Greywater recycling at the Millennium Dome - Revision history

Editor at 15:58, 30 June 2021

2021-06-30T15:58:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:58, 30 June 2021
Line 56:		Line 56:
	* Black water.		* Black water.
	* Desalination.		* Desalination.
		+	* Filtration.
	* Green roofs.		* Green roofs.
	* Greywater.		* Greywater.

Editor at 17:12, 9 April 2021

2021-04-09T17:12:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:12, 9 April 2021
Line 52:		Line 52:
	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User:Buro_Happold\|Buro Happold]].		This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User:Buro_Happold\|Buro Happold]].

−	~~= Find out more =~~	+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki =
−		+
−	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===	+

	* Black water.		* Black water.
		+	* Desalination.
	* Green roofs.		* Green roofs.
	* Greywater.		* Greywater.

Designing Buildings at 07:59, 23 October 2020

2020-10-23T07:59:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:59, 23 October 2020
Line 64:		Line 64:
	* Water conservation.		* Water conservation.

−	[[Category:~~Projects_and_case_studies~~]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:Water]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Guidance]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:Water]]

Designing Buildings at 14:07, 29 March 2019

2019-03-29T14:07:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 29 March 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
−
	= Introduction =		= Introduction =

Line 12:		Line 11:
	The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.		The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.

−	[[File:~~Dome hopper~~.jpg\|~~338x506px~~\|~~alt~~=~~Dome hopper~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Dome_hopper.jpg\|338px\|link=File:Dome_hopper.jpg]]

	== Greywater ==		== Greywater ==
Line 28:		Line 27:
	Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.		Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.

−	[[File:~~Reedbeds at the millennium dome~~.jpg\|~~1027x583px\|alt~~=~~Reedbeds at the millennium dome~~.jpg]]	+	[[File:Reedbeds_at_the_millennium_dome.jpg\|link=File:Reedbeds_at_the_millennium_dome.jpg]]

	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.		The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.
Line 42:		Line 41:
	= A recycling demonstration showcase =		= A recycling demonstration showcase =

−	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|~~1660x526px\|alt~~=Watercycle.jpg]]	+	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|link=File:Watercycle.jpg]]

	The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.		The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.
Line 50:		Line 49:
	The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.		The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.

−	----	+	-----
−		+	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User:Buro_Happold\|Buro Happold]].
−	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User~~%3ABuro%20Happold~~\|Buro Happold]].	+

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
−	*Black water.
−	*Green roofs.
−	*Greywater.
−	*Millennium Dome.
−	*Rainwater harvesting.
−	*Types of water.
−	*Water conservation.

−	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]	+	* Black water.
		+	* Green roofs.
		+	* Greywater.
		+	* Millennium Dome.
		+	* Rainwater harvesting.
		+	* Types of water.
		+	* Water conservation.
		+
		+	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]] [[Category:DCN_Project_Knowledge]] [[Category:Water]]

Designing Buildings at 07:04, 21 May 2015

2015-05-21T07:04:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 21 May 2015
Line 52:		Line 52:
	----		----

−	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User~~:Buro_Happold~~\|Buro Happold]].	+	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User%3ABuro%20Happold\|Buro Happold]].

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
		+	*Black water.
	*Green roofs.		*Green roofs.
	*Greywater.		*Greywater.
	*Millennium Dome.		*Millennium Dome.
	*Rainwater harvesting.		*Rainwater harvesting.
		+	*Types of water.
	*Water conservation.		*Water conservation.

	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]		[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Buro Happold at 08:07, 28 January 2015

2015-01-28T08:07:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:07, 28 January 2015
Line 52:		Line 52:
	----		----

−	~~[[File:Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|153x180px\|alt=Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|link=User:Buro Happold]]~~	+	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of --[[User:Buro_Happold\|Buro Happold]].
−		+
−	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of [[User~~%3ABuro%20Happold~~\|Buro Happold]].	+

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 16:24, 10 June 2014

2014-06-10T16:24:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 10 June 2014
Line 60:		Line 60:
	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===		=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
	*Green roofs.		*Green roofs.
−	*Greywater	+	*Greywater.
−	*Rainwater harvesting	+	*Millennium Dome.
		+	*Rainwater harvesting.
		+	*Water conservation.

	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]		[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Designing Buildings at 14:11, 5 August 2013

2013-08-05T14:11:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:11, 5 August 2013
Line 30:		Line 30:
	[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg\|1027x583px\|alt=Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg]]		[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg\|1027x583px\|alt=Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg]]

−	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.	+	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.

	Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAF) followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.		Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAF) followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.
Line 42:		Line 42:
	= A recycling demonstration showcase =		= A recycling demonstration showcase =

−	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|1660x526px]]	+	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|1660x526px\|alt=Watercycle.jpg]]

	The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.		The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.
Line 52:		Line 52:
	----		----

−	[[File:Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|153x180px\|link=User:~~Buro_Happold~~]]	+	[[File:Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|153x180px\|alt=Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|link=User:Buro Happold]]

−	This article first appeared in Patterns 13, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in ~~2007~~. It is reproduced here with kind permission of [[User~~:Buro_Happold~~\|Buro Happold]].	+	This article first appeared in Patterns, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2001. It is reproduced here with kind permission of [[User%3ABuro%20Happold\|Buro Happold]].

	= Find out more =		= Find out more =

Designing Buildings at 14:07, 5 August 2013

2013-08-05T14:07:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 5 August 2013
Line 12:		Line 12:
	The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.		The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.

−	[[File:Dome hopper.jpg\|~~1034x756px~~]]	+	[[File:Dome hopper.jpg\|338x506px\|alt=Dome hopper.jpg]]

	== Greywater ==		== Greywater ==

−	Greywater is collected from the handbasins and staff showers m the Dome's six core buildings. The expected visitor numbers were predicted to use on average 120m2/day of handbasin water.	+	Greywater was collected from the handbasins and staff showers m the Dome's six core buildings. The expected visitor numbers were predicted to use on average 120m2/day of handbasin water.

	== Groundwater ==		== Groundwater ==

	London has had a problem with rising groundwater since 1970 due to a decline in pumping rates, caused by the changing industrial and commercial base. A 11Orn borehole was drilled on the site and water pumped direct from the aquifers.		London has had a problem with rising groundwater since 1970 due to a decline in pumping rates, caused by the changing industrial and commercial base. A 11Orn borehole was drilled on the site and water pumped direct from the aquifers.
−
−	~~[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|1660x526px]]~~

	= Treatment Methodology =		= Treatment Methodology =
Line 30:		Line 28:
	Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.		Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.

−	[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg\|1027x583px]]	+	[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg\|1027x583px\|alt=Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg]]

−	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water. Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (~~BAFl~~ followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.	+	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water.
		+
		+	Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAF) followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.

	Water from the borehole was tested to establish the groundwater quality. A problem with hydrogen sulphide gas was experienced together with a much higher than anticipated salt and iron content. A system was devised to dose the groundwater with hydrogen peroxide to oxidise any metal contaminates, then pass the water through granular activated carbon to remove the organic contaminates. Membrane filtration followed carbon exchange where ultra-filtration removed residual organics and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated the groundwater. As RO filtration was needed to remove the salt from the borehole water, it was therefore combined with the BAF treated greywater and rainwater from the reedbeds through the same membrane configuration. The treated water was then re-hardened and disinfected before being pumped back into the Dome for flushing the WC's and urinals.		Water from the borehole was tested to establish the groundwater quality. A problem with hydrogen sulphide gas was experienced together with a much higher than anticipated salt and iron content. A system was devised to dose the groundwater with hydrogen peroxide to oxidise any metal contaminates, then pass the water through granular activated carbon to remove the organic contaminates. Membrane filtration followed carbon exchange where ultra-filtration removed residual organics and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated the groundwater. As RO filtration was needed to remove the salt from the borehole water, it was therefore combined with the BAF treated greywater and rainwater from the reedbeds through the same membrane configuration. The treated water was then re-hardened and disinfected before being pumped back into the Dome for flushing the WC's and urinals.
Line 42:		Line 42:
	= A recycling demonstration showcase =		= A recycling demonstration showcase =

−	The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings , allowing comparative research into water usage , and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.	+	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|1660x526px]]

−	The fast-track and constantly evolving nature of the project required a collaborative team approach, with the New Millennium Experience Company, Thames Water, various consultants , contractors and suppliers combining expertise to ensure completion of this unique facility on time.	+	The recycling plant at the Millennium Dome was the hub of Thames Water's research into water use and conservation. It was staffed by full-time Thames Water research scientists as well as students with on-going research collaboration . During the lifetime of the 'Millennium Experience', the plant was fully evaluated under operational conditions. One of the key areas was to establish the appropriateness of this type of recycling scheme, both in terms of reliability and cost effectiveness. In addition, a variety of water-saving devices were used in the public toilet blocks in the core buildings, allowing comparative research into water usage, and educational material displayed to ascertain the influence if any - of education on visitor behaviour.
		+
		+	The fast-track and constantly evolving nature of the project required a collaborative team approach, with the New Millennium Experience Company, Thames Water, various consultants, contractors and suppliers combining expertise to ensure completion of this unique facility on time.

	The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.		The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.
		+
		+	----
		+
		+	[[File:Buro-happold-logo.jpg\|153x180px\|link=User:Buro_Happold]]
		+
		+	This article first appeared in Patterns 13, written by Chew Pieng Ryan and published in 2007. It is reproduced here with kind permission of [[User:Buro_Happold\|Buro Happold]].
		+
		+	= Find out more =
		+
		+	=== Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki ===
		+	*Green roofs.
		+	*Greywater
		+	*Rainwater harvesting

	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]		[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]

Designing Buildings at 13:34, 5 August 2013

2013-08-05T13:34:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:34, 5 August 2013
Line 4:		Line 4:
	Thames Water, struggling to balance increasing demand in the densely-populated south-east, an area which receives less annual rainfall than some Mediterranean regions, approached the New Millennium Experience Company (NMEC) suggesting a collaborative effort to develop an innovative approach to water management on the site of the Millennium Dome in Greenwich. The main objectives of the project included demonstrating and researching water recycling technologies, evaluating water efficient appliances and investigating public attitudes to water recycling initiatives.		Thames Water, struggling to balance increasing demand in the densely-populated south-east, an area which receives less annual rainfall than some Mediterranean regions, approached the New Millennium Experience Company (NMEC) suggesting a collaborative effort to develop an innovative approach to water management on the site of the Millennium Dome in Greenwich. The main objectives of the project included demonstrating and researching water recycling technologies, evaluating water efficient appliances and investigating public attitudes to water recycling initiatives.

−	= The Parameters =	+	= The Parameters =

	The New Millennium Experience Company anticipated a maximum attendance of 35,000 people per day, and over ten million during the course of the exhibition year. This yielded a requirement for 500m3 per day for wc and urinal flushing. Three potential sources of secondary water for recycling were identified on site:		The New Millennium Experience Company anticipated a maximum attendance of 35,000 people per day, and over ten million during the course of the exhibition year. This yielded a requirement for 500m3 per day for wc and urinal flushing. Three potential sources of secondary water for recycling were identified on site:
Line 11:		Line 11:

	The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.		The surface area of the Dome itself is some 90,000m2. Rainwater run-off from the roof is collected via a gutter and channelled through specially designed hoppers, which feed into the surface water drainage system. A maximum of lOOm2/day can be collected in this way.
		+
		+	[[File:Dome hopper.jpg\|1034x756px]]

	== Greywater ==		== Greywater ==
Line 19:		Line 21:

	London has had a problem with rising groundwater since 1970 due to a decline in pumping rates, caused by the changing industrial and commercial base. A 11Orn borehole was drilled on the site and water pumped direct from the aquifers.		London has had a problem with rising groundwater since 1970 due to a decline in pumping rates, caused by the changing industrial and commercial base. A 11Orn borehole was drilled on the site and water pumped direct from the aquifers.
		+
		+	[[File:Watercycle.jpg\|1660x526px]]

	= Treatment Methodology =		= Treatment Methodology =
Line 25:		Line 29:

	Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.		Since the rainwater run-off was collected swiftly and thus uncontaminated, open reedbeds were an appropriate choice. Rainwater was passed through the first reedbed, designed for stormwater treatment, followed by a second reedbed that functioned as a storage lagoon. The latter also performed a tertiary treatment function. The beds, approximately 0.6m deep, had a 0.5% gradient, and were filled with washed river gravel planted with the common reed. An arrangement of educational boards and a walkway running through this landscape allowed the general public to understand the operation of this 'natural' form of water treatment.
		+
		+	[[File:Reedbeds at the millennium dome.jpg\|1027x583px]]

	The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water. Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAFl followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.		The primary concern in treating greywater is to meet the quality criteria for pathogen kill. Another key concern is ensuring minimal potential for biological regrowth in the reclaimed water. Thames Water Research carried out a range of pilot scale trials using biological aerated filters (BAFl followed by a variety of membranes with specific emphasis on soluble bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using synthetic greywater. Another consideration was dealing with modern soaps that would be contained in the greywater discharge. The trials indicated that tight ultra-filtration membranes were the most appropriate for handbasin and shower greywater.
Line 30:		Line 36:
	Water from the borehole was tested to establish the groundwater quality. A problem with hydrogen sulphide gas was experienced together with a much higher than anticipated salt and iron content. A system was devised to dose the groundwater with hydrogen peroxide to oxidise any metal contaminates, then pass the water through granular activated carbon to remove the organic contaminates. Membrane filtration followed carbon exchange where ultra-filtration removed residual organics and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated the groundwater. As RO filtration was needed to remove the salt from the borehole water, it was therefore combined with the BAF treated greywater and rainwater from the reedbeds through the same membrane configuration. The treated water was then re-hardened and disinfected before being pumped back into the Dome for flushing the WC's and urinals.		Water from the borehole was tested to establish the groundwater quality. A problem with hydrogen sulphide gas was experienced together with a much higher than anticipated salt and iron content. A system was devised to dose the groundwater with hydrogen peroxide to oxidise any metal contaminates, then pass the water through granular activated carbon to remove the organic contaminates. Membrane filtration followed carbon exchange where ultra-filtration removed residual organics and a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalinated the groundwater. As RO filtration was needed to remove the salt from the borehole water, it was therefore combined with the BAF treated greywater and rainwater from the reedbeds through the same membrane configuration. The treated water was then re-hardened and disinfected before being pumped back into the Dome for flushing the WC's and urinals.

−	= Distribution networks =	+	= Distribution networks =

	The distribution elements of the recycling systems became a significant part of the water services systems for the Dome. A dual-system of drainage was required - conventional 'foul' water from toilets and kitchen disposals, and 'greywater' from showers and wash handbasins , as well as a dual system of water supply pipework - conventional potable water and 'reclaimed' water to serve the WC's. A protocol needed to be developed for the reclaimed water pipework: purple coloured pipe used in the United States was already in use for another service, so black pipe with four longitudinal green stripes was adopted. In total , 692 WC's and 220 urinals were served with reclaimed water, with 277 wash handbasins providing greywater.		The distribution elements of the recycling systems became a significant part of the water services systems for the Dome. A dual-system of drainage was required - conventional 'foul' water from toilets and kitchen disposals, and 'greywater' from showers and wash handbasins , as well as a dual system of water supply pipework - conventional potable water and 'reclaimed' water to serve the WC's. A protocol needed to be developed for the reclaimed water pipework: purple coloured pipe used in the United States was already in use for another service, so black pipe with four longitudinal green stripes was adopted. In total , 692 WC's and 220 urinals were served with reclaimed water, with 277 wash handbasins providing greywater.
Line 41:		Line 47:

	The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.		The implementation of a recycling scheme at the Millennium Dome site with the potential to use the venue for on-going public education and academic research in water efficiency and conservation was a major opportunity for the UK water industry and anyone with an interest in sustainable water management into the 21st century.
		+
		+	[[Category:Projects_and_case_studies]]