Eutrophication potential - Revision history

Designing Buildings at 13:11, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T13:11:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:11, 4 October 2022
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	Eutrophication (from Greek ‘eutrophos’ meaning ‘well nourished’ and pronounced ‘you-tro-fi-kay-shun’) is the process by which aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, coastal estuaries and shallow sea areas) become excessively enriched by minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of plants and animal life. This enrichment will be harmful if it leads to the death of plant and animal life and can occur in two ways:		Eutrophication (from Greek ‘eutrophos’ meaning ‘well nourished’ and pronounced ‘you-tro-fi-kay-shun’) is the process by which aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, coastal estuaries and shallow sea areas) become excessively enriched by minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of plants and animal life. This enrichment will be harmful if it leads to the death of plant and animal life and can occur in two ways:

−	* Cultural eutrophication	+	* Cultural eutrophication.
−	* Natural eutrophication	+	* Natural eutrophication.

	= Natural eutrophication =		= Natural eutrophication =

−	~~This~~ is part of the ageing process of freshwater ecosystems and is a common phenomenon, particularly in lakes~~, although some may escape it if they receive sufficient warmth and light~~. Scientists recognise that a lake’s natural productivity may be regulated by factors such as climate change, geology and other external factors.	+	Natural eutrophication is part of the ageing process of freshwater ecosystems and is a common phenomenon, particularly in lakes. Scientists recognise that a lake’s natural productivity may be regulated by factors such as climate change, geology and other external factors.

	The fertility of such freshwater bodies changes over time if they are fed rich nutrients by a stream or river, leading to abundant plant or animal life; the lake or pond is then classed as ‘eutrophic’. However, if excessive it could adversely affect aquatic life. Although the process is extremely slow and occurs over millennia, it can be speeded up by cultural eutrophication.		The fertility of such freshwater bodies changes over time if they are fed rich nutrients by a stream or river, leading to abundant plant or animal life; the lake or pond is then classed as ‘eutrophic’. However, if excessive it could adversely affect aquatic life. Although the process is extremely slow and occurs over millennia, it can be speeded up by cultural eutrophication.
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	= Cultural eutrophication =		= Cultural eutrophication =

−	Cultural eutrophication occurs primarily as a result of human activity (industrial, domestic and agricultural) when nutrients, such as fertilizer chemicals (nitrates and phosphates), detergents and nutrients from municipal sewage, are conveyed into a water body by rainwater run-off. This causes higher rates of algal and bacterial growth. As the algal bloom decomposes and dies, it consumes oxygen which reduces ~~the~~ concentration in the water and may lead to the extinction of fish and other life. Once it sinks to the bottom, bacteria begin to decompose the algal remains, using oxygen in the process. Eventually, as levels of nutrients rise to an unacceptable level, the water body can sustain no life, fish suffocate and plants die.	+	Cultural eutrophication occurs primarily as a result of human activity (industrial, domestic and agricultural) when nutrients, such as fertilizer chemicals (nitrates and phosphates), detergents and nutrients from municipal sewage, are conveyed into a water body by rainwater run-off. This causes higher rates of algal and bacterial growth. As the algal bloom decomposes and dies, it consumes oxygen which reduces concentration in the water and may lead to the extinction of fish and other life. Once it sinks to the bottom, bacteria begin to decompose the algal remains, using oxygen in the process. Eventually, as levels of nutrients rise to an unacceptable level, the water body can sustain no life, fish suffocate and plants die.

	Eutrophication is often characterised by the bright green algal bloom floating on the surface. If this is in sufficient quantities, it may block sunlight from penetrating to the bottom of the water body, thereby depriving plants of the ability to photosynthesise.		Eutrophication is often characterised by the bright green algal bloom floating on the surface. If this is in sufficient quantities, it may block sunlight from penetrating to the bottom of the water body, thereby depriving plants of the ability to photosynthesise.
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	= Eutrophication potential (EP) =		= Eutrophication potential (EP) =

−	Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water. and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.	+	Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.

	= EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 =		= EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 =

−	Eutrophication potential is one of the core environmental impact indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as guidance in the generation of the LCA methodology used to create Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). It is also ~~considered as~~ one of the mandatory environmental performance indicators for the calculation, assessment and generation of environmental product declarations (EPDs).	+	Eutrophication potential is one of the core environmental impact indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as guidance in the generation of the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology used to create Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). It is also one of the mandatory environmental performance indicators for the calculation, assessment and generation of environmental product declarations (EPDs).

−	Three different ~~Environmental Protection~~ indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set if measures and indicators outlined below:	+	Three different environmental protection indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set of measures and indicators outlined below:

	= Aquatic freshwater levels =		= Aquatic freshwater levels =

−	In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures ~~Aquatic~~ freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:	+	In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants are converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures, aquatic freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:

	<br />		<br />
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	= Aquatic marine water levels =		= Aquatic marine water levels =

−	~~In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures~~ Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:	+	Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:

	<br />		<br />
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	= Terrestrial waters levels =		= Terrestrial waters levels =

−	~~In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures~~ Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:	+	Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:

	<br />		<br />

Editor: moved Eutrophication potential EP to Eutrophication potential over redirect

2022-09-18T18:52:47Z

moved Eutrophication potential EP to Eutrophication potential over redirect

← Older revision

Revision as of 18:52, 18 September 2022

Editor at 18:51, 18 September 2022

2022-09-18T18:51:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:51, 18 September 2022
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	* Acidification potential EP.		* Acidification potential EP.
		+	* Ecologist.
		+	* Ecology compensation.
		+	* Ecology connectivity.
	* Green Guide to Specification.		* Green Guide to Specification.
		+	* Habitat Suitability Index.
	* Material procurement.		* Material procurement.
	* Product carbon footprint (PCF).		* Product carbon footprint (PCF).
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	* Water.		* Water.
	* Types of water		* Types of water
−	* Whole life costs

	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]		[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Editor at 18:49, 18 September 2022

2022-09-18T18:49:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 18 September 2022
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		+	= Introduction =
		+
		+	Eutrophication (from Greek ‘eutrophos’ meaning ‘well nourished’ and pronounced ‘you-tro-fi-kay-shun’) is the process by which aquatic environments (rivers, lakes, coastal estuaries and shallow sea areas) become excessively enriched by minerals and nutrients which induce excessive growth of plants and animal life. This enrichment will be harmful if it leads to the death of plant and animal life and can occur in two ways:
		+
		+	* Cultural eutrophication
		+	* Natural eutrophication
		+
		+	= Natural eutrophication =
		+
		+	This is part of the ageing process of freshwater ecosystems and is a common phenomenon, particularly in lakes, although some may escape it if they receive sufficient warmth and light. Scientists recognise that a lake’s natural productivity may be regulated by factors such as climate change, geology and other external factors.
		+
		+	The fertility of such freshwater bodies changes over time if they are fed rich nutrients by a stream or river, leading to abundant plant or animal life; the lake or pond is then classed as ‘eutrophic’. However, if excessive it could adversely affect aquatic life. Although the process is extremely slow and occurs over millennia, it can be speeded up by cultural eutrophication.
		+
		+	= Cultural eutrophication =
		+
		+	Cultural eutrophication occurs primarily as a result of human activity (industrial, domestic and agricultural) when nutrients, such as fertilizer chemicals (nitrates and phosphates), detergents and nutrients from municipal sewage, are conveyed into a water body by rainwater run-off. This causes higher rates of algal and bacterial growth. As the algal bloom decomposes and dies, it consumes oxygen which reduces the concentration in the water and may lead to the extinction of fish and other life. Once it sinks to the bottom, bacteria begin to decompose the algal remains, using oxygen in the process. Eventually, as levels of nutrients rise to an unacceptable level, the water body can sustain no life, fish suffocate and plants die.
		+
		+	Eutrophication is often characterised by the bright green algal bloom floating on the surface. If this is in sufficient quantities, it may block sunlight from penetrating to the bottom of the water body, thereby depriving plants of the ability to photosynthesise.
		+
		+	NB Water for life and livelihoods, River basin management plans, Glossary, Published by the Environment Agency in 2016, defines eutrophication as: ‘The enrichment of waters by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or phosphorus, causing an accelerated growth of algae and higher forms of plant life, producing an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present in the water and the quality of the water concerned.’
		+
		+	= Eutrophication potential (EP) =
		+
	Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water. and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.		Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water. and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.
		+
		+	= EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021 =

	Eutrophication potential is one of the core environmental impact indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as guidance in the generation of the LCA methodology used to create Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). It is also considered as one of the mandatory environmental performance indicators for the calculation, assessment and generation of environmental product declarations (EPDs).		Eutrophication potential is one of the core environmental impact indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as guidance in the generation of the LCA methodology used to create Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). It is also considered as one of the mandatory environmental performance indicators for the calculation, assessment and generation of environmental product declarations (EPDs).

Editor at 08:22, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T08:22:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:22, 9 September 2022
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	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =		= Related articles on Designing Buildings =

−	* ~~Eutrophication~~ potential EP.	+	* Acidification potential EP.
	* Green Guide to Specification.		* Green Guide to Specification.
	* Material procurement.		* Material procurement.
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	* Whole life costs		* Whole life costs

−	~~[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]]~~ [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]	+	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Editor at 08:16, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T08:16:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 9 September 2022
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	1 kg ammonia = 0.35 kg kg PO43- eq.<br />		1 kg ammonia = 0.35 kg kg PO43- eq.<br />
	1 kg COD (to freshwater) = 0.022 kg kg PO43- eq.		1 kg COD (to freshwater) = 0.022 kg kg PO43- eq.
		+
		+	= Related articles on Designing Buildings =
		+
		+	* Eutrophication potential EP.
		+	* Green Guide to Specification.
		+	* Material procurement.
		+	* Product carbon footprint (PCF).
		+	* Product Category Rules.
		+	* Product Environmental Footprint PEF
		+	* Responsible sourcing of construction products.
		+	* Sustainable materials for construction
		+	* Water consumption.
		+	* Water resources.
		+	* Water.
		+	* Types of water
		+	* Whole life costs

	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]		[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Designing Buildings at 06:23, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T06:23:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:23, 9 September 2022
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	Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water. and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.		Eutrophication potential (EP) is defined as the potential to cause over-fertilisation of water. and soil, which can result in increased growth of biomass. The overabundance of algae and plants caused by eutrophication sets off a chain reaction in the ecosystem, the excess algae and plant matter eventually decompose, producing large amounts of carbon dioxide. This lowers the pH of seawater, a process known as ocean acidification, which would have negative overall effects on many marine species, altering marine food chains and food supply to humans.

−	Eutrophication potential is one of the ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Core~~ core~~] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Environmental_impact~~ environmental impact] indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Guidance~~ guidance] in the generation of the LCA methodology used to create ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Products~~ Product~~] [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Environmental~~ Environmental] Footprints (PEF). It is also considered as one of the mandatory ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Environmental_performance~~ environmental performance] indicators for the calculation, ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Assessment~~ assessment] and generation of ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Environmental_product_declaration~~ environmental product declarations] (~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/EPDs~~ EPDs]).	+	Eutrophication potential is one of the core environmental impact indicators of EN 15804:2012+A2:2019/AC:2021which is used as guidance in the generation of the LCA methodology used to create Product Environmental Footprints (PEF). It is also considered as one of the mandatory environmental performance indicators for the calculation, assessment and generation of environmental product declarations (EPDs).

	Three different Environmental Protection indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set if measures and indicators outlined below:		Three different Environmental Protection indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set if measures and indicators outlined below:
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	= Aquatic freshwater levels =		= Aquatic freshwater levels =

−	In the same way that the ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential~~ global warming potential] (GWP) of different ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant~~ pollutants] converted to ratios ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2~~ CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:	+	In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures Aquatic freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:

	<br />		<br />
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	= Aquatic marine water levels =		= Aquatic marine water levels =

−	In the same way that the ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential~~ global warming potential] (GWP) of different ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant~~ pollutants] converted to ratios ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2~~ CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:	+	In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:

	<br />		<br />
Line 28:		Line 28:
	= Terrestrial waters levels =		= Terrestrial waters levels =

−	In the same way that the ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential~~ global warming potential] (GWP) of different ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant~~ pollutants] converted to ratios ~~[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2~~ CO2] equivalent figures Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:	+	In the same way that the global warming potential (GWP) of different pollutants converted to ratios CO2 equivalent figures Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:

	<br />		<br />

Editor at 05:47, 9 September 2022

2022-09-09T05:47:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:47, 9 September 2022
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	1 kg COD (to freshwater) = 0.022 kg kg PO43- eq.		1 kg COD (to freshwater) = 0.022 kg kg PO43- eq.

−	[[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]	+	[[Category:Articles_needing_more_work]] [[Category:DCN_Definition]] [[Category:DCN_Product_Knowledge]] [[Category:DCN_Research,_Development_and_Innovation]] [[Category:Research_/_Innovation]] [[Category:Water]] [[Category:Standards_/_measurements]] [[Category:Sustainability]]

Editor: moved Eutrophication potential to Eutrophication potential EP

2022-09-08T21:49:52Z

moved Eutrophication potential to Eutrophication potential EP

← Older revision

Revision as of 21:49, 8 September 2022

Editor at 21:32, 8 September 2022

2022-09-08T21:32:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 8 September 2022
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	Three different Environmental Protection indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set if measures and indicators outlined below:		Three different Environmental Protection indicators or areas are defined as: Aquatic freshwater, Aquatic marine, and terrestrial, accumulated exceedance (EN 15804. Version: August 2021). Each area has a different set if measures and indicators outlined below:

−	= Aquatic freshwater =	+	= Aquatic freshwater levels =

	In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:		In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic freshwater emissions are converted to P eq (phosporus) as below:
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	(Refs, EUTREND model, [https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/EN15804.xhtml EN 15804]. Version: August 2021, Struijs et al. 2009 as implemented in ReCiPe)		(Refs, EUTREND model, [https://eplca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/LCDN/EN15804.xhtml EN 15804]. Version: August 2021, Struijs et al. 2009 as implemented in ReCiPe)

−	= Aquatic marine water =	+	= Aquatic marine water levels =

	In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:		In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Aquatic marine water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:
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	(Refs, EUTREND model EN 15804. Version: August 2021, Struijs et al. 2009 as implemented in ReCiPe)		(Refs, EUTREND model EN 15804. Version: August 2021, Struijs et al. 2009 as implemented in ReCiPe)

−	= Terrestrial waters =	+	= Terrestrial waters levels =

	In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:		In the same way that the [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Global_warming_potential global warming potential] (GWP) of different [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pollutant pollutants] converted to ratios [https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Co2 CO2] equivalent figures Terrestrial water emissions are converted to N eq (Nitrogen) as below:
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	(Refs, accumulated exceedance, EN 15804. Version: August 2021, Seppälä et al. 2006, Posch et al. 2008)		(Refs, accumulated exceedance, EN 15804. Version: August 2021, Seppälä et al. 2006, Posch et al. 2008)

−	= Baseline =	+	= Baseline levels =

	Finally a baseline reference is given below:		Finally a baseline reference is given below: