of the enclosing wall or the roof at floor level.
	* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.		* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.
		+
		+	Ref [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/]

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 13:47, 13 July 2018

2018-07-13T13:47:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:47, 13 July 2018
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	‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’		‘…the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’
		+
		+	According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:
		+
		+	* Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions
		+	* Columns, piers chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like
		+	* Atria and entrance halls with clear height above, measured at base level only
		+	* Internal open sided balconies, walkways, and the like
		+	* Structural, raked or stepped floors are treated as a level floor measured horizontally
		+	* Horizontal floors with permanent access below structural, raked or stepped floors
		+	* Corridors of a permanent essential nature (e.g. fire corridors, smoke lobbies, etc.)
		+	* Mezzanine areas intended for use with permanent access
		+	* Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above main roof level
		+	* Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, cleaners’ rooms and the like
		+	* Projection rooms
		+	* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors
		+	* Loading bays
		+	* Areas with headroom of less than 1.5m
		+	* Pavement vaults
		+	* Garages
		+	* Conservatories
		+
		+	It excludes:
		+
		+	* Perimeter wall thickness and external projections
		+	* External open-sided balconies, covered ways and fire escapes
		+	* Canopies
		+	* Voids over or under structural, raked or stepped floors
		+	* Greenhouses, garden stores, fuel stores and the like in residential property
		+
		+	And that:
		+
		+	* The GIFA excludes the thickness of perimeter walls, but includes the thickness of all internal walls. Therefore, it is necessary to identify what constitutes a separate building, e.g. the sum of the GIFA of a terrace of buildings, treated as separate buildings, will be different from the terrace treated as a single building.
		+	* Areas of open ground floors and the like should be excluded.
		+	* ‘Internal face’ means the structural wall or plaster coat applied to the structural wall, not the surface of internal linings installed by the occupier.
		+	* Lift rooms, etc. should be included if housed in a roofed structure having the appearance of permanence (e.g. made of brick or similar building material). Areas covered by enclosures designed solely to mask plant, rooflines, etc. should be excluded.
		+	* The presence of steps or changes in floor levels should be noted.
		+	* Attention is drawn to the exclusion of voids over atria at upper levels and the inclusion of voids over stairs, etc. Where an atrium-like space is formed to create an entrance feature, and this also accommodates a staircase, this does not become a stairwell but remains an atrium measurable at base level only.
		+	* Walkways across an atrium at upper levels should be included in the measurement of upper floors.
		+	* Areas in the roof space intended for use with permanent access should be included in the measurement of upper floors and measured to internal face of the enclosing wall or the roof at floor level.
		+	* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:36, 14 August 2026
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−	[[File:Measurement-~~gafbb49133 1280~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Measurement-gafbb49133_1280.jpg]]

	= What are the different ways of measuring the areas of buildings? =		= What are the different ways of measuring the areas of buildings? =
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	= What is gross internal area? =		= What is gross internal area? =

−	The UK ~~government’s~~ Valuation Office Agency (VOA) ~~[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/measuring-practice-for-voa-property-valuations/code-of-measuring-practice-definitions-for-rating-purposes~~ Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes] suggests that gross internal area (GIA) includes:	+	The UK government's Valuation Office Agency (VOA) Code of measuring practice: definitions for rating purposes suggests that gross internal area (GIA) includes:

	* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.		* Areas occupied by internal walls (whether structural or not) and partitions.
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	* Any area under the control of service or other external authorities.		* Any area under the control of service or other external authorities.

−	The VOA code is in general agreement with RICS ~~Guidance Note, A guide for Property Professionals, 6th Edition~~ Code of ~~measuring practice 2007~~, other than, areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m which are excluded from the VOA measurement.	+	The VOA code is in general agreement with the RICS Code of Measuring Practice, other than areas with a headroom of less than 1.5m, which are excluded from the VOA measurement.

−	~~NRM1: Order~~ of ~~cost estimating~~ and ~~cost planning for capital building work~~, ~~defines ‘gross internal floor area’~~ (~~GIFA~~) (~~or gross internal area (GIA)~~) as: ~~‘…the area of~~ a ~~building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules~~ of measurement ~~of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest~~ edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice.’	+	The RICS Code of Measuring Practice referred to above is now in its 6th edition, published in May 2015, and remains RICS's current active guidance; a 7th edition is in development, with consultation on the draft closing in October 2026 (RICS has said it does not expect major changes). Since 2018, RICS has also recognised the International Property Measurement Standards (IPMS) - most recently consolidated as a single standard, IPMS: All Buildings, published in January 2023 - as a complementary basis of measurement, particularly for international or cross-border purposes. RICS Property Measurement (2nd edition, 2018), which had incorporated the earlier sector-specific IPMS documents, has itself since been archived and should only be used as a reference. Practitioners should check which basis - the RICS Code of Measuring Practice, IPMS: All Buildings, or, for rating purposes, the VOA Code - is required for the instruction in hand, and record which one has been used.

−	According to ~~‘Elemental~~ Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) ~~Edition’~~ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:	+	NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work (as amended in October 2022), defines 'gross internal floor area' (GIFA) (or gross internal area (GIA)) as: "the area of a building measured to the internal face of the perimeter walls at each floor level. The rules of measurement of gross internal floor area are defined in the latest edition of the RICS Code of Measuring Practice."
		+
		+	According to 'Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition' written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, GIFA includes:

	* Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions.		* Areas occupied by internal walls and partitions.
	* Columns, piers chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like.		* Columns, piers chimney breasts, stairwells, lift-wells, other internal projections, vertical ducts, and the like.
−	* Atria and entrance halls with clear height above, measured at base level only	+	* Atria and entrance halls with clear height above, measured at base level only.
	* Internal open sided balconies, walkways, and the like.		* Internal open sided balconies, walkways, and the like.
	* Structural, raked or stepped floors are treated as a level floor measured horizontally.		* Structural, raked or stepped floors are treated as a level floor measured horizontally.
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	* Mezzanine areas intended for use with permanent access.		* Mezzanine areas intended for use with permanent access.
	* Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above main roof level.		* Lift rooms, plant rooms, fuel stores, tank rooms which are housed in a covered structure of a permanent nature, whether or not above main roof level.
−	* Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, ~~cleaners’~~ rooms and the like.	+	* Service accommodation such as toilets, toilet lobbies, bathrooms, showers, changing rooms, cleaners' rooms and the like.
	* Projection rooms.		* Projection rooms.
	* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors.		* Voids over stairwells and lift shafts on upper floors.
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	* The GIFA excludes the thickness of perimeter walls, but includes the thickness of all internal walls. Therefore, it is necessary to identify what constitutes a separate building, e.g. the sum of the GIFA of a terrace of buildings, treated as separate buildings, will be different from the terrace treated as a single building.		* The GIFA excludes the thickness of perimeter walls, but includes the thickness of all internal walls. Therefore, it is necessary to identify what constitutes a separate building, e.g. the sum of the GIFA of a terrace of buildings, treated as separate buildings, will be different from the terrace treated as a single building.
	* Areas of open ground floors and the like should be excluded.		* Areas of open ground floors and the like should be excluded.
−	* ~~‘Internal face’~~ means the structural wall or plaster coat applied to the structural wall, not the surface of internal linings installed by the occupier.	+	* 'Internal face' means the structural wall or plaster coat applied to the structural wall, not the surface of internal linings installed by the occupier.
	* Lift rooms, etc. should be included if housed in a roofed structure having the appearance of permanence (e.g. made of brick or similar building material). Areas covered by enclosures designed solely to mask plant, rooflines, etc. should be excluded.		* Lift rooms, etc. should be included if housed in a roofed structure having the appearance of permanence (e.g. made of brick or similar building material). Areas covered by enclosures designed solely to mask plant, rooflines, etc. should be excluded.
	* The presence of steps or changes in floor levels should be noted.		* The presence of steps or changes in floor levels should be noted.
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	* Areas in the roof space intended for use with permanent access should be included in the measurement of upper floors and measured to internal face of the enclosing wall or the roof at floor level.		* Areas in the roof space intended for use with permanent access should be included in the measurement of upper floors and measured to internal face of the enclosing wall or the roof at floor level.
	* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.		* Re-entrant balconies, i.e. open sided balconies within the predominant line of the external wall should be treated as open sided balconies and excluded.
−
−	(Ref. [https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/ https://www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/bcis/about-bcis/forms-and-documents/bcis-elemental-standard-form-of-cost-analysis/)]

	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =