Formaldehyde - Revision history

Editor at 23:41, 7 December 2023

2023-12-07T23:41:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:41, 7 December 2023
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	= How is formaldehyde harmful? =		= How is formaldehyde harmful? =

−	Public Health England has published a formaldehyde-toxicological overview in which it states some key points:	+	[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f5f48ed915d74e622a0fc/Formaldehyde__toxicological_overview.pdf Public Health England has published a formaldehyde-toxicological overview] in which it states some key points:

	== Kinetics and metabolism: ==		== Kinetics and metabolism: ==
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	As of 2016, formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen, meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and itsuse is only permitted for professional use and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU, regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products. This was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05%, which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (FRPs) are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics; these include quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol, and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control, with such productsbeing increasingly labelled as formaldehyde-free.		As of 2016, formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen, meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and itsuse is only permitted for professional use and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU, regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products. This was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05%, which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (FRPs) are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics; these include quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol, and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control, with such productsbeing increasingly labelled as formaldehyde-free.

−	~~Other products, such aswood,d which naturally contain small, safe amounts~~ of ~~formaldehyde, need a different labelling system and~~ are ~~often referred~~ to ~~as having no added~~ formaldehyde, or by the ~~abbreviation NAF~~.	+	Today detectors of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are available to measure the levels of different VOCs in the air, in particular formaldehyde gas detectors. The Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill lists acceptable levelsof formaldehyde as being 8.6 μg/m3, internally or externally, averaging over the period of a year. 1 µg/m3 means that one cubic metre of air contains one microgram (10-6 grams) of a pollutant.
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =
		+
		+	* Air change rate.
		+	* Air entrainment.
		+	* Air pollution.
		+	* Air quality hub.
		+	* Air tightness.
		+	* Carbon monoxide.
		+	* Clean Air Act.
		+	* Clean Air Act and implications for the construction industry.
		+	* Clean Air (Human Rights) Bill‎;.
		+	* Indoor air quality.
		+	* Nitrogen.
		+	* Types of rigid foam insulation‎;.
		+	* Urea formaldehyde‎.
		+	* Water vapour.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Editor at 21:50, 7 December 2023

2023-12-07T21:50:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:50, 7 December 2023
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	Wood products naturally contain small, quite safe amounts of formaldehyde, as it is present in tree growth. The levels of formaldehyde become more of an issue when resins are added to wood and wood-based products. The different forms of formaldehyde are often used in various pressed-wood building materials and insulants, as well as in many laminates, textiles, carpets, and furniture fabrics. In some cases, the term no-added formaldehyde, or the abbreviation NAF, is used to describe products that only contain natural levels of the substance.		Wood products naturally contain small, quite safe amounts of formaldehyde, as it is present in tree growth. The levels of formaldehyde become more of an issue when resins are added to wood and wood-based products. The different forms of formaldehyde are often used in various pressed-wood building materials and insulants, as well as in many laminates, textiles, carpets, and furniture fabrics. In some cases, the term no-added formaldehyde, or the abbreviation NAF, is used to describe products that only contain natural levels of the substance.

−	Formaldehyde has also been used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings, the preservation of grains, and the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics, and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene, and soot produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke.	+	Formaldehyde has also been used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings, the preservation of grains, and the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics, and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene, and soot produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke. There are also a number of VOC emitting products, oftren found in home that contain formaldehyde as as base element that can lead to formaldehyde off-gassing, which at low levels is generally harmless, unless increased over recommended levels.

	= What types of formaldehyde are there? =		= What types of formaldehyde are there? =

Editor at 20:59, 7 December 2023

2023-12-07T20:59:09Z

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	It is an aldehyde or is classified in the formyl group; it is also known as formalin, methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethyline, methylaldehyde, or oxomethane, and has many other different derivatives. It is used in the production of phenolic, urea,melamine, and polyacetal resins. The most common names refer to the joint names: urea formaldehyde(UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF), and melamine formaldehyde (MF), as well as polyacetal resins, pentaerythritol, 1,4-butanediol, methylenebis, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), and some others. It may also be a by product of chemical reactions with formaldehyde-releasing preservatives like bronopol.		It is an aldehyde or is classified in the formyl group; it is also known as formalin, methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethyline, methylaldehyde, or oxomethane, and has many other different derivatives. It is used in the production of phenolic, urea,melamine, and polyacetal resins. The most common names refer to the joint names: urea formaldehyde(UF), phenol formaldehyde (PF), and melamine formaldehyde (MF), as well as polyacetal resins, pentaerythritol, 1,4-butanediol, methylenebis, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA), and some others. It may also be a by product of chemical reactions with formaldehyde-releasing preservatives like bronopol.

−	Formaldehyde is one of the most well-known volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. Organic compounds are defined in [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1715/made The Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes and Vehicle Refinishing Products Regulations 2012]	+	Formaldehyde is one of the most well-known volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. Organic compounds are defined in [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2012/1715/made The Volatile Organic Compounds in Paints, Varnishes and Vehicle Refinishing Products Regulations 2012] as 'any compound containing at least the element carbon and one or more of hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, or a halogen, with the exception of carbon oxides, inorganic carbonates, and bicarbonates', with a volatile organic compound being 'any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250°C measured at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa'
−		+
−	as 'any compound containing at least the element carbon and one or more of hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, silicon, nitrogen, or a halogen, with the exception of carbon oxides, inorganic carbonates, and bicarbonates', with a volatile organic compound being 'any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250°C measured at a standard pressure of 101.3 kPa'	+

	Formaldehyde was accidentally produced in the mid-1800s by Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov and discovered by A. W. Hofmann in 1868, who passed a mixture of methanol and air over a heated platinum spiral to produce formaldehyde. This developed into the method by which most formaldehyde is produced today through the oxidation of methanol with air using a metal catalyst, making it a relatively cheap substance to manufacture in large quantities.		Formaldehyde was accidentally produced in the mid-1800s by Alexander Mikhailovich Butlerov and discovered by A. W. Hofmann in 1868, who passed a mixture of methanol and air over a heated platinum spiral to produce formaldehyde. This developed into the method by which most formaldehyde is produced today through the oxidation of methanol with air using a metal catalyst, making it a relatively cheap substance to manufacture in large quantities.

Editor at 06:33, 7 December 2023

2023-12-07T06:33:40Z

Show changes

Editor at 18:10, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T18:10:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:10, 6 December 2023
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	Formaldehyde has also been used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings and in the preservation of grains and in the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene and soot being produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke.		Formaldehyde has also been used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings and in the preservation of grains and in the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene and soot being produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke.
		+
		+	= What types of formaldehyde are there? =

	== Urea formaldehyde ==		== Urea formaldehyde ==
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	As of 2016 formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and its use is only permitted for professional use, and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU the regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products, this was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05% which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde releasing preservatives (FRPs) though are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics, these include; quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with such products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.		As of 2016 formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and its use is only permitted for professional use, and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU the regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products, this was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05% which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde releasing preservatives (FRPs) though are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics, these include; quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with such products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.

−	Other products such as wood which naturally contain small, safe amounts of formaldehyde as such need a different labelling system and often referred to as having no added formaldehyde or by the abbreviation NAF. ~~In these~~	+	Other products such as wood which naturally contain small, safe amounts of formaldehyde as such need a different labelling system and often referred to as having no added formaldehyde or by the abbreviation NAF.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Editor at 15:12, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T15:12:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 6 December 2023
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	As of 2016 formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and its use is only permitted for professional use, and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU the regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products, this was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05% which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde releasing preservatives (FRPs) though are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics, these include; quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with such products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.		As of 2016 formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and its use is only permitted for professional use, and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU the regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products, this was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05% which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde releasing preservatives (FRPs) though are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics, these include; quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with such products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.

−	Other products such as wood which naturally contain small, safe amounts of formaldehyde as such need a different labelling system and often referred to as having no added formaldehyde or by the abbreviation NAF.	+	Other products such as wood which naturally contain small, safe amounts of formaldehyde as such need a different labelling system and often referred to as having no added formaldehyde or by the abbreviation NAF. In these

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Editor at 13:59, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T13:59:03Z

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	== Urea formaldehyde ==		== Urea formaldehyde ==

−	Urea formaldehyde (UF), also referred to as urea-methanal is a thermosetting resin or polymer produced from urea and formaldehyde. It was used extensively in the production of foam insulation as well as adhesives and many other products. It is relatively cheap but does not react well to higher moisture levels and as such was often used in the manufacture of interior wood products such as furniture panelling, boards, and flooring. However it creates relatively high levels of formaldehyde off gasing, which in an internal environment can be toxic. As such it has been slowly phased out in many countries due to this and there are a number of formaldehyde free or glue products available as alternatives. In terms of insulation products there ~~are~~ a variety of insulants on the market which d not contain formaldehyde as well as some blown insulants that contain ~~alternative~~, making urea formaldehyde less and less common.	+	Urea formaldehyde (UF), also referred to as urea-methanal is a thermosetting resin or polymer produced from urea and formaldehyde. It was used extensively in the production of foam insulation as well as adhesives and many other products. It is relatively cheap but does not react well to higher moisture levels and as such was often used in the manufacture of interior wood products such as furniture panelling, boards, and flooring. However it creates relatively high levels of formaldehyde off gasing, which in an internal environment can be toxic. As such it has been slowly phased out in many countries due to this and there are a number of formaldehyde free or glue products available as alternatives. In terms of insulation products, urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) was banned in Canada in the 1980 and then the US but there is a wide variety of alternative insulants on the market which do not contain formaldehyde, as well as some blown insulants that contain alternatives, making urea formaldehyde less and less common.

	== Phenol formaldehyde ==		== Phenol formaldehyde ==

Editor at 13:53, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T13:53:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 6 December 2023
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	== Urea formaldehyde ==		== Urea formaldehyde ==

−	Urea formaldehyde (UF), also referred to as urea-methanal is a thermosetting resin or polymer produced from urea and formaldehyde. It was used extensively in the production of foam insulation as well as adhesives ~~band~~ many other products it has ~~slowly~~ been phased out in many countries due to ~~gradual release~~ of formaldehyde, ~~considered carcinogenic~~.	+	Urea formaldehyde (UF), also referred to as urea-methanal is a thermosetting resin or polymer produced from urea and formaldehyde. It was used extensively in the production of foam insulation as well as adhesives and many other products. It is relatively cheap but does not react well to higher moisture levels and as such was often used in the manufacture of interior wood products such as furniture panelling, boards, and flooring. However it creates relatively high levels of formaldehyde off gasing, which in an internal environment can be toxic. As such it has been slowly phased out in many countries due to this and there are a number of formaldehyde free or glue products available as alternatives. In terms of insulation products there are a variety of insulants on the market which d not contain formaldehyde as well as some blown insulants that contain alternative, making urea formaldehyde less and less common.

	== Phenol formaldehyde ==		== Phenol formaldehyde ==

−	Phenol formaldehyde, usually refers to phenol formaldehyde resin or phenolic resin, better known as bakolite, the trade product of one of the first synthetic resin plastics. This is created by using phenol and formaldehyde directly to create a thermoset. Phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde ratio of less than one are referred to as novolaks (or novolac) which can be moulded and then cured, phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde ratio of more than one (usually 1.5) are called resoles. Resoles are polymeric resin materials used for the glueing and bonding of construction building materials, such as exterior plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), engineered high-pressure laminates. Novolaks are high temperature resins, used in carbon brakes, photoresists and as a curing agent for epoxy resins. Hexamethylenetetramine is a hardener which added to crosslink novolak resins.	+	Phenol formaldehyde, usually refers to phenol formaldehyde resin or phenolic resin, better known as bakolite, the trade product of one of the first synthetic resin plastics. This is created by using phenol and formaldehyde directly to create a thermoset. Phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde ratio of less than one are referred to as novolaks (or novolac) which can be moulded and then cured, phenol-formaldehyde resins with a formaldehyde ratio of more than one (usually 1.5) are called resoles. Resoles are polymeric resin materials used for the glueing and bonding of construction building materials, such as exterior plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), engineered high-pressure laminates. Novolaks are high temperature resins, used in carbon brakes, photoresists and as a curing agent for epoxy resins. Hexamethylenetetramine is a hardener which added to crosslink novolak resins. Phenol formaldehyde glues used in timber products tend to be harder wearing and for external use, they also have a signofocantly reduced rate of off gasing when compared to urea formaldehyde glues.

	== Melamine formaldehyde ==		== Melamine formaldehyde ==

Editor at 13:07, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T13:07:32Z

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	= What materials contain formaldehyde? =		= What materials contain formaldehyde? =

−	The different forms of formaldehyde are often used in various pressed-wood product building materials and insulants, as well as in many laminates, textiles, carpets and furniture fabrics. It is also used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings and in the preservation of grains and in the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene and soot being produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke.	+	Wood products naturally contain small, quite safe amounts of formaldehyde as it is present in tree growth, the levels of formaldehyde become more of an issue when resins are added to wood and wood-based products. The different forms of formaldehyde are often used in various pressed-wood product building materials and insulants, as well as in many laminates, textiles, carpets and furniture fabrics. In some cases the term no added formaldehyde or the abbreviation NAF is used to describe products that only contain natural levels of the substance.
		+
		+	Formaldehyde has also been used as a fungicide, germicide, and disinfectant, used in soils, fertilisers, seed dressings and in the preservation of grains and in the preparation of poultry. It may also be present in commonly used antiseptics, medicines, and cosmetics and as a preservative in mortuaries and medical laboratories. Formaldehyde can also be present in the air, along with carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, benzene, butadiene and soot being produced by vehicle exhaust fumes and tobacco smoke.

	== Urea formaldehyde ==		== Urea formaldehyde ==
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	Other materials include Pentaerythritol, 1,4 butanediol, methylenebis and a number of others		Other materials include Pentaerythritol, 1,4 butanediol, methylenebis and a number of others

−	= How is formaldehyde harmful ~~and how is it controlled~~? =	+	= How is formaldehyde harmful? =

	Public Health England have published [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f5f48ed915d74e622a0fc/Formaldehyde__toxicological_overview.pdf Formaldehyde -Toxicological overview] in which it states some key points:		Public Health England have published [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f5f48ed915d74e622a0fc/Formaldehyde__toxicological_overview.pdf Formaldehyde -Toxicological overview] in which it states some key points:
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	* Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen		* Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen

−	Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.	+	= How is the use of formaldehyde controlled? =
		+
		+	As of 2016 formaldehyde was classified as a Category 1B carcinogen meaning certain restrictions apply to it, and its use is only permitted for professional use, and sold by a registered supplier. In the EU the regulation (EC) 2022/1181 requires a warning of ‘contains formaldehyde’ for formaldehyde-releasing substances found in cosmetic products, this was originally required for products with a concentration over 0.05% which was then reduced to 0.001% in 2022. Formaldehyde releasing preservatives (FRPs) though are also a source of formaldehyde often used in cosmetics, these include; quaternium-15, DMDM hydantoin, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, polyoxymethylene urea, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, bromopol and glyoxal. Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with such products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.
		+
		+	Other products such as wood which naturally contain small, safe amounts of formaldehyde as such need a different labelling system and often referred to as having no added formaldehyde or by the abbreviation NAF.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]

Editor at 12:24, 6 December 2023

2023-12-06T12:24:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 6 December 2023
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	Other materials include Pentaerythritol, 1,4 butanediol, methylenebis and a number of others		Other materials include Pentaerythritol, 1,4 butanediol, methylenebis and a number of others
		+
		+	= How is formaldehyde harmful and how is it controlled? =
		+
		+	Public Health England have published [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7f5f48ed915d74e622a0fc/Formaldehyde__toxicological_overview.pdf Formaldehyde -Toxicological overview] in which it states some key points:
		+
		+	== Kinetics and metabolism: ==
		+
		+	Formaldehyde is readily absorbed following inhalation and ingestion, but poorly absorbed following dermal exposure, Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolised to formate at the initial site of contact, negligible amounts of inhaled or ingested formaldehyde reach systemic circulation.<br />
		+	Formaldehyde is eliminated by exhalation as carbon dioxide or by urinary excretion
		+
		+	== Health effects of acute exposure ==
		+
		+	* Sore throat, rhinitis, nasal irritation, bronchospasm and breathlessness are common features following exposure by inhalation
		+	* In severe cases, laryngeal and pulmonary oedema, pneumonitis and acute respiratory distress syndrome may occur.
		+	* Ingestion of formaldehyde may cause ulceration and burns, pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, hypotension, shock and metabolic acidosis
		+	* Formaldehyde is corrosive and can cause irritation and burns to the skin and eyes; ocular exposure may result in permanent alterations in vision
		+
		+	== Health effects of chronic exposure ==
		+
		+	* Chronic exposure to formaldehyde causes irritation and may cause the development of histopathological lesions in the nasal mucosa
		+	* Formaldehyde is a known skin sensitiser in humans, causing allergic contact dermatitis
		+	* Formaldehyde is a human carcinogen
		+
		+	Consumer awareness is a growing area of control with products being increasingly labelled as formaldehyde free.

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]